Applied Behaviourism

Applied Behaviourism
Applied behaviourism an educational settings, it implies the most successful in areas where there is
a correct response or easily memorized materials. If I looked at through the lens of behavioural
analysis in context of my working environment, it seems that what happens in the classroom
(between students themselves as well as between teacher and students,) reinforces some aspect of
behaviour i.e. giving thanks to students, for their contribution to classroom discussions, that will
encourage more discussion points to be raised (reinforced). This method typically rely heavily on
the use of positive reinforcements such as verbal praise, good grades, and prizes, which have been
seen in the classroom when the students had been completed their
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Learning Theories : Theory Of Behaviorism
Learning Theories Essay
Behaviorism focuses on a new behavioral pattern being repeated until it becomes automatic. The
theory of behaviorism concentrates on the study of overt behaviors that can be observed and
measured (Good & Brophy, 1990). It views the mind as a "black box" in the sense that response to
stimulus can be observed quantitatively, totally ignoring the possibility of thought processes
occurring in the mind. Some key players in the development of the behaviorist theory were Pavlov,
Watson, Thorndike and Skinner. Edward Thorndike did research in animal behavior before
becoming interested in human psychology. He set out to apply "the methods of exact science" to
educational problems by emphasizing "accurate quantitative ... Show more content on
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Cognitivism and Instructional Design
Although cognitive psychology emerged in the late 1950s and began to take over as the dominant
theory of learning, it wasn 't until the late 1970s that cognitive science began to have its influence on
instructional design. Cognitive science began a shift from behavioristic practices which emphasized
external behavior, to a concern with the internal mental processes of the mind and how they could
be utilized in promoting effective learning. The design models that had been developed in the
behaviorist tradition were not simply tossed out, but instead the "task analysis" and "learner
analysis" parts of the models were embellished. The new models addressed component processes of
learning such as knowledge coding and representation, information storage and retrieval as well as
the incorporation and integration of new knowledge with previous information (Saettler, 1990).
Because Cognitivism and Behaviorism are both governed by an objective view of the nature of
knowledge and what it means to know something, the transition from behavioral instructional design
principles to those of a cognitive style was not entirely difficult. The goal of instruction remained
the communication or transfer of knowledge to learners in the most efficient, effective manner
possible (Bednar et al., in

The Theory Of Cognitive Theory
To certain extent, cognitivism could, nevertheless, be interpreted as a reaction to behaviourism.
Similar to behaviourism, both families of theorists have the mutual opinion of learning occurs when
stimulus and respond is connected. Yet instead of consequences determine, cognitivists emphasize
the automatic innate mechanistic prevailing process in human brain which undergo intuitive
receiving, organizing, storing and retrieving of information (Bigge, 1982). Cognition starts with
sensory registers which input data whereas perception helps convert their senses into conscious
awareness which later holistically kept in schema, or mental framework (Jordan, Stack and Carlile,
2009). The concept can be explained by one of Piaget's main cognitive theory. Cognitivists tend to
emphasis assimilation, the process which schema is expanded. When the newly added information
does not correspond to pre–existing schema, the process of rearranging schema, accommodation,
takes place in order to eliminate the contradicts within schema, enabling it to reach equilibration.
Besides, as opposed to Watson's postulation mentioned earlier, which suggests human mind frame is
passively shaped after the birth, Piaget (cited in Spelke, 1983) proposed that new–borns, who are in
sensori–motor period as classified in his developmental stages theory, possess inborn sense and are
able to detect certain structural relationships among their actions innately (cited in Pritchard, 2009).
The changes of behaviour

Learning And Its Implications For Education Essay
Learning is an important process in education and in life in general. One cannot simply grow, adapt,
and manage life without learning. However, everyone learns in various different ways. Shuell (2016)
states, "When a particular word is used, people usually assume everyone has a common
understanding of what the word means. Unfortunately, such is not always the case. In trying to
understand the various theories of learning and their implications for education, it is helpful to
realize that the term "learning" means different things to different people and is used somewhat
differently in different theories." Shuell makes an excellent point, as even though one word can have
a universal shared meaning, not everyone may see it the way someone else sees it. According to
Wikipedia, learning theories, "are conceptual frameworks describing how information is absorbed,
processed, and retained during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as well
as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a worldview, is acquired or changed and
knowledge and skills retained." There are many different versions and theories on learning. Some of
the more common learning theories include behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. The first
theory is behaviorism. Behaviorism is where individuals believe that learning is conducted by
outward change through behavior. According to Nemade (2007) he states, "To the behaviorist,
human behavior has nothing to do with

Teaching Learning Theories From The Age Of Five As A...
Teaching Plan After identifying children under the age of five as a population at risk for obesity, the
decision was made to educate both these children and their parents on nutrition and exercise to help
prevent obesity. This teaching is part of the process of health teaching and health promotion, which
can provide patients with the opportunity "to identify needed healthcare promotion, disease
prevention, and self–management topics" (ANA, 2015, p.65). This process of health teaching and
learning takes into account the developmental level of the patient, as well as their learning needs,
their readiness and ability to learn and many other factors (ANA, 2015, p.65). Two teaching–
learning theories were utilized to guide the development of ... Show more content on
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Further research was conducted in order to select an appropriate intervention for each group. As part
of the process of health teaching and health promotion, the registered nurse "uses technologies to
communicate health promotion and disease prevention information" (ANA, 2015, p.65). In the
article "Please Like Me: Facebook and Public Health Communication", it is mentioned that public
health organizations have recently recognized that they can utilize social media sites such as
Facebook to engage their target population (Kite, Foley, Grunseit & Freeman, 2016). Kite et al.
further describe the benefits of using social media for health communication, which include "the
ability to make health information more available, sharable, and tailored; to provide peer, social, or
emotional support; and to influence health policy" (2016). Also, the public is often open to the idea
of receiving health information through social media. Using social media sites as communication
techniques has been shown to be effective in public health promotion of things like tobacco control,
where "they have been shown to influence attitudes, knowledge, and behavior change" (Kite et al.,
2016). Using this knowledge, the decision was made to develop a Facebook page for the parents,
which would include daily tips, facts, quizzes and more regarding nutrition and exercise.
The Facebook page created was titled HealthyPeeps2017 and was directed towards the parents of
children

Learning Theories Provide Instructional Designers With...
Learning theories provide instructional designers with instructional strategies and techniques which
facilitate learning. Each learning perspective discussed in this essay is in terms of specific
interpretation of the learning process. The information presented provides the reader with a
comparison and contrast of the differences in practical application in an instructional situation. The
specific learning theories in this essay are behaviorism, constructivism and cognitivism. The essay
will compare and contrast how learning occurs in each theory, the roles of the teacher and the
student, the curriculum and learning goals, and lastly, assessments. Behaviorism focuses on
behaviors and not cognitive or abstract activities. It involves thinking, remembering and problem
solving. Additionally, behaviorism relies on expressed, measureable behaviors and the repeat stimuli
that cause behaviors. Students respond to the conditions in the environment. Therefore, knowledge
is given and absolute. Learning occurs when students are able to provide the proper response to the
given stimulus. The methods used by the teacher are the use of instructional cues, reinforcement
(both positive and negatively) and practice. When this learning theory is used, the students learn
basic skills before moving on to more difficult skills. The role of the teacher in the behaviorism
approach is to be the transmitter of the knowledge. He/she is the expert that knows the material. The

Behaviorism contends that desired behavior from people is...
Behaviorism contends that desired behavior from people is formed by the actions and reactions of
other people rather than an individual's own free will. This means that by carefully and deliberately
shaping desirable behavior, morality and information is learned by individual, so important causes
of, and motivations for behavior lie outside, rather than within an individual. Therefore for
behaviorists, all learning is observable and measurable. Learning occurs in a behaviorist classroom
as a result of responses to stimuli in the environment that are usually reinforced by the teacher, as
well as feedback from actions on certain learning objects. The teacher helps the student learn
through conditioning them by explicitly identifying the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Feedback and response, which are inherent in behaviorism, can also be achieved because the online
teacher can post and send feedback and response which the student can work on accordingly.
Students remember and respond in behaviorism, and while students will be able to respond to the
stimulus provided, the long–term effects of learning might be minimal if this is the only approach
that will be used in online learning.
Cognitivism or the cognitive learning theories came about in response to behaviorism. They thought
that overt behavior is not the only basis to explain learning. Instead, cognitive theorists believe that
learning is also an internal mental process. There are two assumptions about cognitivism and these
are: the memory is an active, organized processor of information and that prior knowledge is an
important part of learning.
The teacher in the cognitive approach builds intelligence and cognitive development because for the
cognitivist, the individual learner and his/her active processes are of utmost importance. The
information processing model and the multi–store model of memory were both borne out of the
theories of cognitive learning. In the classroom, educators can utilize this into an instructional model
called phases of learning. Developed by Gagne, this model parallels

Identifying the Components of Cognitivist Theories Used...
Lenora A. Mayne
American Intercontinental University
May 2013
EDU 622: Applying Learning Theories
Identifying The Components of Cognitivist Theories used in, "Kermit and The Keyboard."
Abstract
Cognitivism emphasizes on the explanation of cognitive structures and process, and the intervention
of these structures and processes between instruction and learning (Glaserfeld, 1989). The study of
cognitivism has allowed for educators, theorist and psychologist to understand the concepts of
knowing, thinking and formulating feedback. In reviewing the sample texture, "Kermit and the
Keyboard," has allowed for philosophers and psychologist to review the interactional theories of
learning process. Within this paper, will identify, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Philosophers and psychologist was able to determine three different cognitivist theories in relation to
sample text to help capture the meaning of information processing using cognitivism. The three
theories of cognitivist that was evaluated relates to the sample text Cognitive Information
Processing (CIP), Piaget's Theory and Perspective of Interactional Theories of Cognitive
Development. The theories of cognitivist used within the text provided the essence of understanding
and explaining Kermit's learning in the story.
The approach of using cognitive and knowledge development creates the mental process of
attention, memory, producing and understanding the process of learning (Smith, 2002). The three
different cognitivist theories, Cognitive Information Processing (CIP), Piaget's Theory and
Perspective of Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development helps capture the significants of
cognitive and knowledge development in capturing the true meaning critical thinking. Cognitive
Information Processing (CIP) develops the approach of problem solving and decision making. The
concepts of cognitive information processing provides the content of effective decision making
including being knowledgeable about the content of personal human values, interest, skills and
preference (Peterson, 2008). Piaget's theory develops the idea of formal operational stage of
development. Piaget's theory of cognitive

Behaviorism, Constructivism, and Cognitivism: Multiple...
A. Behaviorism, constructivism and cognitivism are relatively common theories used in the
classroom as ways to approach student learning. Behaviorism focuses on observable behavior, such
as students answering questions correctly, or being able to follow directions to complete a task as
instructed. Characteristics of a classroom that uses behaviorism might be memorization of facts,
writing vocabulary words, or a token reward system to inspire the desired behavior and decrease
undesired behaviors. Constructivism, as indicated by the root word "construct," focuses on the
construction of new ideas, or expanding on what is already known. Students in a classroom using
constructivism as a means for learning might seem more actively engaged ... Show more content on
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Constructivism in the classroom usually means students are engaged in activities like experiments,
or real–world problem solving to increase knowledge, followed by a reflection of how their
understanding of the concept has changed (Brooks, Ed.D, n.d.). Cognitivism methods of instruction
are commonly integrated with the levels found in Bloom's Taxonomy: knowledge, comprehension,
application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation (Bloom, 1956). The instructor must understand the
prerequisite knowledge possessed by the student, and the student is encouraged to use appropriate
strategies to help make the learning meaningful.
B. Theories of Curriculum Design and Implementation For students in a self–contained classroom,
cueing and behavior modification are frequently used components of behaviorism. Cueing is using a
method other than a verbal reminder as a way to encourage appropriate behavior, or discourage
inappropriate behavior (Standridge, 2002). Behavior modification, as outlined in Foundations of
Workforce Education, is used "to elicit better classroom performance from reluctant students"
(Brewer, Campbell, & Petty, 2000, p.17). Behavior modification involves several components, such
as determining what is desired, creating specifics within the environment, identifying appropriate
rewards, reinforcing behavior patterns,

Learning Theories And Their Application
The different learning theories and their application in e–learning are discussed in this paper. This
paper provides a clear idea of learning and the various learning theories which helps people in the
acquisition of knowledge through their environments; and also the history and the role of significant
people involved in the development of those theories. It also provides the information about the role
of these theories in the process of making e–learning materials, or in the process of e–learning.
INTRODUCTION
Learning, though seems to be an uncomplicated topic, it has a deep subject to go through. Firstly,
what is learning? Learning is simply defined as the process of acquiring, enhancing, or modifying
one's prevailing skills, knowledge, behavior, etc. Perceptional, emotional, and environmental
influences play an active role in the process of learning. The information that is acquired, processed,
and retained during learning is described by Learning Theory. Simply, learning theory describes how
the people learn.
There are three main categories in Learning Theories: Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and
Constructivism.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism is a theory of learning which defines that all behaviors are acquired through the
interaction with the environment. As stated in the writings of John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, and
others, behavior can be studied through careful observation, irrespective of the internal mental
states. Behaviorists believe

The Tenets Of Behaviorism
The term behaviorism referred to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson based on the
proposition that all things which organisms do – including acting, thinking and feeling–can and
should be regarded as behaviors (Staddon, 2001) . And this behavior could be researched
scientifically . According to Pavlov, "Respondent Conditioning" resulted from the association of two
stimuli, such as causing dogs to salivate at the sound a tuning fork. Consequently, Skinner
developed "Operant Conditioning" where the "Stimulus–Response" association was elicited through
selective reinforcement (rewards or punishments) to shape behavior. In this regard, behaviorism
assumed that a learner was a passive recipient and responding to environmental stimuli. When
applying the tenets of Behaviorism to teaching, Skinner asserted that the learner started off as a
blank slate, and then his behavior was shaped via positive or negative reinforcement. Behaviorist ...
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It combined new thinking in psychology, anthropology and linguistics. As for cognitivism, learning
was seen as change in learner's schemata. Language came primarily though the maturation that the
environment triggered off and not through the environment itself. (Brown, H.D. & Gonzo, 1995).
Cognitive theorists may have wanted to understand how problem solving changed throughout
childhood, how cultural differences affected the way we view our own academic achievement ,
language development, and much more. (Feldman,1995). Unlike behaviourism, cognitivism
emphasized that learners were not a programmed animals or passive receivers that respond merely
to environmental stimuli; contrarily learners are rational human being and require active
participation to

Emotivism: Ethical Noncognitivism
The term emotivism refers to a theory about moral judgments, sentences, words, and speech acts; it
is sometimes also extended to cover aesthetic and other nonmoral forms of evaluation. Although
sometimes used to refer to the entire genus, strictly speaking emotivism is the name of only the
earliest version of ethical noncognitivism (also known as expressivism and nondescriptivism).Also
Emotivism is a meta–ethical view that claims that ethical sentences do not express propositions but
emotional attitudes. It stands in opposition to other forms of non–cognitivism (such as quasi–realism
and universal prescriptivism), as well as to all forms of cognitivism (including both moral realism
and ethical subjectivism)The term emotivism refers to a theory about moral judgments, sentences,
words, and speech acts; it is sometimes also extended to cover aesthetic and other nonmoral forms
of evaluation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It stands in opposition to other forms of non–cognitivism (such as quasi–realism and universal
prescriptivism), as well as to all forms of cognitivism (including both moral realism and ethical
subjectivism)The term emotivism refers to a theory about moral judgments, sentences, words, and
speech acts; it is sometimes also extended to cover aesthetic and other nonmoral forms of
evaluation. Although sometimes used to refer to the entire genus, strictly speaking emotivism is the
name of only the earliest version of ethical noncognitivism (also known as expressivism and
nondescriptivism).Also Emotivism is a meta–ethical view that claims that ethical sentences do not
express propositions but emotional

The Effect Of Physical Activity On The Heart Disease And...
Over exercising and the effects on the heart disease and links to cognitive ability
The capacity to mentally process, reason, perceive, plan, understand and learn is called cognition. It
is important as it help us understand the world and people around us. It is the ability to interpret and
comprehend sensory information by transforming, storing and recovering the said data ( (Neisser,
1976). Many studies have been conducted to explore the different factors that could decrease or
increase cognition. Some of the factors include sleep, stress, socioeconomic status (SES), and
physical activity.
Regular exercise is believed to have a huge impact in increasing cognitive ability in individuals. The
link between of chronic physical activity and oxygenated haemoglobin in the anterior frontal gyrus
of 52 healthy young women was studied (Cameron et al., 2015). The participants were split into
groups depending on the amount of physical activity they do regularly. This ranged from 0 being
inactive to 3 which is the participant has met the recommended physical activity level, set by the
World Health Organisation (WHO), for more than 6 months. This was the participants CPAL or
chronic physical activity level. The participants were attached to an infrared spectroscopy that
recorded the relative concentration of haemoglobin in their blood every second. They then
underwent a reaction time test which tested their inhibiting and switching abilities. The results of the
study showed that the

Learning Theories
As centuries changes, so too does the learning styles of students' changes. Hence different learning
theories such as behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism have been used to improve learning,
performance and class involvement of student. Each of theories has distinctive features based on
their individual perspectives of the learning process. In this essay, I will mainly discuss 3 things: 1)
the main tenet of behaviorism and constructivism, 2) a comparison between cognitive and
constructivism and 3) the implications that constructivism has for the classroom teacher with the
central task of teaching.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism is an approach which denies (with greater / lesser insistency) that consciousness has
any relevance to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thirdly, reinforcement and punishment is strongly embedded in this approach. Due to the fact that
behavior is the result of external stimuli, theories suggest that a behavior can be modified through
the use of reinforcements and punishments. Reinforcements are stimuli that encourage a person to
do the behavior again, while punishments discourage the behavior. For example, preventing your
child from using the computer when he breaks curfew would be considered a punishment because
you want the behavior of breaking curfew to stop. Behavior modification through reinforcement and
punishment is called operant conditioning.
Constructivism
According to Kristinsdóttir (2001) " the view of constructivist, learning is a constructive process in
which the learner is building an internal illustration of knowledge, a personal interpretation of
experience." This representation is continually open to modification, its structure and linkages
forming the ground to which other knowledge structures are attached. Firstly, learning is an active
process in which meaning is accomplished on the basis of experience. Although both cognitivists
and constructivists view the learner as being actively involved in the learning process ( student
centric), the constructivists look at the learner as more than just an active processor of information.
Learners create their own meaning of knowledge. Therefore, the goal of

Essay about Humanism, Cognitivism and Behaviourism
In this assignment I shall be exploring three theories of teaching and learning. They are Humanism,
Cognitivism and Behaviourism. I shall be explaining the main factors of the three theories and then
explaining how they can support effective teaching and learning in general and for myself
personally in my teaching role. The first theory I shall explore is Humanism.
'Humanism stresses [a learner's] interests, individuality and creativity – in short the [learner's]
freedom to develop naturally and from teacher domination' (Lunenburg p.467).
When teaching a lesson a teacher is more of a facilitator when planning and delivering a lesson. An
effective humanistic approach is not one of teacher control (behaviourism) nor does it ... Show more
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This is an active type of learning and more intrinsically motivating but there are risks involved in
delivering a lesson or task in this way. A tutor can confuse the class with inaccurate explanations and
a lack of knowledge on the tutor's part. The second sequence of learning is less intrinsically
motivating but can be better controlled by the tutor.
This second sequence of learning is known as deductive learning. This is preferred by the theorist
Ausabel.
Meaningful learning, according to Ausabel, 'entails acquiring new knowledge that links existing
knowledge and which can be easily retained and applied.' (Gould p. 48)
Ausabel, in contrast to Bruner, believes that students need a structured set of instructions and when
that builds on existing learning it can contribute greatly to student understanding. Ausabel also
encourages the use of an 'advanced organiser'. This can be applied at the beginning of the lesson so
the learner knows what to expect and the logical order in which they will receive information. As
mentioned before this a less risky way of learning but some may see it as 'mollycoddling'. I
personally believe a mix of the two contributes to an effective lesson. To have an advanced organiser
at the beginning of the lesson, then being given the tasks in the logical order but with the learner
discovering the answers for themselves with the tutors help can

Evaluation Of The National Curriculum Essay
A highly significant change to the national curriculum made at the 2014 update for KS3 is the
introduction of assessment without levels (Department for Education, 2014). The system by which
children were assigned a numerical level based on their attainment was ceased on the
commencement of the new curriculum in September 2014 for all subjects, including science
(Department for Education, 2013). This action was implemented based on a report by the Expert
Panel for the National Curriculum review, which suggested that due to changes made to the
curriculum over various reassessments, the concept of attainment targets, on which level descriptors
were based, had been clouded, making levels difficult to understand and apply (Department for
Education, 2015). This meant that level descriptors were no longer clear and should be removed to
allow assessment to focus more closely on an individuals' specific strengths and weaknesses on the
content within the curriculum, rather than simply focus on ensuring that a child achieved a certain
arbitrary level (Expert Panel for the National Curriculum Review, 2011). The abolition of levels has
given schools more freedom to design their own assessment framework and address the perceived
issue that emphasis of levels as a tool for measuring school performance had led to negative
influence on the way individual pupils were assessed (Department for Education, 2015). Bell (2014)
suggests that the introduction of assessment without levels is a

Learning Theories : My Sixth Grade Classroom Essay
IZT2, Learning Theories
My eighth grade classroom is set in a Jr–Sr. High school and is located in the Jr. High hallway, in
the rear of the high school. I have thirty–two student desks situated in rows and two small tables at
the front of my room used for paper pick up. My desk and computer are in the back corner of the
room. The students all have their own Chromebooks and I have a desktop computer as well as a
Samsung Tablet. Google Classroom is used daily as well as many other applications suited for 1:1
schools. I also have a projector hanging from the ceiling and two large white boards located on the
front and side walls of my classroom. The class that I will be focusing on in this paper is made up of
26 students, 15 boys and 11 girls. One student with learning disabilities, another is an ELL student.
This class meets for 55 minutes.
We adhere closely to the Indiana State Standards and use the ISTEP and NWEA mandated
assessments. Each teacher is given free rein to teach how they see fit; however, we were asked to
submit curriculum mapping outlining the content/topics, key terms, sources/resources, assessments
and standards we use in our classrooms. Overall, my classroom is teacher driven, that is, I introduce
the stories and activities and guide the instruction. We do use a textbook from time to time as well as
websites, and additional resources found.
Lesson Plan Modifications Based on Cognitivism
The Social Cognitivism Theory, unlike behaviorism, reasons

Applying Learning Theories Of Learning
Applying Learning Theory to Life
PSY 331
Catherine Vivi
Ashford University
Instructor: Steven Peters
February 9, 2015
Applying Learning Theory to Life
Epistemology, or in other words, the theory of knowledge, is the study of knowledge, what it is, how
we acquire it, and our justifiable beliefs that are included in that study. Generally, the study of
knowledge is done through a philosophical method. There are four basic theories of learning; those
are behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, and humanism; this paper will address these four
theories of learning, in addition, we will address principles of learning, schema and scaffolding,
adaption, metacognition, and strategies to ensure learning success.
The term behaviorism refers to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson. Behaviorism
theory is based on the idea that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. In D. A.
Lieberman's book Psychology of learning (2012, Ch. 2.3), he states, "Watson believed that
psychologists should be concerned with overt behavior rather than the hidden processes of the mind,
and he argued for a greater concern with practical applications". This this theory believes that all
behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Behaviorism attempts to measure through observation
of behavior, using the observations to control behavior through conditioning.
The term cognitivism refers to the school of psychology based on how the brain processes
information and memory. Cognitivism

The Critical And Conceptual Inquiry
In the early 1950's, Ludwig Wittgenstein (1953) openly condemned psychology as a discipline
plagued with conceptual confusion, and rife with experimental methods that are often completely
irrelevant to the problems they set out to solve. Although written over half a century ago,
Wittgenstein's criticism actively reflects the distinct conundrum of modern day psychology, in which
expeditious empirical expansion is coupled with conceptual and theoretical turmoil (Hacker, 2007).
Despite this ambiguity, the advancement of contemporary experimental techniques continues to
cultivate a naïve, unjustified assurance in the status of psychology as a physical science. Openly
condemning 'metatheoretical psychologists', the proposition under scrutiny is directly representative
of the common neglect of philosophical investigation within the scope of contemporary
psychological research. Irony lies in the fact the critical and conceptual inquiry undertaken by such
'philosophical types' is imperative in the formation of factual, scientific theories (Boag, 2011). In
this sense, I will argue that to label metatheoretical psychologists as 'cowboy builders' is absurd.
They do not 'tear down' edifices in the lust for destruction as suggested by the premise at hand,
instead, they play a much more important role by providing conceptual critique in the hope of
theoretical improvement and stability (Noaparast, 1995). Abstract analysis such as this can prove
helpful in exposing conceptual

Teaching Philosophy, Theories, And Pedagogies Work For...
Course Question Paper–
"In light of what we know about how people learn, how shall we best teach?"
Cindy Vang
Concordia University, St. Paul, ED514.671
Professor Chuck McGill
December 12, 2016
There is not a single "correct" way to teach, but the best way to teach is to discover what teaching
philosophy, theories, and pedagogies work for your teaching style. "The best way to teach" is unique
to each individual teacher. Even so, there are some aspects of teaching that are important to being an
effective teacher. Some of the facets I will be discussing include understanding the Concordia
University Educator as Professional Decision Maker, Reflective Practitioner, and Adaptive Expert
conceptual framework, learning theories to consider, and effective classroom practices.
Concordia University's (2015) mission for the Department of Graduate Teacher Education is to
"prepar[e] professionals at the advanced/graduate level to be decision makers, reflective
practitioners, and adaptive experts for teaching, research, and leadership in diverse and global
educational communities" (p. 2). In order to achieve this mission, Concordia University will provide
students with a broad, liberal arts education. The purpose of this is to help expose and expand their
knowledge of a variety of topics. The overall experience and knowledge gained from Concordia
University will prepare graduates with essential skills to help them succeed in the workforce.
Concordia University's

Technology, Elearning And Implications Of Learning Theories
Technology, eLearning and Implications of Learning Theories
Sagar Gadkari
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale – IL
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to describe the core learning theories and their implications on
online learning or eLearning. The paper will also look at how technology can be leveraged for
knowledge acquisition under Constructivism theory and how technology can help in learning and
knowledge management. Analysis of various theories and their implications on online learning and
as well as efficient use of technology for designing and developing the courses can make a
considerable difference to the learner in the learning activity. Lastly, the paper also briefly describes
learning and knowledge management and use of technology to support it. Introduction
Learning is defined as the change in behavior as a consequence of exposure to external stimuli or as
defined by some major dictionaries, learning is an activity or process of gaining knowledge or skill
by studying, practicing, being taught, or experience something. ELearning or online learning follows
the same principals but just differs in the method of delivery, which is through any electronic media.
ELearning, in the recent days been gaining momentum within the corporates and universities and is
being considered as one of the best ways satisfy learning goals. A successful and an exceptional
learning experience, be it traditional or online, is an outcome of a thorough planning, design,

Cognitivism And Constructivism Paper
Learning theories is a way of explaining how we learn to acquire, retain, and recall knowledge. By
learning the different learning theories, teachers are able to us them as a guideline to make teaching
tools and to strategies instructional techniques in the classroom. This paper will be comparing and
contrasting three learning theories Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism. Behaviorism is a
theory that originated from the works of Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning and B.F. Skinner's
Operant Conditioning. The belief is that Behaviors are learned and changed through associations
between stimuli and responses. Learning is caused by a stimulus being introduced and there is a
reaction to the stimulus rather it is a positive or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Zone of Proximal Development by Vygotsky is problem–solving skills of tasks can be placed into
three categories. Those perform tasks independently, those that can perform tasks with the help of
others those that cannot perform tasks at all. Jean Piaget introduced Cognitive Constructivism.
Cognitive Constructivism is knowledge constructed by either assimilation or accommodation. In
assimilation, incoming information is associated with a schema. In accommodation, incoming
information does not match a schema.
The advantage of constructivism is for problem solving and able to interpret and create new ideas
from personal knowledge. Learning is all about hands–on activities. There is a sense of ownership
when hands–on learning occurs instead of just being told to the information. Students primarily
work in groups. The curriculum is presented whole to part with emphasis on a bigger picture. Unlike
the cognitivism, Constructivism is a student base learning vs teacher base learning. The teachers are
facilitators and students learn by doing group work such as case studies, research projects, and
problem base learning. Students learn to brainstorm, collaborate with each other to learn through
personal and other

8 Learning Theories Essay
Learning theories video script 8)
What is meant by learning theories?
Learning theories are essentially explanations of how learning occurs represented through
conceptual frameworks in order to explain changes in behaviour and how knowledge is absorbed,
processed and retained during learning. The learning theory adopted during teaching as well as
cognitive, emotional, environmental influences and prior experience, all play a part in: A change in
individual's knowledge Ability to perform a skill Or participation in an activity with other
individuals
All of which are referred to as representations of learning occurring in an individual.
Learning theories can be applied in different education scenarios in order to provide structure in a ...
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The behaviourist theory; contiguity is the close association of two events – commonly the cause and
effect' principle that underpins behaviourism. Contiguity is often used as a rewards system, such as a
prize or sticker for achievement in school work.
Unlike classical and contiguity theories which are ultimately based on the association, operant
conditioning is a learning strategy in which behaviour is influenced by the threat of consequence or
punishment – such as having to repeat a test if mistakes are made.
The behaviourism learning theory makes use of any number of these three main strategies as a
learning tool.
Because behaviourism may incorporate many different teaching methods in it the results produced
in regards to effective teaching may vary depending on the individual student, age of student
audience and subject of teaching matter.
Classical conditioning and contiguity are likely to be effective strategies when teaching for many
students as they both establish close mental links between ideas or phenomenon that allow memory
recall and expansion of knowledge to occur at greater ease. Expanding and building on current

Learning Theories, Behaviorism, Constructivism,...
The point of this paper is to detail the three commonly used learning theories (Behaviorism,
Cognitivism and Constructivism) on online courses. The description of the implication of these
learning theories can add to the procedure of learning for the learner. Online learning has developed
quickly in the previous couple of years in schools obliging educators to learn compelling approaches
to fabricate online groups of learners. There are obstructions to avoid and key segments to
incorporate, while making online learning environments. In this paper, these three speculations are
depicted to put it plainly, and suggestions for acknowledging online courses are determined
Keywords: Learning theories, Behaviorism, Constructivism, Cognitivism and e–Learning.
Introduction : e– learning has attained so much of importance in past few years. As per the name, 'e'
in e–learning represents electronic learning i.e., whatever the knowledge an individual acquires is all
through browsing the internet. Hence, it is also called as Online learning. E–learning is the
conveyance of training including the exercises of direction, instructing, learning and evaluation
through different electronic media . E–learning is recognized as one of the rising zones as appeared
by method for concrete numbers and has ended up being critical for instructive foundations and
additionally for organizations as highlighted by concrete application situations. For instance, a
student can get constant preparing

Skinner Vs Cognitivism
Intro B.F. Skinner and Jean Piaget were two influential theorists that have made a huge contribution
to the field of education. Skinner's theory is referred to as the behaviorist theory, and Piaget's is
cognitive theory. Both theories of learning are based on the development from two completely
different perspectives while making an impact on educators around the world. Behaviorism is based
off the belief that behavior is shaped through positive and negative reinforcement. Cognitivism is
based on the concept that individuals process the information they receive rather than responding to
stimuli. Characteristics of both theories illustrate the vast differences yet slight similarities in
relationship to how individuals learn and how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Skinner conducted extensive research into reinforcement as a method of teaching" (Good Therapy,
2015). Utilizing operant conditioning, Skinner has proven that reinforcement increases the chances
of behavior to repeat. His theory is widely used today amongst teachers, animal trainers, counselors
and parents around the world.
Jean Piaget Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is another influential theorist who is known for his
development of cognitive theory. This theory focuses on the development of an individuals thought
processes along with how these thought processes influence the understanding and interaction with
the world. Detailed observational studies of cognition in children, Piaget proposed that cognitive
development occurs throughout four stages. The first stage is the sensorimotor stage: from birth to
the age of two. This stage is where the child experiences his or her world through senses and
movement. A child begins to understand that one action can cause another action. The second stage
is the pre–operational stage, from two to seven years old. At this stage, a child is aware of the
separation from the environment around them. They are able to represent things with words and
images while using intuitive rather than logical reasoning. The third stage is concrete operations:
from the ages of seven to eleven. This is a period in which a child will begin to

Difference Between Traditional Students And Adult Learners
Title There are more adult learners attending college than there were two decades ago, and it is
expected to grow and double the rate compared to traditional students by 2021 (Woods & Frogge,
2017). Adult learners have different needs and expectations from their education (O'Toole & Essex,
2012). It is important for higher education institutions to understand the differences between
traditional students' and adult learners' learning styles. Educators should include adult learning
theories in their curriculum to meet the needs of these students. (76 words)
Difference Between Traditional Students and Adult Learners: Adult learners have a higher internal
motivation to learn, and they find an internal reward value for learning (Woods & Frogge, 2017).
Adult learners want to achieve the learning objectives and to learn new skills, and traditional
students are more focused on the grade that is earned (Woods & Frogge, 2017). Since adult learners
work full–time and raise a family, they want a flexible schedule with their education courses (Woods
& Frogge, 2017). Adult learners have a higher commitment to their studies compared to traditional
students (Woods & Frogge, 2017). Adult learners have a real–life work experience that they want to
relate to their education (Woods & Frogge, 2017). Adult learners have better time–management
skills compared to traditional students (Woods & Frogge, 2017) and are more self–directed learners
(Merriam & Bierema, 2014). Adult learners want to know

Social Cognitive Theory Main Concepts Essay
Social Cognitive Theory Main Concepts: According to the Social Cognitive Theory, people learn by
observation and modeling behavior. Albert Bandura developed the social cognitive theory in 1986.
Bandura believes that people obtain knowledge and how to function by modeling behavior from
others by interacting with others. The main highlight of his theory is that people learn by
observation, imitation and modeling behavior within the social environment (Merriam, 2014)).
Individual remember the consequences associated with individual behavior and used this
information to guide subsequent behavior. For example, an observed action elicits an instinctive
drive to model the behavior. Although the social learning theory states that people learn by
observation, learning does not always lead to aggressive behavior. The social cognitive theory (SCT)
integrates interaction between behavior, personal factor, cognition and environment which is
referred to as the "reciprocal causation model" However, Bandura does not suggest that these three
factors contribute to behavior (Bandura, 2012).
Andragogy:
On the other hands, andragogy is a theory developed by Malcolm Shepherd Knowles in 1980's.
Andragogy focuses on the science of adult learning and self–directive learning. The main highlights
of this approach are self–concept, learner experience, readiness, orientation, and motivation. In self–
concepts, as a human matures they move from being dependent towards self– directed

Instructional Design Models Are Designed Systems That Focus
Instructional design models are designed systems that focus on the learner and educational
objectives. Siemens (2002) defines instructional design as "a systematic process of translating
general principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials and learning".
Mercadal (2017) stated that instructional design is "any process aimed at the creation of
instructional education, typically with the objective of improving some aspect such as efficiency or
appeal to instructees." As I have studied the multiple definitions of instructional design, I have
observed a common theme. Instructional design should be planned and prepared in a clear and
effective manner to bridge students' learning styles to state curriculum. The ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
As I have explored the different Cognitivism ID Models, I realized that I have been using concept
maps as thinking maps. These maps provide students the opportunity to create mental visual patterns
for thinking.
One example of a concept map is a Tree Map. I often used this strategy with students to understand
classification of different curriculum areas. For example: place value can be broken down to
represent numbers from 1 to 1000. Tree maps are also a great tool for science. Students can create a
tree map of the Georgia Habitats and then branch off into the different components of each habitat.
The next instructional design model we are going to discuss is the prescriptive model. This
instructional model strives to identify the most effective instructional strategies for students (Mutlu,
2016). After researching the prescriptive instructional design model, I feel the ADDIE model best
suits the success of students in middle school. Here are the steps my teachers and I would follow
during our collaborative planning. The ADDIE model focuses on five phases of planning: analysis,
design, development, implementation, and evaluation. During the first phase, analysis, educators
evaluate existing data to identify and target the most important curriculum areas that need to be
taught or retaught. The teacher examines the data to identify issues with wording, vocabulary, etc. to
make sure authenticity of

Two Ways The Ted Talk Overlaps
In many ways, the Ted Talk overlaps with the psychology textbook. Two ways that it overlaps in my
option is cognitivism or cognitive psychology and social influences. To begin with, let's start with
cognitivism. Cognitivism is the framework for understanding behavior. In this school of psychology,
they focused on the aspect of thinking; they believed that "thinking affects behavior in powerful
ways" (Lilienfeld et al., 2016, p. 9). This relates to the Ted talk because while Jill was talking about
her experience while having the stoke, she says that her mind was going back and forth between
reality and "La La Land" while that was happening her behavior changed as well. In her La La Land
she was not thinking rationally, she was a carefree human

Key Theories Of Learning
Learning theories are conceptual frameworks that describe how information is absorbed, processed
and retained during learning. Theories of learning explain how people learn and can help teachers to
understand the meaning of things and review effectively and confidently their practice accordingly
(Wilson,2009). The main theories of learning are behaviourism, cognitivism and humanism.
Behaviourism is based on the idea that people respond to things around them. Behaviour is learned
from things seen around them or from the environment and that learning and ability to learn requires
a change in behaviour. The key figures of behaviourism are P.Pavlov, S.Freud, J.B.Watson,
B.F.Skinner. Cognitivism is based on the idea that learning is a process ... Show more content on
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According to Rogers(1959)only when a person is free from frustration and external impositions can
grow and develop ,setting his/her own goals, following universal values, such as honesty, love,
responsibility and autonomy. Rogers idea suggest that an external and objective reality does not
exist and individuals observe the world in their own way, having their own reality and behaving
accordingly to it. He emphasised the relationship between teacher and students, recommending a
climate of respect, trust and empathy. These ideas emphasising that the teacher should always treat
learners as unique individuals and listen to them. Maslow stressed the importance of positive
experience in order to reach autonomy and personal growth. He stated that self–actualization
requires an accommodating and enabling environment, responsibility, maturity and achievement of
certain needs in a hierarchical order (Neto,2015).Based on these concepts Maslow's Hierarchy of
Needs evolved, that involves Physiological need such as food and shelter, safety needs such as
stable and predictable environment, belonging needs such as affection from family and friends
,esteem needs such as self–confidence and appreciation from others, self–actualization needs such as
discovering and fulfilling one's own potential(Eysenck,2004).In my subject specialism, science its

Advantages And Limitations Of Behaviourism
Learning had been widely discussed among the researchers. It had become the subject matter that
interests psychologists, educationists, scientists and came up with a number of learning theories.
There are many different theories that attempt to describe the learning process. The theorists came
out with some methods and approaches to be applied in the language teaching in the classroom.
Approaches consist of specific principles in the language teaching and to apply these approaches,
methods are needed which include various procedures and techniques. In this coursework, I would
discuss on two theories, methods and approaches, two of their strength and limitations. In addition, I
would further discuss on the implementation of one of the theories in the English language
classroom. 2.0 THEORY OF BEHAVIOURISM The behaviourism theory had its origin in the early
twentieth century. It was introduced by one of the most prominent psychologists in that era, B.F.
Skinner. There are several psychologists such as Thorndike, Pavlov and Watson believed that by
studying the animal's behavior, they could predict and explain ... Show more content on
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Cognitivists such as Noam Chomsky (1957) in psycholinguistics and by Bruner, Goodnow and
Austin (1956) in concept learning were some of the examples (Ormrod, 1990). Cognitivism theory
implied that learning is a dynamic process, complicated and multi–faceted. According to Chomsky
(1957) in Ormrod (1990), human's mind are like a "black box", it attempts to understands the way
information is received, assimilated, stored and recalled. The theory of cognitivism is beneficial as it
focuses on the students' mental ability to think, analyze and organize knowledge. This theory
emphasizes on the short term and long term

VARK Learning Style Analysis
The different possible ways I learn according to VARK.
VARK is a system created to help students understand their style of learning. The system was
created by Neil Fleming. The VARK system stands for Visual Learner, Auditory Learners, Reading/
Writing Learners, and Kinesthetic Learners. (Reserved, Training, Policy, & Policy, n.d.)
VARK
Using VARK questionnaire I found that my learning style was read /. Write. The runner up style was
Visual
The learning style read/write means I learn best when I am reading text from a web page, book, or
illustration, while also writing down notes in the form of essays reports or an assignments. I do find
learning easier when I have the material in front of me in the form of a textbook, webpage, graphs
and demonstrations. While studying I will also use headings on table of context to look up subjects
when researching. Now that the internet is available for studying the answers are at my fingertips.
The subject can be found by a few words in the google search bar. While at work I find researching
a subject is imperative. I must use different sites, text and also books to properly administer
computer systems. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Culatta, 2015)
John B Watson created the theory of Behaviorism. (Culatta, 2015) Behaviorism has a major impact
on my learning style. The instructor dictated how I will learn with the assignments that are given to
me. By the instructor grading the paper, I am writing, as an A through F, positive or negative, will
change by behavior to adapt to the circumstances of the class and what the instructor wants

Implications Of Ethical Theory
Ethical Theory
Author's Name
Instructor's Name
Ethical Theory
Introduction
Although humanity has always strived to understand the meaning of right and wrong, it is not any
closer to getting any definite answers. However, people need beliefs and values to live their lives.
They require a system of moral principles to make decisions. In other words, people consciously or
unconsciously apply ethics in their daily lives, whether they believe in it or not. Whether people
consider ethics to originate from religions, philosophies and/or cultures, nevertheless it provides a
moral map for resolving ethical dilemmas (BBC, 2014). Thus, it is important to identify and
differentiate the various ethical theories and their implications ... Show more content on
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Thus, metaethics is not about discovering the right action or doing good, it is about how humans
determine if something is good or not and whether we are obligated to take the right action or not
(Sullivan & Pecorino, 2002).
Implications of Ethical Thinking
An ethical person is aware of the basic principles governing moral conduct and acts in consistency
with those principles. Thus, ethical thinking provides people with a moral framework to work
through their ethical dilemmas (Pecorino, 2000). For example, given a patient who has been in an
irreversible coma for a long time and has no immediate family, is it morally justifiable to end his
suffering by taking him off life support? Ethical frameworks guide the doctors to make a decision in
a seemingly impossible situation where a person's life is balanced with his suffering and the
hospital's resources.
From a moral non–realistic perspective, the decision depends upon the culture and beliefs of the
people involved. Thus, the doctors might support mercy killing, in order to allow the patient to die
with dignity, rather than force him to live and let him experience the deterioration of his organs.
Therefore, in this case euthanasia is permitted, according to moral non–realists because it is best for
the

Behavioral, Social Cognitive, And Information Processing
Learning has become a central focus in this fast developing world. Education is becoming more and
more valuable due to economic advancements. According to text on page 307, "Learning can be
defined as a relatively permanent influence on behavior, knowledge and thinking skills that comes
about through experience." Each person has a unique way of learning, and for a child, it is the
teacher's responsibility to understand how each child learns. There are several different learning
theories. However, we will be discussing these three main theories Behavioral, Social Cognitive,
and Information Processing. Behaviorism is everything that we can directly observe. According to
the text on page 308, "For the behaviorist, behavior is everything ... Show more content on
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Central to this approach is the cognitive process of memory and thinking." Information processing
theory usually gets compared with computer devices, in that it receives data( Sensory memory),
processes it(Short–term memory), and delivers it(Long–term memory). The brain collect
information from the senses(input), processes it(storage) and brings a behavioral response (output).
Information processing theory has been evolved and expanded over the years. Most well–known at
the beginning of information processing models is Atkinson and Shiffrin's "stage theory," exhibiting
the following method, as presented earlier, of input–processing–output. As an example, my son was
having difficulty in learning reading and counting, e.g., remembering alphabets shapes or sound and
counting numbers. He was notably behind from his first–grade class. However, he could remember
the shapes and would count his tiniest Lego. To get his interest, I started playing with his lego while
making words and saying them and labeled his legos with numbers. As he progressed in
remembering and sounding the letters and numbers, presently he started reading books and is
learning sight words and addition and subtraction with the

Power Posing Psychology
Participants who power pose for 2 minutes will have a higher academic specified self–esteem
compared to the participants who did not power pose. To test this, 33 undergraduate Psychology
Research Methods students were split into 2 groups. The power posing group were given 5 poses to
choose from and partook in 2 minutes of power posing. The controlled group was asked to wait
outside without further instruction and waited 2 minutes. Once the 2 groups reconvened after the 2
minutes, the participant took an 8 question survey to find out their level of academic specified self–
esteem. The results showed that power posing did not have a significant effect on self– esteem. The
study did not take into consideration that past academic performance ... Show more content on
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74 healthy participants from New Zealand who could read and write in English were asked to
participate in various different tasks. Before starting the tasks, the participants were randomly
assigned to 2 groups. The slumped group who sat on a stool with rounded shoulders, a stooped back,
and a bowed head. The other group was the upright group who sat on a stool with a straight back
and shoulders (Nair et al. 2015). While in their positions, the participants began their tasks. Such as
a reading task, where the participant would read basic information aloud for 3 minutes, after the
reading task, the participant did a stress test. The stress test included participants being interviewed
for their dream job and asked why they were the best candidate. The results Nair et al. (2015)
discovered was that being in the upright position had a substantial increase in perceived threat, self–
esteem, task persistence, and cardiovascular response. If upright posture and high power poses show
a substantial difference in situations such as interviews. Then performing power poses before
partaking in academic activities such as tests or presentations should increase performance and

Learning Theories : Behaviorism, Constructivism, And Humanism
In this paper we will be reviewing the four major learning theories, Behaviorism, Cognitivism,
Constructivism, and Humanism, as it may apply in a corporate training proposal. Specific modules
have been chosen from each of these theories. The goal is to inspire, propagate and promote the full
potential of the employees in relationship to their duties, responsibilities and adaptation to learning.
Behaviorism: Founded by John B. Watson in 1912, who published "Psychology as the Behaviorist
Views It" (1913). Behaviorists postulate that all behavior is learned from the environment, through
either classical or operant conditioning. Classical conditioning revolves around reflex responses,
meaning the response is involuntary. Operant conditioning, on the other hand, revolves around
reinforcement through either a reward or a positive or negative punishment following a behavior.
Behaviorists also believe that there is little difference in the learning styles of humans and animals,
and that all behavior can be simplified down to a response to stimuli (McLeod, 2007a).
Cognitivism: Founded by Ulric Neisser, who published "Cognitive Psychology" (1967).
Cognitivism is the concept of how a person learns, the physical process of thought, memory, and
how one develops problem–solving skills and basic intelligence. Theorists such as Jean Piaget,
suggest to us that our mind is aware even as an infant. There is a cognitive thought process. Piaget
theorized that there were four stages of

What Is Dewey And Vygotsky's Model Of Cognitive Development
Dewey (1959) sees experience and education as being dialectically connected. Hence, to Dewey, the
experiences that the teacher designs and creates in the classroom, e.g. tools, activities or the
environment, have an impact on students' learning. The experiences must be relevant, authentic and
meaningful to the students for effective learning to take place. Besides individuals' experiences,
Dewey gives space for social experiences as well. He believes that students' interactions with others
and the environment are crucial factors contributing to their learning. Dewey's belief is further
extended by Vygotsky's (1978) model of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Vygotsky believed
that collaboration with others helps one to complete tasks that one could not have done without
assistance from and collaboration with others. The ZDP is the level at which learning takes place. It
comprises cognitive structures that are still in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Social constructivists view the critical importance of interaction with people in cognitive
development. Cognitivists view learning as occurring in the internal structure, of mental processing
of information, independent of the environment.
Learning occurs when learners can socially build, share, co–construct and apply knowledge.
Learning occurs when information is transmitted through and processed in a student's mind
(information processor) to memory. Knowledge can be transmitted and students learn by passively
absorbing knowledge.
Expert knowledge is de–emphasized. Everyone is entitled to constructing knowledge according to
his/her own experience. The development of an expert requires one to employ optimal learning that
is appropriate for that domain. Experts have extensive knowledge which allows them to perceive
large meaningful patterns, see and represent a problem at a deeper

Behaviorism, Constructivism, And Cognitivism
A. Behaviorism, Constructivism, and Cognitivism
There are three approaches to learning that I will discuss in this section they are behaviorism,
constructivism, and cognitivism. Behaviorism is a learning theory based on the idea that any
behavior can be learned through conditioning as long as the conditioning is done the right way.
There are two types of conditioning. The first type is classic conditioning. This type of conditioning
is where a subject is provided a stimuli and based off of the stimuli the subject learns a specific
behavior which in turn becomes the conditioned response to the stimuli. The second type of
conditioning is operant conditioning which is reinforcement and punishment. This type of
conditioning requires a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are four stages of cognitivism. The first stage is from ages birth to two years old, one
discovers the world through their senses. The second stage is from two to seven, one develops
language and skills and their main focus is on self. The third stage is from ages seven to twelve, one
starts to see the world and how it relates to others not just themselves. One also starts developing the
ability to think logically and critically which allows one to see things and interpret things how they
really are. The fourth stage is from year twelve throughout the rest of one's life. In the fourth stage
one develops cognitively logical and abstract thinking, which allows one to analyze things logically
and draw logical conclusions in an abstract way.
A1. Support
There are several examples I could provide for each of the three learning theories discussed in the
above section. The first example is in support of the behaviorism learning theory. At the beginning
of each school year, I establish procedures with all of my classes. This creates an optimal learning
environment for all students to allow for the greatest amount of success. Each student is then
conditioned to follow each of the established procedures the same way through practicing over and
over again with a reward, if students carryout the procedure correctly. If the students do not follow
the procedures correctly, there is a

Design And Study : Design And Review : Cross-Successional...
4.1. Design and Study Overview
This cross–successional, two–group observational study is designed to compare postural control in
ALL survivors and individuals with no cancer history in both simple task and complex task
situations.
For all the participants, first we will evaluate cognitive performance using the auditory N–back test.
This test comes in various difficulty levels, we will use 0–back which is more a measure of attention
and 2–back which is representative of working memory.42
After cognitive assessment, we will use a computerized system to evaluate standing balance. We
will repeat balance assessment two more times, once participants will be simultaneously engaged in
performing 0–back and once with the concurrent performance of ... Show more content on
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The cognitive–motor task paradigm is based on theories related to attentional resources. Attentional
resources are defined as information processing resources that are required to complete a task 19.
The limited capacity theory states that one central attentional resource exists 43. When two tasks are
performed simultaneously, the central system must divide the total capacity between the tasks at
hand. The performance of the secondary task can provide an indication of the total processing
capacity and the attentional demands for the primary task. If the primary task does not require a
large portion of the total processing capacity, performance of the secondary task will not be altered.
If however, the primary task is more demanding for processing capacity, the performance of the
secondary task will decrease as the total capacity is reached 43. In this theory, the two tasks compete
for the same pool of limited resources. However, multiple resources theory states that there are
several attentional resources, each with limited capacity, and the amount of specific resources
required for performing certain tasks depends on the tasks characteristics. Under the assumption of
multiple resource pools, the execution of two concurrent tasks only suffers if some of the resources
required to perform one of the tasks are also necessary to perform the other task. Thus, when two
tasks are performed simultaneously, the competition for available

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