This document summarizes several theories of language acquisition in children. It discusses the debate between nature and nurture influences on language development. Key points include: children's receptive language develops before expressive language; behaviorists believe language is learned through conditioning while Chomsky argues for an innate language acquisition device; bilingual children develop language normally. Theories incorporate both innate capacities and environmental influences in language learning.
How do children develop speech comprehension. The relationship of speech, thought and comprehension.
The recognized cases of speech comprehension development with examples and explanation.
Language, Language Acquisition, Language Learning, Second Language,Bilingualism, Child Language, Linguistics,Hypothesis, Noam Chomsky (Cognitive Generative Quantitative
Functional theories of grammar Phonology Morphology Morphophonology Syntax Lexis Semantics Pragmatics Graphemics Orthography Semiotics) (Anthropological Comparative Historical Etymology Graphetics Phonetics Sociolinguistics) (Computational Contrastive
Evolutionary Forensic Internet
Language acquisition
Second-language acquisition
Language assessment
Language development
Language education
Linguistic anthropology
Neurolinguistics Psycholinguistics)
(History of linguistics
Linguistic prescription
List of linguists
Unsolved linguistics problems)
The evidence is in and it is compelling! We can help prepare children for reading success during the preschool years. This first in our series of BUILDING BLOCKS FOR LITERACY® webinars will share the research on which this professional development program is based and proven. It will also focus on the important role of oral language development to reading and spelling achievement. Participants will learn why phonology, vocabulary, syntax and pragmatics are all important to young children’s getting ready to enter kindergarten eager to learn. Listening, speaking, reading and writing will be shared as interrelated activities that all have language at the base.
Language is a method of communication, either written or spoken, consisting of the use of words in a structured or conditioned way.
Language is basically the use of words put together to make sense and enable communication.
How do children develop speech comprehension. The relationship of speech, thought and comprehension.
The recognized cases of speech comprehension development with examples and explanation.
Language, Language Acquisition, Language Learning, Second Language,Bilingualism, Child Language, Linguistics,Hypothesis, Noam Chomsky (Cognitive Generative Quantitative
Functional theories of grammar Phonology Morphology Morphophonology Syntax Lexis Semantics Pragmatics Graphemics Orthography Semiotics) (Anthropological Comparative Historical Etymology Graphetics Phonetics Sociolinguistics) (Computational Contrastive
Evolutionary Forensic Internet
Language acquisition
Second-language acquisition
Language assessment
Language development
Language education
Linguistic anthropology
Neurolinguistics Psycholinguistics)
(History of linguistics
Linguistic prescription
List of linguists
Unsolved linguistics problems)
The evidence is in and it is compelling! We can help prepare children for reading success during the preschool years. This first in our series of BUILDING BLOCKS FOR LITERACY® webinars will share the research on which this professional development program is based and proven. It will also focus on the important role of oral language development to reading and spelling achievement. Participants will learn why phonology, vocabulary, syntax and pragmatics are all important to young children’s getting ready to enter kindergarten eager to learn. Listening, speaking, reading and writing will be shared as interrelated activities that all have language at the base.
Language is a method of communication, either written or spoken, consisting of the use of words in a structured or conditioned way.
Language is basically the use of words put together to make sense and enable communication.
3.3 Theoretical Perspectives Theorists at one extreme of the issue.docxgilbertkpeters11344
3.3 Theoretical Perspectives Theorists at one extreme of the issue contend that language is a learned behavior and that language learning is no different from any other kind of human learning. Theo- rists at the other extreme take the position that not much learning is required, that language is wholly instinctive. Neither extreme is reasonable, but in between the two are a number of competing theories about how it is that a preschool child has a tacit under- standing of how the grammar of his language works that would take a linguist hundreds of pages to describe.
We cannot describe all the theories that have evolved or the cases that have been made for them, but we will examine four broad categories of theory related to language that have had a major influence. They are behaviorist, active construction of a grammar, neural con- nectionism, and social interaction.
Behaviorist Theories As appealing as behaviorism was in the early part of the 20th century, it has little credence as a theory of language acquisition. Basically, behaviorist theories take the position that children learn through imitation. They listen to the speech around them, imitate what they hear, and then through a system of reinforcement (i.e., being praised or rewarded for correct utterances and having errors ignored or corrected), they learn to discard their imperfect imitations. The problems with applying this theory to real children learning language are obvi- ous. First, children produce utterances they have never heard and, second, adults rarely respond to the form of the utterance. No theory of imitation can account for this and simi- lar utterances. See Chomsky’s Case Against Behaviorism for more on this topic.
CHAPTER 3Section 3.3 Theoretical Perspectives
The most serious flaw of imitation as a theory is that it cannot account for how children come to produce or understand novel utterances, whether in the way they pronounce words or in the way they inflect them, or in the sentences they produce. Pronunciation errors are generally attributed to children’s immature articulators (i.e., their physical inability to produce an exact replica of the adult form). Chloe’s lalo for yellow would be assumed to be caused by her articulators not being sufficiently well developed to produce two distinct consonants and two distinct vowels in the same word.
Other kinds of errors are more problematic. It is highly unlikely that Chloe ever heard anyone say, “Nana, you forgotted.” Yet she and all children her age regularly produce sen- tences they could not have heard from anyone else. Even if behaviorism could account for how these forms are created, the theory stumbles on the notion of reinforcement. There is overwhelming evidence that, in general, adults neither negatively reinforce flawed utter- ances nor positively reinforce correct ones. When I responded to Chloe with, “Yes, I sup- pose I did forget,” although I modeled the correct form, my response was to her mean- ing, not her .
Theories of PSYCHOLINGUISTICS, Language acquisition, Noam Chomsky, Jean Piaget, F. B. Skinner, Innateness theory, Behaviorist theory, Cognitive theory.
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Home → SparkNotes → Psychology Study Guides → Language and Cognition → Theories of
Language Acquisition
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Introduction
Language and Cognition
The Structure of Language
Theories of Language Acquisition
Language and Nonhuman Primates
The Structure of Cognition
Theories of Cognitive Development
Problem-Solving
Decision-Making
Creativity
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Language and Cognition
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Theories of Language Acquisition
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The nature vs. nurture debate extends to the topic of language acquisition. Today, most
researchers acknowledge that both nature and nurture play a role in language acquisition.
However, some researchers emphasize the influences of learning on language acquisition, while
others emphasize the biological influences.
Receptive Language before Expressive Language
2. Children’s ability to understand language develops faster than their ability to speak it. Receptive
language is the ability to understand language, and expressive language is the ability to use
language to communicate. If a mother tells her fifteen-month-old child to put the toy back in the
toy chest, he may follow her instructions even though he can’t repeat them himself.
Environmental Influences on Language Acquisition
A major proponent of the idea that language depends largely on environment was the behaviorist
B. F. Skinner (see pages 145 and 276 for more information on Skinner). He believed that
language is acquired through principles of conditioning, including association, imitation, and
reinforcement.
According to this view, children learn words by associating sounds with objects, actions, and
events. They also learn words and syntax by imitating others. Adults enable children to learn
words and syntax by reinforcing correct speech.
Critics of this idea argue that a behaviorist explanation is inadequate. They maintain several
arguments:
Learning cannot account for the rapid rate at which children acquire language.
There can be an infinite number of sentences in a language. All these sentences cannot be
learned by imitation.
Children make errors, such as overregularizing verbs. For example, a child may say Billy hitted
me, incorrectly adding the usual past tense suffix -ed to hit. Errors like these can’t result from
imitation, since adults generally use correct verb forms.
Children acquire language skills even though adults do not consistently correct their syntax.
Neural Networks
Some cognitive neuroscientists have created neural networks, or computer models, that can
acquire some aspects of language. These neural networks are not preprogrammed with any
rules. Instead, they are exposed to many examples of a language. Using these examples, the
neural networks have been able to learn the language’s statistical structure and accurately make
the past tense forms of verbs. The developers of these networks speculate that children may
acquire language in a similar way, through exposure to multiple examples.
Biological Influences on Language Acquisition
The main proponent of the view that biological influences bring about language development is
the well-known linguist Noam Chomsky. Chomsky argues that human brains have a language
acquisition device (LAD), an innate mechanism or process that allows children to develop
language skills. According to this view, all children are born with a universal grammar, which
makes them receptive to the common features of all languages. Because of this hard-wired
background in grammar, children easily pick up a language when they are exposed to its
particular grammar.
Evidence for an innate human capacity to acquire language skills comes from the following
observations:
The stages of language development occur at about the same ages in most children, even
though different children experience very different environments.
Children’s language development follows a similar pattern across cultures.
Children generally acquire language skills quickly and effortlessly.
Deaf children who have not been exposed to a language may make up their own language.
These new languages resemble each other in sentence structure, even when they are created in
3. different cultures.
Biology and Environment
Some researchers have proposed theories that emphasize the importance of both nature and
nurture in language acquisition. These theorists believe that humans do have an innate capacity
for acquiring the rules of language. However, they believe that children develop language skills
through interaction with others rather than acquire the knowledge automatically.
Language, Culture, and Thought
Researchers have differing views about the extent to which language and culture influence the
way people think. In the 1950s, Benjamin Lee Whorf proposed the linguistic relativity hypothesis.
He said language determines the way people think. For example, Whorf said that Eskimo people
and English-speaking people think about snow differently because the Eskimo language has
many more words for snow than the English language does.
Most subsequent research has not supported Whorf’s hypothesis. Researchers do acknowledge,
however, that language can influence thought in subtle ways. For example, the use of sexist
terminology may influence how people think about women. Two ways that people commonly use
language to influence thinking are semantic slanting and name calling.
Semantic Slanting
Semantic slanting is a way of making statements so that they will evoke specific emotional
responses.
Example: Military personnel use the term “preemptive counterattack” rather than “invasion,”
since “invasion” is likely to produce more negative feelings in people.
Name Calling
Name calling is a strategy of labeling people in order to influence their thinking. In anticipatory
name calling, it is implied that if someone thinks in a particular way, he or she will receive an
unfavorable label.
Example: On the day a student buys a new desk, he might say, “Only a slob would pile junk on
a desk like this.” This might help ensure that his roommate keeps it free of junk.
Bilingualism
Although people sometimes assume that bilingualism impairs children’s language development,
there is no evidence to support this assumption. Bilingual children develop language at the same
rate as children who speak only one language. In general, people who begin learning a new
language in childhood master it more quickly and thoroughly than do people who learn a
language in adulthood.
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