The document discusses different philosophies of education including essentialism, experimentalism, perennialism, behaviorism, reconstructionism, and existentialism. Each philosophy has a distinct view on what should be taught in schools, the role of teachers, and approaches to evaluation and classroom management. The document suggests that while each philosophy offers something of value, problems arise when one dominates the education system for too long without consideration of other perspectives.
Oldest and most conservative Educational Philosophy basing its teachings on the Great Books, written by the most exceptional minds ever known to mankind. It values knowledge that transcends time. It is teacher centered and subject centered--focusing on the curriculum and not the learners' interest. It aims to develop both the learners' moral & intellectual qualities
The Seven Philosophies of Education
Existentialism - Existentialism in education focuses on the individual, seeking out a personal understanding of the world.
Essentialism - Essentialism values the “essence” of each object. Essence refers to the attribute, or set of attributes that make an object what it fundamentally is, and must have.
Progressivism - Progressivism holds that education should focus on the whole child, rather than on the content or the teacher. This educational philosophy stresses that students should test ideas by active experimentation.
Behaviorism - Behaviorism holds that behavior is shaped deliberately by forces in the environment and that the type of person and actions desired can be the product of design.
Constructivism - Constructivism claims that the learner actively constructs his or her own understandings of reality through interaction with objects, events, and people in the environment, and reflecting on these interactions. For learning to occur, an event, object, or experience must conflict with what the learner already knows. Therefore, the learner's previous experiences determine what can be learned.
Linguistic Philosophy - Linguistic philosophy is the view that philosophical problems could be solved (or dissolved) either by reforming language or by understanding more about the language that we presently use.
Perennialism - Perennialism is a normative educational philosophy according to which one should teach the things that are of everlasting relevance to all people everywhere and that the emphasis should be on principles, not facts.
Oldest and most conservative Educational Philosophy basing its teachings on the Great Books, written by the most exceptional minds ever known to mankind. It values knowledge that transcends time. It is teacher centered and subject centered--focusing on the curriculum and not the learners' interest. It aims to develop both the learners' moral & intellectual qualities
The Seven Philosophies of Education
Existentialism - Existentialism in education focuses on the individual, seeking out a personal understanding of the world.
Essentialism - Essentialism values the “essence” of each object. Essence refers to the attribute, or set of attributes that make an object what it fundamentally is, and must have.
Progressivism - Progressivism holds that education should focus on the whole child, rather than on the content or the teacher. This educational philosophy stresses that students should test ideas by active experimentation.
Behaviorism - Behaviorism holds that behavior is shaped deliberately by forces in the environment and that the type of person and actions desired can be the product of design.
Constructivism - Constructivism claims that the learner actively constructs his or her own understandings of reality through interaction with objects, events, and people in the environment, and reflecting on these interactions. For learning to occur, an event, object, or experience must conflict with what the learner already knows. Therefore, the learner's previous experiences determine what can be learned.
Linguistic Philosophy - Linguistic philosophy is the view that philosophical problems could be solved (or dissolved) either by reforming language or by understanding more about the language that we presently use.
Perennialism - Perennialism is a normative educational philosophy according to which one should teach the things that are of everlasting relevance to all people everywhere and that the emphasis should be on principles, not facts.
Chapter 2: Philosophical Foundation of CurriculumShauna Martin
This presentation highlights information from Chapter 2: Philosophical Foundation of Curriculum from Curriculum: Foundations, Principles, and Issues by Allan C. Ornstein and Francis P. Hunkins. Highlighted here are the different educational philosophies and their unique impacts on education.
CLASSICAL & MODERN PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON EDUCATION IHennaAnsari
Idealism
Realism
Educational Philosophies
the content of this presentation is adopted from AIOU's course code 8609 (Philosophy of Education)
NOTE: correction in types of Idealism (3rd Slide). corrected types are as following:
1= Subjective Idealism. It is termed subjective since it holds that all objects of knowledge are subjective in as much that they depend upon the mind. It is equivalent to a conceptual theory since it also holds that the universe is composed of either minds alone or of minds and their ideas, nothing else besides.
2 = Phenomenalism. This particular form of idealism was propounded by Kant the German philosopher. Kant's first discovery concerned the limits of man's knowledge, and it led him to the conclusion that the only knowledge that is possible to man is knowledge of the phenomenon.
3 = Objective Idealism. The Hegelian form of idealism is also known as objective idealism. According to Hegel, the ultimate reality is the absolute eternal substance, outside which nothing can and does exist.
Note 2: there are typological errors in slide 4 and 5. correct sentence is "Idealism and Aims of Education".
A brief summary of my report in our class.
Credits to the author of the book 'Philosophy of Education in Phil. Setting'
by Herman C. Gregorio & Cornelia M. Gregorio
And to Mr. Sunga as our professor.
Chapter 2: Philosophical Foundation of CurriculumShauna Martin
This presentation highlights information from Chapter 2: Philosophical Foundation of Curriculum from Curriculum: Foundations, Principles, and Issues by Allan C. Ornstein and Francis P. Hunkins. Highlighted here are the different educational philosophies and their unique impacts on education.
CLASSICAL & MODERN PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON EDUCATION IHennaAnsari
Idealism
Realism
Educational Philosophies
the content of this presentation is adopted from AIOU's course code 8609 (Philosophy of Education)
NOTE: correction in types of Idealism (3rd Slide). corrected types are as following:
1= Subjective Idealism. It is termed subjective since it holds that all objects of knowledge are subjective in as much that they depend upon the mind. It is equivalent to a conceptual theory since it also holds that the universe is composed of either minds alone or of minds and their ideas, nothing else besides.
2 = Phenomenalism. This particular form of idealism was propounded by Kant the German philosopher. Kant's first discovery concerned the limits of man's knowledge, and it led him to the conclusion that the only knowledge that is possible to man is knowledge of the phenomenon.
3 = Objective Idealism. The Hegelian form of idealism is also known as objective idealism. According to Hegel, the ultimate reality is the absolute eternal substance, outside which nothing can and does exist.
Note 2: there are typological errors in slide 4 and 5. correct sentence is "Idealism and Aims of Education".
A brief summary of my report in our class.
Credits to the author of the book 'Philosophy of Education in Phil. Setting'
by Herman C. Gregorio & Cornelia M. Gregorio
And to Mr. Sunga as our professor.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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2. Tools of Philosophers (1
0f 3)
Axiology is the study of values;
it asks the question of “What is
good?” From axiology, we
arrive at an understanding of
“What is good?”
We get ethics from the study of
axiology
3. Tools of Philosophers
(2 of 3)
Epistemology—”How do we
know what is true?”
This is a live question today—Do
we listen to standardized test
results to determine how much
students know, or read their
portfolios?
4. Tools of Philosophy
(3 of 3)
Metaphysics is somewhat
related to epistemology and
asks the question “What is
real?”
Are the things that are real only
the things that can be touched
and measured?
Behaviorists vs. existentialists
5. Purposes for Education
Hilda Taba,
1962--
Transmit the
cultural heritage
Transform the
culture
Maximize human
potential
6. The Seven Cardinal
Principles (1 of 2)
The Seven Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education
Commission on Re-organization of Secondary Education (1918).
1. Health
2. Command of fundamental processes
3. Worthy home membership
4. Vocational competence
7. The Seven Cardinal
Principles (2 of 2)
The Seven Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education
Commission on Re-organization of Secondary Education (1918).
5. Citizenship
6. Worthy use of leisure time
7. Ethical character
8. But what do these
mean?
Meaning comes
from at least six
philosophical
positions that
“filter” or
influence how
people perceive
educational
events.
9. Essentialism
Almost an entire generation in
America has grown up under
essentialism.
Essentialism is a conservative
view of curriculum that holds
schools responsible for only the
most immediately needed
instruction.
10. Essentialism (2)
Essentialism
avoids some of
the waste
inherent with
experimentalism
But it can
become so
conservative
that it fails to
truly educate
11. Emphasis on a traditional
education
Development of the mind
Core curriculum
Reality is based in the
physical world
Teacher-directed learning
12. Reading, spelling,
language arts
Mathematics, U. S.
& World History
No vocational
education!
17. All students will
remember the
basic information.
All students will
learn how to pass
the test.
18. Experimentalism
Experimentalism is associated
with a very broad but shallow
curriculum. Many electives, few
required subjects.
Experimentalism is friendly to
educational research, and many
new ideas come from it.
19. Experimentalism (2)
But
experimentalism
can be wasteful
of resources
It can also fail
to follow
through
Accommodates
fads too easily
21. Classroom Management
for Experimentalists
Don’t like bmod
or assertive
discipline
Prefer more
constructivistic
approaches
such as
Discipline with
Dignity
22. What experimentalists
would teach
Everything--
anything that
had any relation
to students’
possible futures
Has been
accused of
trying to do the
home’s job
23. Where experimentalism
shines
When essentialism or perennialism
have been in power for so long,
school programs have become
stagnant
When school has become all work
and no play
When traditional methods have
become ineffective
24. Perennialism
Perennialism was prevalent in
the early seventies in U. S.
Perennialism reveres the
experience of teachers who
have been there.
Heavy orientation to the past 20
years--almost nil attention to
the future
25. Perennialism
Perennialists
like to teach
time-honored
curricula,
including the
classics such as
Plato an
Aristotle
They don’t like
change.
26. Perennialism
They would
include
subjects such
as:
• Geometry
• English
literature
• World
Geography
• Algebra
• Trigonometry
• Ancient
Geography
• World history
• U.S. History
• Bookkeeping
28. Classroom Management
Assign seats in rows.
Be strict, but not
necessarily expert, with
punishment and reward.
Set up classroom rules.
29. Orientation Expected
Self-contained knowledge--
teacher is supposed to know
all the answers
Teacher is the “fountain of
all knowledge.”
Students are passive
listeners
30. Reality Testing for
Perennialists
Paper-pencil
test
Recitation
Standardized
test
31. Future Orientation for
Perennialists
Expect future to continue in the
same vein as the present
Belief that knowing the classics
of the past will equip students
for the future
32. Where Perennialism
Shines
Perennialism does help to
dampen the uncertain effects of
the fads that come to education
Not every new idea is a good
one, or one that will even be
effective.
Perennialism plays well to
traditional communities
33. Behaviorism
Behaviorism believes in a
science of behavior that would
shape the world into a better
place to live
Behaviorists to some degree
rightfully claim that behaviorism
naturally occurs in the world
whether people acknowledge it
or not
34. What behaviorists
believe
Behaviorists
believe in a
science of
behavior
They rely
heavily on
scientific
studies of
behavior and
how behavior is
influenced by its
35. What behaviorists would
teach
Behaviorists are at least as
concerned about how people
behave as what they know
They do not tend to be big
innovators in curriculum
They will however give a fair
trial to any new curricula that
someone else might write
36. Where Behaviorism
shines
Special ed
situations,
where students
do not pick up
on subtle cues
about learning
or behavior
Alternative and
problem schools
37. Where behaviorism will
come short
Situations where behavior is not
so much the need as the
learning of academic content
Situations where students have
internalized appropriate
behavior and behavior does not
need to be emphasized at the
expense of scholarship.
38. Reconstructionism
Reconstructionists point to a
time in the past when they
believe that things were better
They would re-create education
to be like things were back
during that time
They cite research, particularly
historical, to show that things
are not going well now.
39. What reconstructionists
believe
Reconstruction-ists
point to a
time in the past
when they
believe that
things were
better
They would re-create
education to be
like things were
40. What reconstructionists
would teach
Reconstructionists would teach
the subjects that were taught
during that “golden age.”
The subjects would be those
that were taught during that
time.
If the 1960s, for instance, they
would teach usage of the slide
rule.
41. One example of
Reconstructionism
1946—right after
the Second
World War
GIs wanted
schools and
society to return
to what they
were before
Pearl Harbor
42. Reconstructionists and
technology
Their orientation
is very much to
the past
They and
perennialists do
not react
immediately and
positively to
new technology
43. Existentialism
Existentialists celebrate the
human existence
Very subjective
Emphasis on meaning within
each individual
May doubt external reality
Emphasis on present
44. What existentialists
believe
Existentialists
believe in the
consciousness
of the self
They are very
concerned with
whether
students find
school to be a
satisfying
experience
45. What existentialists
would teach
Not the same
subjects to
everyone, since
not everyone
would enjoy the
same things
They would
emphasize self-esteem
and a
feeling of self-worth
They would
include topics
such as values
clarification and
. . . .
46. An example of
existentialism
1960—
Summerhill
School in
England
1970s in some
parts of
America—self
esteem, values
clarification
47. A healthy balance
Each of the six
philosophies has
something to
offer
The only hazard
happens when
one philosophy
rules for a long
period of time