This is Walden University course (DPSY 6111/8111) Assignment 10. It is written in APA format, includes references, and has been graded by an instructor (A). Most higher-education assignments are submitted to turnitin, remember to paraphrase. Let us begin.
Suicide in adolescents and young adults has become a public educational and health priority. In this paper, various conceptual questions about suicide are presented, and the protective factors that are associated with suicidal behavior in this population are considered. An overview is provided, based on a review of the studies, on the aspects of resilience that should be promoted to eliminate the negative impact of the adverse situations that arise for young people. Furthermore, we develop guidelines for
building resilience, actions that have been proven effective in combating suicide attempts and completed suicide in adolescents and young adults. We produce a profile that includes all of the aforementioned protective aspects that must be taken into account when developing a comprehensive analysis in the context of the quality of life and emotional well-being of this group.
Suicide in adolescents and young adults has become a public educational and health priority. In this paper, various conceptual questions about suicide are presented, and the protective factors that are associated with suicidal behavior in this population are considered. An overview is provided, based on a review of the studies, on the aspects of resilience that should be promoted to eliminate the negative impact of the adverse situations that arise for young people. Furthermore, we develop guidelines for
building resilience, actions that have been proven effective in combating suicide attempts and completed suicide in adolescents and young adults. We produce a profile that includes all of the aforementioned protective aspects that must be taken into account when developing a comprehensive analysis in the context of the quality of life and emotional well-being of this group.
Invitation to the Life SpanRead chapters 13 and 14.Objectives.docxmariuse18nolet
Invitation to the Life Span
Read chapters 13 and 14.
Objectives:
Describe psychosocial changes in adulthood.
Describe and analyze personality theories that apply to adulthood.
Analyze the physical and cognitive changes that occur during late adulthood.
Adulthood and Late Adulthood
Introduction
The last module began an examination of adulthood. This module will finish the study of adulthood and begin a look at late adulthood.
Psychosocial Development in Adulthood
Erikson's seventh stage of generativity vs. stagnation occurs during this stage. Being generative means truly caring about the next generation (e.g., being a parent, teacher, coach, or conservationist) (Boeree, 2006b). The idea of a mid-life crisis has been a popular notion since the 1970s (see Berger's description of Levinson's research on page 459), but very little evidence for it exists. Modern personality theorists have backed off the word crisis, which implies a do-or-die decision point, and instead have started using terms like marker events, turning points, or passages (Sheehy, 1976).
Abraham Maslow created another prominent theory of personality development (examine his five stages of the hierarchy of needs in Berger, 2010, Figure 13.1, p. 457). The lowest level, physiological needs, must be satisfied first, followed by the others in ascending order. Because people spend so much time satisfying the four lowest needs, very few reach the highest stage of self-actualization, where people live up to their potential; at one point, Maslow estimated the percentage of self-actualizers to be around 2% (Boeree, 2006a). Numerous longitudinal studies have shown evidence of considerable stability and continuity in personality across the adult years (see Berger's discussion of Costa and McCrae's research).
Robert Havighurst (cited in Newman & Newman, 2010) states that adults in their 20s and 30s must face four developmental tasks. Tasks 1 and 2, marriage and childbearing, are affected by societal expectations (called the social clock). The probability of divorce hits its peak 2 to 4 years after marriage. Qualities for a successful marriage include similarity in personal characteristics, trust, sensitivity, and adjustment (including a mutually satisfying sexual relationship, economic factors, sleep patterns, food patterns, and toilet habits) (Kimmel, cited in Newman & Newman, 2010). Task 3 involves work, and includes four components: having technical skills, handling authority relationships, coping with unique demands of the job, and establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships. Task 4 involves establishing a lifestyle that is compatible for both spouses (as well as dealing with constraints placed on the marriage by the children) (Newman & Newman, 2010).
For adults in their 40s and 50s, Havighurst (cited in Newman and Newman, 2010) discusses three crucial developmental tasks. Task 1 involves managing a household, including the following sub-tasks: 1) decision-making (about fina.
This essay is Walden University course DPSY-6111 Week 11. The discussion overviews human development theories, including evolutionary, psychoanalytic, psychosocial, cognitive, moral development, social learning, sociocultural, and systems. Components include philosophies, foundations, key concepts, strengths, weaknesses, and major theorists including Albert Bandura; Charles Darwin; Erik H. Erikson; Jean-Baptiste Lamarck; Jean Piaget; Lawrence Kohlberg; and L.S. Vygotsky. It is written in APA format, includes references, and graded by Dr. Matthew Hertenstein, Walden University (2019), "Excellent job, Orlanda. Complete and accurate."
Note from Orlanda Haynes: Most higher-education assignments are submitted to turnitin, so remember to paraphrase. Let us begin.
Article
Social Identity Reduces Depression by
Fostering Positive Attributions
Tegan Cruwys1, Erica I. South1, Katharine H. Greenaway1,
and S. Alexander Haslam1
Abstract
Social identities are generally associated with better health and in particular lower levels of depression. However, there has been
limited investigation of why social identities protect against depression. The current research suggests that social identities reduce
depression in part because they attenuate the depressive attribution style (internal, stable, and global; e.g., ‘‘I failed because I’m
stupid’’). These relationships are first investigated in a survey (Study 1, N ¼ 139) and then followed up in an experiment that
manipulates social identity salience (Study 2, N ¼ 88). In both cases, people with stronger social identities were less likely to
attribute negative events to internal, stable, or global causes and subsequently reported lower levels of depression. These studies
thus indicate that social identities can protect and enhance mental health by facilitating positive interpretations of stress and
failure. Implications for clinical theory and practice are discussed.
Keywords
depression, social identity, multiple group membership, attribution, failure, mental health
We cannot live only for ourselves.
A thousand fibers connect us with our fellow men.
—Herman Melville, Moby Dick
Humans have an innate need for social connections that are vital for
health and happiness in life (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Cohen &
Wills, 1985). When this need is not met—when the ‘‘thousand
fibers’’ in Melville’s (1851) quote are reduced to a few or
none—people are at risk of reduced well-being and even mental ill-
ness. In fact, depression—the leading cause of disability worldwide
(World Health Organization, 2012)—commonly arises when a per-
son lacks social connections (Cacioppo, Hawkley, & Thisted,
2010; Cacioppo, Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Thisted, 2006).
Although extensive prior work has documented the fact that
social connectedness and social identities are critical to mental
health and reduced rates of depression, it remains unclear why
this is the case (Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, & Jetten,
2014; Jetten, Haslam, Haslam, Dingle, & Jones, 2014). We
address this research gap in the present work. What exactly do
social identities do, psychologically, that makes them so protec-
tive for mental health? In answering this question, we propose a
novel mechanism through which social identities can protect peo-
ple against depression, that is, reduced depressive attributions.
Social Identity and Depression
A growing body of literature demonstrates that social identities
are a key psychological resource that is protective for health
generally (Haslam, Jetten, Postmes, & Haslam, 2009; Jetten,
Haslam, & Haslam, 2012) and against depression in particular
(Cruwys et al., 2013; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, et al,
2014; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Jetten, et al., 2.
Typically, adolescents eagerly anticipate their transitions to ycorbing9ttj
Typically, adolescents eagerly anticipate their transitions to young adulthood. They look forward to supporting themselves financially, living independently, and making their own decisions. As young adults transition into middle adulthood, they will likely assume increased responsibilities. Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman (2013) state, "middle adulthood has been referred to as the prime time of life" (p. 441). Typically, adults at this stage have accumulated some satisfaction from their maturity and accomplishments.
Though young and middle adulthood may be exciting and significant times in the human life span, they also present unique challenges for the individual. This week, you begin your study of young and middle adulthood by considering its biological aspects. You explore health issues and changes in physical development during this period. You also consider how your understanding of these issues might influence your assessments of and interactions with individuals in this segment of the life span.
Required Readings
Zastrow, C. H., & Kirst-Ashman, K. K. (2016).
Understanding human behavior and the social environment
(10th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Chapter 10, "Biological Aspects of Young and Middle Adulthood" (pp. 469-497)
Temcheff, C. E., Serbin, L. A., Martin-Storey, A., Stack, D. M., Ledingham, J., & Schwartzman, A. E. (2011). Predicting adult physical health outcomes from childhood aggression, social withdrawal and likeability: A 30-Year prospective, longitudinal study. International
Journal of Behavioral Medicine,
18(1), 5–12.
Wilson, H. W., & Widom, C. S. (2011). Pathways from childhood abuse and neglect to HIV-risk sexual behavior in middle adulthood.
Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology,
79(2), 236–246.
Discussion: Classifications of Life-Span Development
When did you become an adult? Was it the day you graduated from high school? Or, was it the day you moved out of your parents' or caregivers' home? Your description of what it means to be an adult and how and when an adolescent transitions into adulthood may differ from that of your colleagues.
The authors of your course text, Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman, use the term
young and middle adulthood
to identify the life-span time period between age 18 and 65. This classification distinguishes this time in the life of an individual from childhood and adolescence and from the later years of adulthood.
Is the authors' young and middle adulthood classification a useful one? What is especially useful and not useful about the classification? What changes would you make to the authors' classification to make it more applicable to your role as a social worker?
For this Discussion, you analyze the author's life-span classification and suggest ways to improve it.
By Day 3
Post:
A new classification (or possibly multiple classifications) to replace the authors' young and middle adulthood classification
A definition of your new classification(s)
Support for ...
I need 100 words response for each of the discussion postDiscu.docxsheronlewthwaite
I need 100 words response for each of the discussion post
Discussion Entry 1
The emerging adulthood stage is being studied in various ways now to include the lifespan theory and the resiliency theory. The lifespan development theory generally concentrates on the ontogenesis and the chronological mastery of skills, tasks, and abilities, while resiliency theory, in contrast, generally focuses the process of positive adaption when facing significant risk (Smith-Osborne, 2007). “Emerging adulthood is proposed as a new conception of development for the period from the late teens through the twenties, with a focus on ages 18-25” (Arnett, 2000, pg. 1). From my understanding, Arnett’s proposal is basically highlighting on the fact that there is a difference from “back in the day” to “current day” life experiences or achievements. “The reliance on traditional sociological markers that have served for over a century—stable job, independent domicile, financial self-sufficiency, marriage and children—is out of sync with the pace, direction, and even values of twenty-first-century life” (Gilmore, 2019, pg. 1). Arnett explains this by showing how the age of marriage has shifted and how childbirth age patterns has increased. The emerging adulthood phase is when an individual is acting independently in contradiction of social norms.
The first article dealt with homeless emerging adults and how the resiliency theory played a role in the case study. Young adults were interviewed, recruited, and analyzed to find four primary themes amongst the homeless young adults. Individual strengths, positive life perspectives, external social supports, and coping strategies are all themes that contributed to their resilience while living on the streets. Most emerging adults were facing multiple barriers while growing up and they were exposed to traumatizing events which cause most of them to flee their home/family. the resiliency theory reported how these individuals adapted to their new circumstances by learning how to find resources, establishing new relationships and who to trust, and developing a “street smart” skill (Thompson, Ryan, Montgomery, Lippman, Bender & Ferguson, 2016). This case study proposed that using a strength-based method would empower these individuals to use their resilient capabilities to build a self-efficient mentality that offers them a way out of homelessness. One major shortcoming of this study is that the recruits were from one specific city and were mainly Caucasian males. If the study would have been more worldwide, the results may have shown various results. Another factor that may hinder this type of research is that many homeless individuals develop mental health concerns and do not share the full extent of their situation which would alter the results as well. This study reflects how the cognitive and personality development does not always take place in a normal age range or in sequential order and human development rem ...
Running head FRAMING ON DECISION-MAKING FRAMING ON DECISION-MA.docxwlynn1
Running head: FRAMING ON DECISION-MAKING
FRAMING ON DECISION-MAKING 17
The Effects of Framing on Decision-Making
Student Name
Southern New Hampshire University
PSYC 444: Senior Seminar
Professor Lotto
July 30, 2020
The Effects of Framing on Decision-Making
Decision-making is the process by which we choose between different options. Some decisions can be important (i.e., deciding whether to attend graduate school or not) others can be much simpler (i.e., deciding what to eat for dinner). Nonetheless, every decision, big or small, can have an impact on our lives. So how is it that we make these decisions and what factors influence our decision-making? Kahneman and Tversky (1973), explored decision-making and how the representativeness heuristic affects people’s decisions. The representativeness heuristic is a mental shortcut that relies on the similarities of a prototype, while ignoring true odds (Kahneman & Tversky, 1973). Since categorization of objects or members is based off resemblances, predictions are often wrong and decision-making is impacted.
Predictions are intuitive guesses that are made before decisions, and are affected by three factors: prior knowledge, specific information, and expected accuracy (Kahneman & Tversky, 1973). Previous knowledge is important because it influences what predictions people will make, based off their experiences. Specific information is also beneficial because it allows people to make predictions that support the provided material. However, excepted accuracy is the most vital because it relies on confidence levels (i.e., the probability that a prediction is correct). Notably, when confidence is high, individuals rely on intuition and when confidence is low, individuals rely more on given information (Johnson, 1987; Kahneman & Tversky, 1973). Although information is often provided, Johnson (1987) found that when information is missing, people use prior knowledge or experience such as heuristics and make inferences based off their personal experiences. These inferences cause individuals to make interpretations based on personal preference and to make decisions based off what they want or what they think they want (Johnson, 1987; McNeil, Pauker, & Tversky, 1988).
Tversky and Kahneman (1981) discovered that when personal preference is involved people partake in psychological accounting, which states that individual’s frame, and evaluate the outcomes of an act based off the consequences of their choice. Such accounting leads individuals to make decisions that benefit them the most because they want to get the most advantage (Kahneman & Tversky, 1973; Tversky & Kahneman, 1981). Tversky and Kahneman (1981) found that the expected utility theory is also important in the decision making process since individuals assess outcomes by evaluating the likelihood of each of them occurring. Addi.
Social Relationships, Leisure Activity, and Health in Older Ad.docxwhitneyleman54422
Social Relationships, Leisure Activity, and Health in Older Adults
Po-Ju Chang, Linda Wray, and Yeqiang Lin
The Pennsylvania State University
Objective: Although the link between enhanced social relationships and better health has generally been
well established, few studies have examined the role of leisure activity in this link. This study examined
how leisure influences the link between social relationships and health in older age. Method: Using data
from the 2006 and 2010 waves of the nationally representative U.S. Health and Retirement Study and
structural equation modeling analyses, we examined data on 2,965 older participants to determine if
leisure activities mediated the link between social relationships and health in 2010, controlling for race,
education level, and health in 2006. Results: The results demonstrated that leisure activities mediate the
link between social relationships and health in these age groups. Perceptions of positive social relation-
ships were associated with greater involvement in leisure activities, and greater involvement in leisure
activities was associated with better health in older age. Conclusion: The contribution of leisure to health
in these age groups is receiving increasing attention, and the results of this study add to the literature on
this topic, by identifying the mediating effect of leisure activity on the link between social relationships
and health. Future studies aimed at increasing leisure activity may contribute to improved health
outcomes in older adults.
Keywords: leisure activity, social relationships, health, older age, structural equation model
With aging, individuals often decline in physical and cognitive
functions, and social networks may narrow (Chen & Feeley, 2013).
Because much of the literature has demonstrated that social rela-
tionships are positively associated with health status across the life
span (e.g., Cohen, 2004; Uchino, Cacioppo, & Kiecolt-Glaser,
1996), the narrowing of social networks (as one measure of social
relationships) may be problematic for health in older age and
lessen subjective well-being, life satisfaction, and quality of life
(Berkman & Syme, 1979; Cohen, 2004). Thus, identifying modi-
fiable factors that may aid in more limited establishing social
relationships is important: Health-promoting behaviors, such as
leisure activity, may strengthen the link between social relation-
ships and health.
Cohen and Wills (1985) proposed a main effects model to test
that link: positive social relationships (i.e., higher social support or
lower social strain) benefit health outcomes in adults, regardless of
the stress they experience, in part by motivating the use of health-
promoting behaviors (Smith & Christakis, 2008). Individuals with
enhanced social relationships not only improve psychological
well-being (e.g., by gaining a sense of belonging and lessening
depression), but also physical health (e.g., by enhancing immune
function and reducing heart attac.
Frontiers in Psychology www.frontiersin.org 1 August 2019 .docxshericehewat
Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 1 August 2019 | Volume 10 | Article 1953
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
published: 23 August 2019
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01953
Edited by:
Melinde Coetzee,
University of South Africa, South Africa
Reviewed by:
Kgope P. Moalusi,
University of South Africa, South Africa
Mark Bussin,
University of Johannesburg,
South Africa
Nasima Mohamed Hoosen Carrim,
University of Pretoria, South Africa
*Correspondence:
Víctor L. De Nicolás
[email protected]
Specialty section:
This article was submitted to
Organizational Psychology,
a section of the journal
Frontiers in Psychology
Received: 29 April 2019
Accepted: 08 August 2019
Published: 23 August 2019
Citation:
Sobrino-De Toro I,
Labrador-Fernández J and
De Nicolás VL (2019) Generational
Diversity in the Workplace:
Psychological Empowerment and
Flexibility in Spanish Companies.
Front. Psychol. 10:1953.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01953
Generational Diversity in the
Workplace: Psychological
Empowerment and Flexibility in
Spanish Companies
Ignacio Sobrino-De Toro1, Jesús Labrador-Fernández2 and Víctor L. De Nicolás1*
1 Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, ICADE, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid, Spain, 2 Facultad de
Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, CHS, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid, Spain
Intergenerational diversity is a universal fact in sustainability and today’s work environment.
Current studies seek to find differences that exist between these generational groups that
coexist, cooperate, and sometimes compete in business organizations. Sixteen focus
groups have taken place, four for each generation to find the differences that may exist
depending on that group membership. Specifically, the psychological empowerment and
psychological flexibility variables have been analyzed, which have already shown their
relevance to improve performance. Results show differences between the older generations
(BB and Gen X) and the younger ones (Gen Y and Gen Z).
Keywords: psychological flexibility, psychological empowerment, generation, millennial, diversity
INTRODUCTION
The development of the Internet and data analysis (Geczy et al., 2014), the abundance of
information (Southwell, 2005), the globalization (Mark, 1996), the growing interest in diversity
(Guajardo, 2014), the increased consumer power (Kucuk, 2008), or what is known as the
sharing economy (Belk, 2018), all represent deep changes which are affecting people and
organizations to a great extent. This environment is now defined as VUCA (Whiteman, 1998),
an acronym of Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity.
Companies are responding to this new environment in very different ways. One of the
most common is the intensification of work, which is understood both as the hours worked
as well as the intensity of the work. This intensification is reaching the acceptable limits
(Brown, 2012) and at the same time has resulted in pressure ...
For this discussion, synthesize your understanding of career counsel.docxmckellarhastings
For this discussion, synthesize your understanding of career counseling as an integral part of human development. From the perspective of your specialization, how does the developmental lifespan perspective influence career and educational planning, placement, and evaluation? Discuss the influence of career counseling when working with children (elementary school), adolescents (secondary), and older adults. Identify models that would be appropriate for children and adolescents in the school setting, including identity models such as Erik Erickson.
Response Guidelines
Respond to at least two of your peers, commenting on the effectiveness with which your peer addressed each developmental stage, identifying the needs of elementary, secondary, and older adults. The response needs to include at least one reference
First peer posting
Career Counseling as an Integral Part of Human Development
Career development is not a one-time event, rather it is a process that occurs across the lifespan and is an integral part of human development. Further, the counseling that may be offered to support career development must also be offered from a lifespan perspective, with counselors supporting a client’s unique needs at the various stages of their life and career. Zunker (2016) also points out that changing cultural and environmental systems can effect human development, and best practice involves case conceptualization from a holistic perspective. Humans are actively growing and changing throughout their lives, and their vocational interests, goals, and preferences are no exception. Career counseling is a dynamic and lifelong process that evolves with each client throughout the course of their life.
The Developmental Lifespan Model Influence on Career and Educational Planning, Placement, and Evaluation
From a mental health counseling perspective, the developmental lifespan model of career planning is highly influential. Mental health counselors will need to be prepared to address all phases of career counseling in all phases or stages of a client’s life. Career and education planning begin in early childhood and continue throughout the course of life. Mental health counselors will need to be aware of the foundational career needs of the children they serve, and be prepared to focus on improved social skills, industry, and communication skills. When working with adolescents, mental health counselors also need to be aware of the importance of developing quality relationships outside of their family, and how these interpersonal skills will benefit them later in the workforce. Also, mental health counselors will need to understand life stages when selecting assessment tools, conducting evaluations, and placing individuals in jobs.
The Influence of Career Counseling When Working With Children, Adolescents, and Older Adults
Career counseling can easily be integrated into work with children by focusing on the foundational skills necessary for success.
Aspen University EDD830 Module 5 Discussion Questioneckchela
This is EDD830 Module 5 Discussion 1, at Aspen University. The post is written in APA format with references: What is the difference between criticism and coaching feedback?
Invitation to the Life SpanRead chapters 13 and 14.Objectives.docxmariuse18nolet
Invitation to the Life Span
Read chapters 13 and 14.
Objectives:
Describe psychosocial changes in adulthood.
Describe and analyze personality theories that apply to adulthood.
Analyze the physical and cognitive changes that occur during late adulthood.
Adulthood and Late Adulthood
Introduction
The last module began an examination of adulthood. This module will finish the study of adulthood and begin a look at late adulthood.
Psychosocial Development in Adulthood
Erikson's seventh stage of generativity vs. stagnation occurs during this stage. Being generative means truly caring about the next generation (e.g., being a parent, teacher, coach, or conservationist) (Boeree, 2006b). The idea of a mid-life crisis has been a popular notion since the 1970s (see Berger's description of Levinson's research on page 459), but very little evidence for it exists. Modern personality theorists have backed off the word crisis, which implies a do-or-die decision point, and instead have started using terms like marker events, turning points, or passages (Sheehy, 1976).
Abraham Maslow created another prominent theory of personality development (examine his five stages of the hierarchy of needs in Berger, 2010, Figure 13.1, p. 457). The lowest level, physiological needs, must be satisfied first, followed by the others in ascending order. Because people spend so much time satisfying the four lowest needs, very few reach the highest stage of self-actualization, where people live up to their potential; at one point, Maslow estimated the percentage of self-actualizers to be around 2% (Boeree, 2006a). Numerous longitudinal studies have shown evidence of considerable stability and continuity in personality across the adult years (see Berger's discussion of Costa and McCrae's research).
Robert Havighurst (cited in Newman & Newman, 2010) states that adults in their 20s and 30s must face four developmental tasks. Tasks 1 and 2, marriage and childbearing, are affected by societal expectations (called the social clock). The probability of divorce hits its peak 2 to 4 years after marriage. Qualities for a successful marriage include similarity in personal characteristics, trust, sensitivity, and adjustment (including a mutually satisfying sexual relationship, economic factors, sleep patterns, food patterns, and toilet habits) (Kimmel, cited in Newman & Newman, 2010). Task 3 involves work, and includes four components: having technical skills, handling authority relationships, coping with unique demands of the job, and establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships. Task 4 involves establishing a lifestyle that is compatible for both spouses (as well as dealing with constraints placed on the marriage by the children) (Newman & Newman, 2010).
For adults in their 40s and 50s, Havighurst (cited in Newman and Newman, 2010) discusses three crucial developmental tasks. Task 1 involves managing a household, including the following sub-tasks: 1) decision-making (about fina.
This essay is Walden University course DPSY-6111 Week 11. The discussion overviews human development theories, including evolutionary, psychoanalytic, psychosocial, cognitive, moral development, social learning, sociocultural, and systems. Components include philosophies, foundations, key concepts, strengths, weaknesses, and major theorists including Albert Bandura; Charles Darwin; Erik H. Erikson; Jean-Baptiste Lamarck; Jean Piaget; Lawrence Kohlberg; and L.S. Vygotsky. It is written in APA format, includes references, and graded by Dr. Matthew Hertenstein, Walden University (2019), "Excellent job, Orlanda. Complete and accurate."
Note from Orlanda Haynes: Most higher-education assignments are submitted to turnitin, so remember to paraphrase. Let us begin.
Article
Social Identity Reduces Depression by
Fostering Positive Attributions
Tegan Cruwys1, Erica I. South1, Katharine H. Greenaway1,
and S. Alexander Haslam1
Abstract
Social identities are generally associated with better health and in particular lower levels of depression. However, there has been
limited investigation of why social identities protect against depression. The current research suggests that social identities reduce
depression in part because they attenuate the depressive attribution style (internal, stable, and global; e.g., ‘‘I failed because I’m
stupid’’). These relationships are first investigated in a survey (Study 1, N ¼ 139) and then followed up in an experiment that
manipulates social identity salience (Study 2, N ¼ 88). In both cases, people with stronger social identities were less likely to
attribute negative events to internal, stable, or global causes and subsequently reported lower levels of depression. These studies
thus indicate that social identities can protect and enhance mental health by facilitating positive interpretations of stress and
failure. Implications for clinical theory and practice are discussed.
Keywords
depression, social identity, multiple group membership, attribution, failure, mental health
We cannot live only for ourselves.
A thousand fibers connect us with our fellow men.
—Herman Melville, Moby Dick
Humans have an innate need for social connections that are vital for
health and happiness in life (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Cohen &
Wills, 1985). When this need is not met—when the ‘‘thousand
fibers’’ in Melville’s (1851) quote are reduced to a few or
none—people are at risk of reduced well-being and even mental ill-
ness. In fact, depression—the leading cause of disability worldwide
(World Health Organization, 2012)—commonly arises when a per-
son lacks social connections (Cacioppo, Hawkley, & Thisted,
2010; Cacioppo, Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Thisted, 2006).
Although extensive prior work has documented the fact that
social connectedness and social identities are critical to mental
health and reduced rates of depression, it remains unclear why
this is the case (Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, & Jetten,
2014; Jetten, Haslam, Haslam, Dingle, & Jones, 2014). We
address this research gap in the present work. What exactly do
social identities do, psychologically, that makes them so protec-
tive for mental health? In answering this question, we propose a
novel mechanism through which social identities can protect peo-
ple against depression, that is, reduced depressive attributions.
Social Identity and Depression
A growing body of literature demonstrates that social identities
are a key psychological resource that is protective for health
generally (Haslam, Jetten, Postmes, & Haslam, 2009; Jetten,
Haslam, & Haslam, 2012) and against depression in particular
(Cruwys et al., 2013; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, et al,
2014; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Jetten, et al., 2.
Typically, adolescents eagerly anticipate their transitions to ycorbing9ttj
Typically, adolescents eagerly anticipate their transitions to young adulthood. They look forward to supporting themselves financially, living independently, and making their own decisions. As young adults transition into middle adulthood, they will likely assume increased responsibilities. Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman (2013) state, "middle adulthood has been referred to as the prime time of life" (p. 441). Typically, adults at this stage have accumulated some satisfaction from their maturity and accomplishments.
Though young and middle adulthood may be exciting and significant times in the human life span, they also present unique challenges for the individual. This week, you begin your study of young and middle adulthood by considering its biological aspects. You explore health issues and changes in physical development during this period. You also consider how your understanding of these issues might influence your assessments of and interactions with individuals in this segment of the life span.
Required Readings
Zastrow, C. H., & Kirst-Ashman, K. K. (2016).
Understanding human behavior and the social environment
(10th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Chapter 10, "Biological Aspects of Young and Middle Adulthood" (pp. 469-497)
Temcheff, C. E., Serbin, L. A., Martin-Storey, A., Stack, D. M., Ledingham, J., & Schwartzman, A. E. (2011). Predicting adult physical health outcomes from childhood aggression, social withdrawal and likeability: A 30-Year prospective, longitudinal study. International
Journal of Behavioral Medicine,
18(1), 5–12.
Wilson, H. W., & Widom, C. S. (2011). Pathways from childhood abuse and neglect to HIV-risk sexual behavior in middle adulthood.
Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology,
79(2), 236–246.
Discussion: Classifications of Life-Span Development
When did you become an adult? Was it the day you graduated from high school? Or, was it the day you moved out of your parents' or caregivers' home? Your description of what it means to be an adult and how and when an adolescent transitions into adulthood may differ from that of your colleagues.
The authors of your course text, Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman, use the term
young and middle adulthood
to identify the life-span time period between age 18 and 65. This classification distinguishes this time in the life of an individual from childhood and adolescence and from the later years of adulthood.
Is the authors' young and middle adulthood classification a useful one? What is especially useful and not useful about the classification? What changes would you make to the authors' classification to make it more applicable to your role as a social worker?
For this Discussion, you analyze the author's life-span classification and suggest ways to improve it.
By Day 3
Post:
A new classification (or possibly multiple classifications) to replace the authors' young and middle adulthood classification
A definition of your new classification(s)
Support for ...
I need 100 words response for each of the discussion postDiscu.docxsheronlewthwaite
I need 100 words response for each of the discussion post
Discussion Entry 1
The emerging adulthood stage is being studied in various ways now to include the lifespan theory and the resiliency theory. The lifespan development theory generally concentrates on the ontogenesis and the chronological mastery of skills, tasks, and abilities, while resiliency theory, in contrast, generally focuses the process of positive adaption when facing significant risk (Smith-Osborne, 2007). “Emerging adulthood is proposed as a new conception of development for the period from the late teens through the twenties, with a focus on ages 18-25” (Arnett, 2000, pg. 1). From my understanding, Arnett’s proposal is basically highlighting on the fact that there is a difference from “back in the day” to “current day” life experiences or achievements. “The reliance on traditional sociological markers that have served for over a century—stable job, independent domicile, financial self-sufficiency, marriage and children—is out of sync with the pace, direction, and even values of twenty-first-century life” (Gilmore, 2019, pg. 1). Arnett explains this by showing how the age of marriage has shifted and how childbirth age patterns has increased. The emerging adulthood phase is when an individual is acting independently in contradiction of social norms.
The first article dealt with homeless emerging adults and how the resiliency theory played a role in the case study. Young adults were interviewed, recruited, and analyzed to find four primary themes amongst the homeless young adults. Individual strengths, positive life perspectives, external social supports, and coping strategies are all themes that contributed to their resilience while living on the streets. Most emerging adults were facing multiple barriers while growing up and they were exposed to traumatizing events which cause most of them to flee their home/family. the resiliency theory reported how these individuals adapted to their new circumstances by learning how to find resources, establishing new relationships and who to trust, and developing a “street smart” skill (Thompson, Ryan, Montgomery, Lippman, Bender & Ferguson, 2016). This case study proposed that using a strength-based method would empower these individuals to use their resilient capabilities to build a self-efficient mentality that offers them a way out of homelessness. One major shortcoming of this study is that the recruits were from one specific city and were mainly Caucasian males. If the study would have been more worldwide, the results may have shown various results. Another factor that may hinder this type of research is that many homeless individuals develop mental health concerns and do not share the full extent of their situation which would alter the results as well. This study reflects how the cognitive and personality development does not always take place in a normal age range or in sequential order and human development rem ...
Running head FRAMING ON DECISION-MAKING FRAMING ON DECISION-MA.docxwlynn1
Running head: FRAMING ON DECISION-MAKING
FRAMING ON DECISION-MAKING 17
The Effects of Framing on Decision-Making
Student Name
Southern New Hampshire University
PSYC 444: Senior Seminar
Professor Lotto
July 30, 2020
The Effects of Framing on Decision-Making
Decision-making is the process by which we choose between different options. Some decisions can be important (i.e., deciding whether to attend graduate school or not) others can be much simpler (i.e., deciding what to eat for dinner). Nonetheless, every decision, big or small, can have an impact on our lives. So how is it that we make these decisions and what factors influence our decision-making? Kahneman and Tversky (1973), explored decision-making and how the representativeness heuristic affects people’s decisions. The representativeness heuristic is a mental shortcut that relies on the similarities of a prototype, while ignoring true odds (Kahneman & Tversky, 1973). Since categorization of objects or members is based off resemblances, predictions are often wrong and decision-making is impacted.
Predictions are intuitive guesses that are made before decisions, and are affected by three factors: prior knowledge, specific information, and expected accuracy (Kahneman & Tversky, 1973). Previous knowledge is important because it influences what predictions people will make, based off their experiences. Specific information is also beneficial because it allows people to make predictions that support the provided material. However, excepted accuracy is the most vital because it relies on confidence levels (i.e., the probability that a prediction is correct). Notably, when confidence is high, individuals rely on intuition and when confidence is low, individuals rely more on given information (Johnson, 1987; Kahneman & Tversky, 1973). Although information is often provided, Johnson (1987) found that when information is missing, people use prior knowledge or experience such as heuristics and make inferences based off their personal experiences. These inferences cause individuals to make interpretations based on personal preference and to make decisions based off what they want or what they think they want (Johnson, 1987; McNeil, Pauker, & Tversky, 1988).
Tversky and Kahneman (1981) discovered that when personal preference is involved people partake in psychological accounting, which states that individual’s frame, and evaluate the outcomes of an act based off the consequences of their choice. Such accounting leads individuals to make decisions that benefit them the most because they want to get the most advantage (Kahneman & Tversky, 1973; Tversky & Kahneman, 1981). Tversky and Kahneman (1981) found that the expected utility theory is also important in the decision making process since individuals assess outcomes by evaluating the likelihood of each of them occurring. Addi.
Social Relationships, Leisure Activity, and Health in Older Ad.docxwhitneyleman54422
Social Relationships, Leisure Activity, and Health in Older Adults
Po-Ju Chang, Linda Wray, and Yeqiang Lin
The Pennsylvania State University
Objective: Although the link between enhanced social relationships and better health has generally been
well established, few studies have examined the role of leisure activity in this link. This study examined
how leisure influences the link between social relationships and health in older age. Method: Using data
from the 2006 and 2010 waves of the nationally representative U.S. Health and Retirement Study and
structural equation modeling analyses, we examined data on 2,965 older participants to determine if
leisure activities mediated the link between social relationships and health in 2010, controlling for race,
education level, and health in 2006. Results: The results demonstrated that leisure activities mediate the
link between social relationships and health in these age groups. Perceptions of positive social relation-
ships were associated with greater involvement in leisure activities, and greater involvement in leisure
activities was associated with better health in older age. Conclusion: The contribution of leisure to health
in these age groups is receiving increasing attention, and the results of this study add to the literature on
this topic, by identifying the mediating effect of leisure activity on the link between social relationships
and health. Future studies aimed at increasing leisure activity may contribute to improved health
outcomes in older adults.
Keywords: leisure activity, social relationships, health, older age, structural equation model
With aging, individuals often decline in physical and cognitive
functions, and social networks may narrow (Chen & Feeley, 2013).
Because much of the literature has demonstrated that social rela-
tionships are positively associated with health status across the life
span (e.g., Cohen, 2004; Uchino, Cacioppo, & Kiecolt-Glaser,
1996), the narrowing of social networks (as one measure of social
relationships) may be problematic for health in older age and
lessen subjective well-being, life satisfaction, and quality of life
(Berkman & Syme, 1979; Cohen, 2004). Thus, identifying modi-
fiable factors that may aid in more limited establishing social
relationships is important: Health-promoting behaviors, such as
leisure activity, may strengthen the link between social relation-
ships and health.
Cohen and Wills (1985) proposed a main effects model to test
that link: positive social relationships (i.e., higher social support or
lower social strain) benefit health outcomes in adults, regardless of
the stress they experience, in part by motivating the use of health-
promoting behaviors (Smith & Christakis, 2008). Individuals with
enhanced social relationships not only improve psychological
well-being (e.g., by gaining a sense of belonging and lessening
depression), but also physical health (e.g., by enhancing immune
function and reducing heart attac.
Frontiers in Psychology www.frontiersin.org 1 August 2019 .docxshericehewat
Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 1 August 2019 | Volume 10 | Article 1953
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
published: 23 August 2019
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01953
Edited by:
Melinde Coetzee,
University of South Africa, South Africa
Reviewed by:
Kgope P. Moalusi,
University of South Africa, South Africa
Mark Bussin,
University of Johannesburg,
South Africa
Nasima Mohamed Hoosen Carrim,
University of Pretoria, South Africa
*Correspondence:
Víctor L. De Nicolás
[email protected]
Specialty section:
This article was submitted to
Organizational Psychology,
a section of the journal
Frontiers in Psychology
Received: 29 April 2019
Accepted: 08 August 2019
Published: 23 August 2019
Citation:
Sobrino-De Toro I,
Labrador-Fernández J and
De Nicolás VL (2019) Generational
Diversity in the Workplace:
Psychological Empowerment and
Flexibility in Spanish Companies.
Front. Psychol. 10:1953.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01953
Generational Diversity in the
Workplace: Psychological
Empowerment and Flexibility in
Spanish Companies
Ignacio Sobrino-De Toro1, Jesús Labrador-Fernández2 and Víctor L. De Nicolás1*
1 Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, ICADE, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid, Spain, 2 Facultad de
Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, CHS, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid, Spain
Intergenerational diversity is a universal fact in sustainability and today’s work environment.
Current studies seek to find differences that exist between these generational groups that
coexist, cooperate, and sometimes compete in business organizations. Sixteen focus
groups have taken place, four for each generation to find the differences that may exist
depending on that group membership. Specifically, the psychological empowerment and
psychological flexibility variables have been analyzed, which have already shown their
relevance to improve performance. Results show differences between the older generations
(BB and Gen X) and the younger ones (Gen Y and Gen Z).
Keywords: psychological flexibility, psychological empowerment, generation, millennial, diversity
INTRODUCTION
The development of the Internet and data analysis (Geczy et al., 2014), the abundance of
information (Southwell, 2005), the globalization (Mark, 1996), the growing interest in diversity
(Guajardo, 2014), the increased consumer power (Kucuk, 2008), or what is known as the
sharing economy (Belk, 2018), all represent deep changes which are affecting people and
organizations to a great extent. This environment is now defined as VUCA (Whiteman, 1998),
an acronym of Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity.
Companies are responding to this new environment in very different ways. One of the
most common is the intensification of work, which is understood both as the hours worked
as well as the intensity of the work. This intensification is reaching the acceptable limits
(Brown, 2012) and at the same time has resulted in pressure ...
For this discussion, synthesize your understanding of career counsel.docxmckellarhastings
For this discussion, synthesize your understanding of career counseling as an integral part of human development. From the perspective of your specialization, how does the developmental lifespan perspective influence career and educational planning, placement, and evaluation? Discuss the influence of career counseling when working with children (elementary school), adolescents (secondary), and older adults. Identify models that would be appropriate for children and adolescents in the school setting, including identity models such as Erik Erickson.
Response Guidelines
Respond to at least two of your peers, commenting on the effectiveness with which your peer addressed each developmental stage, identifying the needs of elementary, secondary, and older adults. The response needs to include at least one reference
First peer posting
Career Counseling as an Integral Part of Human Development
Career development is not a one-time event, rather it is a process that occurs across the lifespan and is an integral part of human development. Further, the counseling that may be offered to support career development must also be offered from a lifespan perspective, with counselors supporting a client’s unique needs at the various stages of their life and career. Zunker (2016) also points out that changing cultural and environmental systems can effect human development, and best practice involves case conceptualization from a holistic perspective. Humans are actively growing and changing throughout their lives, and their vocational interests, goals, and preferences are no exception. Career counseling is a dynamic and lifelong process that evolves with each client throughout the course of their life.
The Developmental Lifespan Model Influence on Career and Educational Planning, Placement, and Evaluation
From a mental health counseling perspective, the developmental lifespan model of career planning is highly influential. Mental health counselors will need to be prepared to address all phases of career counseling in all phases or stages of a client’s life. Career and education planning begin in early childhood and continue throughout the course of life. Mental health counselors will need to be aware of the foundational career needs of the children they serve, and be prepared to focus on improved social skills, industry, and communication skills. When working with adolescents, mental health counselors also need to be aware of the importance of developing quality relationships outside of their family, and how these interpersonal skills will benefit them later in the workforce. Also, mental health counselors will need to understand life stages when selecting assessment tools, conducting evaluations, and placing individuals in jobs.
The Influence of Career Counseling When Working With Children, Adolescents, and Older Adults
Career counseling can easily be integrated into work with children by focusing on the foundational skills necessary for success.
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1. Running head: WK10PROJECT 1
Week 10 Project: Retirement Issues
School of Psychology
DPSY-8111
Orlanda Haynes
Walden University
February 01, 2019
2. WK10PROJECT 2
Week 10 Project: Retirement Issues
Retirement involves major lifestyle changes. For most people, the first is transitioning
from full-time employment to pension plans funded by either private or government entities
(Moser, 1997; Vejar, 2017). The second phase begins with reorganization of daily routines and
cost of living budgets; all of which could have noticeable influence on human development.
Historically, the concept of retirement dates to the Roman Empire. In that, soldiers received
pensions after serving enlistment periods. In the U.S., the American Express company created
its first pension plan in 1875 (Davidson, 2016). Today, some seniors use retirement to reconnect
with beloved passions, to travel extensively, or ,simple, to enjoy their new freedom-of-choice.
In contrast, those who are within a few years of retirement devote much time toward
planning; on the other hand, others experience retirement transitions from the context of
psychosocial crises (e.g., stagnation and despair), cognitive dissonance (e.g., conflicts between
attitudes and behaviors), and ageism (e.g., discrimination based on age) (DeBono, 2018; Moser,
1997; Newman, & Newman, 2016; Vejar, 2017). However, major human development theories
such as Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development and Leon Festinger’s theory of
cognitive dissonance address these phenomena. Erikson's theory ,for instance, is based on the
premise that human development occurs through eight stages, from infancy to old age. To avoid
psychosocial crises individuals should address challenges within each phase (Adams, 2008;
Newman, & Newman, 2016; Syed, & McLean, 2017).
In contrast, cognitive dissonance occurs when there is conflict between a person’s
attitude or belief about a subject matter and his or her behavior or act in response to the belief
(DeBono, 2018). In 1951, Leon Festinger, a social psychologist, hypothesized that humans have
an intrinsic drive to bring about equilibrium between attitudes and behaviors related to beliefs
3. WK10PROJECT 3
(DeBono, 2018). He emphasized that cognitive dissonance occurs through stress, which could
have negative influence on aspects of human development (Chang, Solomon, & Westerfield,
2016; Cooper, 2007; Levy, Harmon-Jones, & Harmon-Jones, 2018). The theory gives an
explanation as to how conflicts between attitudes and behaviors originate as well as how their
influences effect human development (DeBono, 2018; Chang, Solomon, & Westerfield, 2016;
Cooper, 2007; Levy, Harmon-Jones, & Harmon-Jones, 2018).
Most importantly, thou, one could restore stability between attitudes and behaviors by
changing or reducing the relevancy of either of the competing factors (Chang, Solomon, &
Westerfield, 2016; Cooper, 2007). As inferred, retirement issues are both complex and
widespread (Adams, 2008; Syed, & McLean, 2017). Some seniors, however, are more
physically and emotionally prepared to address challenges than others are (Newman, &
Newman, 2016). This discussion will expand awareness about stumbling- blocks unique to
seniors as well as overview two human development theories relevant to the subject.
Theories of Human Development
The seventh and eighth stages of Erikson’s theory apply to adults in the 40 and above age
range. Psychosocial factors include generativity, stagnation, integrity, despair, and ageism
(Syed, & McLean, 2017; Vejar, 2017). The concept of generativity begins in stage seven, which
is usually a period-in-time when people start thinking about how they want to contribute to
communities, to society as-a-whole, and how to create legacies that align with their philosophies
(Newman, & Newman, 2016; Syed, & McLean, 2017). Volunteer work is highly favored
(Newman, & Newman, 2016). Some individuals, for example, choose to deliver groceries to
seniors, mentor children, or adults, or give companionship service to Hospice patients. On the
other hand, if he/she believes the concept of generativity is socially relevant and of interest, and
4. WK10PROJECT 4
there is enough schedule-time available, but, still, refuse to comply, then the conflict between the
belief and the behavior could enable cognitive dissonance. However, the individual could
address the problem by reducing the relevancy of the belief or the behavior, by changing either
or, or by sharing skills with others, thereby fulfilling the concept of generativity (Chang,
Solomon, & Westerfield, 2016; Cooper, 2007).
In contrast, psychosocial crises occur when adults (ages 40 to 65 and beyond) lack the
will or the psychological ability to master the phase of generativity; this experience conveys not
only a loss of interest in the psychosocial development of others but also of the individuals
themselves. Other relevant traits include extreme tendencies to worry, to prefer social isolation,
and to show intolerance toward beliefs and opinions that are indifference from one’s own
(Newman, & Newman, 2016; Hiel, Mervielde, & DeFruyt, 2006). To avoid psychosocial crises,
recall that “individuals should address challenges within each phase.” Erikson’s theory
emphasizes the relevancy of becoming actively engaged in activities that help support oneself as
well as others (Adams, 2008; Newman, & Newman, 2016).
Another psychosocial crisis that could negatively influence seniors in the age range of 60
and above is despair; however, integrity could have the opposite effect (Moser, 1997; Vejar,
2017). Say, for example, a professor, in this age bracket, has enjoyed decades of career, social,
and economic success. Then, one evening, he decided to conduct his life overview, which is a
behavior unique to Erikson’s eighth stage of psychosocial development (Syed, & McLean, 2017;
Vejar, 2017). Hours later, he arose from the experience feeling proud, a sense of integrity filled
his thoughts. While watering his lawn the following day, he shared the results of his life’s
overview with his neighbor.
Although his neighbor was around the same age, he lacked equivalent socioeconomic
5. WK10PROJECT 5
success. Therefore, he may have felt despair—knowing that he had not achieved the same or
similar level of success as his neighbor had (Syed, & McLean, 2017). Nonetheless, he could
address the problem by using a cognitive dissonance principle. In that, he could reduce the
relevancy of his belief (e.g., about his neighbor’s success) or change it altogether. Doing so
would change his behavior from “despair” to something more suitable to his lifestyle. As
research suggests, “success ” is a subjective construct defined by beliefs, which is usually
determined by what goals are relevant to goal setters in relation to their lifestyle (Deveson, 2001;
Feuer, 2015).
However, one could successfully argue that stagnation and despair are common
psychosocial stumbling-blocks among seniors, especially during the retirement age (Newman, &
Newman, 2016; Hiel, Mervielde, & DeFruyt, 2006). Similarly, Vejar (2017) argued that
although ageism usually occurs after retirement it is, nonetheless, a stumbling-block found
almost exclusive among seniors. It occurs, for example, when an employer hires a new
employee or approves a job promotion based solely on the chronological age of the applicants
(e.g., an employee who is 30 years old vs. one who is 62 years old with the same or higher
qualifications).
Theories’ Critique
Newman, and Newman (2016) emphasized that research-based theories employ
parsimonious constructions to show consistency among related components, including
hypotheses, methodologies, and findings. Although psychosocial development (PD) and
cognitive dissonance (CD) theories depict these characteristics, they address distinct aspects of
human development. For example, PD addresses stages of development through which
phenomena originate and evolve as well as how their effects influence human development
6. WK10PROJECT 6
across the lifespan. Whereas CD is the product of negative conflict between attitudes and
behaviors (Chang, Solomon, & Westerfield, 2016; Cooper, 2007; Levy, Harmon-Jones, &
Harmon-Jones, 2018). In other words, PD theories discuss constructs which are relevance to
humans (such as retirement) and then explain how such could affect the development of life.
From this perspective, both theories play vital roles in understanding the complex nature of
human development (Chang, Solomon, & Westerfield, 2016; Cooper, 2007; Levy, Harmon-
Jones, & Harmon-Jones, 2018; Newman, & Newman , 2016).
Conclusion
Retirement signals a new path in life, the reorganization of daily routines, budgets, and
lifestyle choices (Moser, 1997; Vejar, 2017). Deciding how to fund the new venture supersedes
other concerns. Some seniors rely on pension funds from private or government entities. This
practice dates to the Roman Empire. That is, after serving an enlistment period, solders received
monthly pensions (Davidson, 2016). In 1875, the American Express company created the first
pension policy in the United States (Davidson, 2016). Today, seniors use retirement in various
ways, such as reconnecting with old hobbies or starting new ones.
In contrast, those who are near retirement age begin the planning process; however, some
seniors experience the transition through “retirement stumbling-blocks” such as psychosocial
crises (e.g., stagnation and despair), cognitive dissonance (e.g., conflicts between attitudes and
behaviors), and ageism or age related discrimination (DeBono, 2018; Hiel, Mervielde, &
DeFruyt, 2006; Moser, 1997; Newman, & Newman, 2016; Vejar, 2017). Most importantly,
thou, human development theories expand our awareness and knowledge about such factors.
This discussion overviews stumbling-blocks unique to seniors from the perspectives of
Erikson's theory of psychosocial development and Leon Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory.
7. WK10PROJECT 7
References
Adams, G. R. (2008). Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. Sage Publications, Inc.
Retrieved from https://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login? url=https://search.ebscohost.com/
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Bussey, K. & Bandura, A. (1984, December). Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,
47(6), pp., 1292-1302. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.47.6.1292.
Chang, T.Y., Solomon, D.H., & and Westerfield, M.M. (2016). Looking for someone to blame:
Delegation, cognitive dissonance, and the disposition effect. Journal of Finance, 71(1),
pp. 267–302.
Cooper, J. (2007). Cognitive dissonance: Fifty years of a classic theory. Newbury Park: Sage.
Davidson, L. (2016). The history of retirement benefits. Workforce, (7), p. 36. Retrieved from
https://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login? url=https://search. ebscohost.com/
login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgea&AN=edsgcl.458164298&site=eds-live&scope=site
DeBono, K. G. (2018). Cognitive dissonance. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health. Retrieved
from https://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=ers&AN=93871844&site=eds-live&scope=site
Deveson, T. (2001). What is new. TES: Times Educational Supplement, 4446(10). Retrieved
from https://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login
.aspx?direct=true&db=trh&AN=5364366&site=eds-live&scope=site
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