Macrolides
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This document discusses macrolide antibiotics, which contain a large lactone ring with attached sugars. It describes commonly used macrolides like erythromycin, roxithromycin, and clarithromycin. Macrolides have a narrow spectrum of activity against gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negatives. They work by inhibiting protein synthesis and are bacteriostatic at low concentrations but bactericidal at high concentrations. The document outlines the pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of resistance, adverse effects, drug interactions, and uses of various macrolides. It also discusses urinary tract infections and antiseptics used to treat UTIs like nitrofurantoin and methenamine.
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Macrolides
- Macrolides are a class of antibiotics characterized by a macrocyclic lactone ring with attached sugar groups. The first, erythromycin, was discovered in 1952.
- Erythromycin is bacteriostatic but can be bactericidal at high concentrations. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Common uses include atypical pneumonia, whooping cough, and as an alternative to penicillin for various infections.
- Adverse effects include gastrointestinal issues and hypersensitivity reactions like rashes. Drug interactions can occur since erythromycin inhibits hepatic oxidation of many other drugs. Newer macrolides have been developed with improved safety profiles.
Macrolide antibiotics
These are antibiotics having a macrocyclic
lactone ring with attached sugars. Erythromycin
is the first member discovered in the 1950s,
Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin and Azithromycin
are the later additions. Antimicrobial spectrum is narrow,
includes mostly gram-positive and a few gramnegative
bacteria, and overlaps considerably with
that of penicillin G. Erythromycin is highly active
against Str. pyogenes and Str. pneumoniae, N.
gonorrhoeae, Clostridia, C. diphtheriae and
Listeria, but penicillin-resistant Staphylococci
and Streptococci are now resistant to erythromycin
also.
All cocci readily develop resistance
to erythromycin, mostly by acquiring the
capacity to pump it out. Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
have been found to produce an erythromycin
esterase. Alteration in the ribosomal binding
site for erythromycin by a plasmid encoded
methylase enzyme is an important mechanism of
resistance in gram-positive bacteria. All the above
types of resistance are plasmid mediated. Change
in the 50S ribosome by chromosomal mutation
reducing macrolide binding a
Macrolides
Macrolides are a class of antibiotics found in streptomycetes. They are natural lactones with a large ring, consisting of 14 to 20 atoms. Macrolides bind to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and inhibit ribosomal translocation, leading to inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis.
Macrolides antibiotics (with lincosamide)
This document discusses macrolide antibiotics, including their mechanism of action, types, and uses. It describes several macrolide antibiotics like erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and roxithromycin. It covers their mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, side effects, and interactions. It also briefly discusses newer macrolides like telithromycin and ketolides, as well as the lincosamide antibiotic clindomycin.
Tetracyclines and chloramphenicol ppt
This document discusses two classes of protein synthesis inhibitors - tetracyclines and chloramphenicol. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, classifications, spectra of activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, resistance, side effects and interactions. Tetracyclines are classified based on source and duration of action. They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Chloramphenicol also inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Both classes have broad-spectrum activity and are associated with various side effects.
Macrolides and lincosamide
This document provides an overview of macrolide antibiotics. It discusses their history, chemical structure, classification, mechanisms of action, spectrum of activity, resistance, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and clinical applications. Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. They are effective against many gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria. Common macrolides discussed include erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin and ketolides like telithromycin.
Macrolides
Macrolides are a group of antibiotics that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. They include erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin. Clarithromycin and azithromycin are semi-synthetic derivatives of erythromycin with improved acid stability and less gastrointestinal side effects. Macrolides are used to treat respiratory, skin, and sexually transmitted infections caused by bacteria, mycobacteria, and protozoa. Adverse effects include gastrointestinal upset and potential interactions with other drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Macrolide (l)
This document discusses macrolide antibiotics, including their history, mechanisms of action, antimicrobial spectra, pharmacokinetic properties, clinical uses, and dosing. It describes the development of erythromycin in 1952 and subsequent generations including clarithromycin, azithromycin, and others. These antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis by binding the bacterial ribosome. Newer macrolides like azithromycin and clarithromycin have broader spectra, better tolerability, and longer half-lives compared to erythromycin. Common uses include respiratory, genitourinary, and skin infections.
Recommended
Macrolides
- Macrolides are a class of antibiotics characterized by a macrocyclic lactone ring with attached sugar groups. The first, erythromycin, was discovered in 1952.
- Erythromycin is bacteriostatic but can be bactericidal at high concentrations. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Common uses include atypical pneumonia, whooping cough, and as an alternative to penicillin for various infections.
- Adverse effects include gastrointestinal issues and hypersensitivity reactions like rashes. Drug interactions can occur since erythromycin inhibits hepatic oxidation of many other drugs. Newer macrolides have been developed with improved safety profiles.
Macrolide antibiotics
These are antibiotics having a macrocyclic
lactone ring with attached sugars. Erythromycin
is the first member discovered in the 1950s,
Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin and Azithromycin
are the later additions. Antimicrobial spectrum is narrow,
includes mostly gram-positive and a few gramnegative
bacteria, and overlaps considerably with
that of penicillin G. Erythromycin is highly active
against Str. pyogenes and Str. pneumoniae, N.
gonorrhoeae, Clostridia, C. diphtheriae and
Listeria, but penicillin-resistant Staphylococci
and Streptococci are now resistant to erythromycin
also.
All cocci readily develop resistance
to erythromycin, mostly by acquiring the
capacity to pump it out. Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
have been found to produce an erythromycin
esterase. Alteration in the ribosomal binding
site for erythromycin by a plasmid encoded
methylase enzyme is an important mechanism of
resistance in gram-positive bacteria. All the above
types of resistance are plasmid mediated. Change
in the 50S ribosome by chromosomal mutation
reducing macrolide binding a
Macrolides
Macrolides are a class of antibiotics found in streptomycetes. They are natural lactones with a large ring, consisting of 14 to 20 atoms. Macrolides bind to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and inhibit ribosomal translocation, leading to inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis.
Macrolides antibiotics (with lincosamide)
This document discusses macrolide antibiotics, including their mechanism of action, types, and uses. It describes several macrolide antibiotics like erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and roxithromycin. It covers their mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, side effects, and interactions. It also briefly discusses newer macrolides like telithromycin and ketolides, as well as the lincosamide antibiotic clindomycin.
Tetracyclines and chloramphenicol ppt
This document discusses two classes of protein synthesis inhibitors - tetracyclines and chloramphenicol. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, classifications, spectra of activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, resistance, side effects and interactions. Tetracyclines are classified based on source and duration of action. They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Chloramphenicol also inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Both classes have broad-spectrum activity and are associated with various side effects.
Macrolides and lincosamide
This document provides an overview of macrolide antibiotics. It discusses their history, chemical structure, classification, mechanisms of action, spectrum of activity, resistance, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and clinical applications. Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. They are effective against many gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria. Common macrolides discussed include erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin and ketolides like telithromycin.
Macrolides
Macrolides are a group of antibiotics that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. They include erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin. Clarithromycin and azithromycin are semi-synthetic derivatives of erythromycin with improved acid stability and less gastrointestinal side effects. Macrolides are used to treat respiratory, skin, and sexually transmitted infections caused by bacteria, mycobacteria, and protozoa. Adverse effects include gastrointestinal upset and potential interactions with other drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Macrolide (l)
This document discusses macrolide antibiotics, including their history, mechanisms of action, antimicrobial spectra, pharmacokinetic properties, clinical uses, and dosing. It describes the development of erythromycin in 1952 and subsequent generations including clarithromycin, azithromycin, and others. These antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis by binding the bacterial ribosome. Newer macrolides like azithromycin and clarithromycin have broader spectra, better tolerability, and longer half-lives compared to erythromycin. Common uses include respiratory, genitourinary, and skin infections.
Macrolide Antibiotics
Macrolide antibiotics contain a macrocyclic lactone ring with attached sugars. Erythromycin, the first macrolide discovered in the 1950s, is produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Newer macrolides like roxithromycin and clarithromycin have improved properties compared to erythromycin such as better absorption and tolerability. Macrolides bind to the 50s subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis and thus exhibiting bacteriostatic and sometimes bactericidal activity. They are effective against many gram-positive bacteria and atypical pathogens. Resistance can develop via efflux pumps or methylation of the ribosomal binding site.
Macrolides
This document discusses macrolide antibiotics, including their classification, mechanism of action, mechanisms of resistance, and examples like erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and telithromycin. Macrolides are a class of natural products consisting of a large macrocyclic lactone ring with attached deoxy sugars. They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and blocking polypeptide chain elongation. Resistance can develop via ribosomal methylation, drug-inactivating enzymes, or efflux pumps. The macrolides discussed have similar spectra but differ in absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and indications.
Antibiotics chloramphenicol and macrolides
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Pharmacology of tetracyclines and chloramphenicol including mechanism of actions, uses and adverse effects.
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This document discusses several classes of antibiotics including macrolides, clindamycin, vancomycin, linezolid, and polypeptide antibiotics. It provides details on the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, resistance, uses, and side effects of erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, linezolid, polymyxin B, colistin, and bacitracin.
Macrolides
Macrolides like erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin are bacteriostatic antibiotics derived from Streptomyces erythreus. They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and are active against gram-positive bacteria and atypical pathogens. They are used to treat respiratory infections, skin/soft tissue infections, diphtheria, legionellosis and as part of triple therapy for H. pylori infection. Adverse effects include diarrhea, hepatitis, ototoxicity and QT prolongation. Newer macrolides like azithromycin and clarithromycin have expanded spectra, better pharmacokinetics and tolerability profiles. Clindamycin is
Macrolide antibiotics
macrolide antibiotics with detailed description of classification and individual drug with mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effect, uses for undergraduates and post graduates
Aminoglycoside by sumit
This document provides information about aminoglycoside antibiotics. It discusses that streptomycin was the first aminoglycoside discovered in 1944. Aminoglycosides contain amino sugars linked to an aminocyclitol ring. They are obtained from soil actinomycetes and include natural antibiotics like streptomycin and gentamicin as well as semi-synthetic derivatives. Aminoglycosides are rapidly bactericidal and concentrate in bacterial cells, where they inhibit protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes. While highly effective, they can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, especially in high and prolonged doses. Resistance develops through enzymatic modification or decreased antibiotic uptake.
Clarithromycin present by sarim .....
Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic commonly used to treat bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Some common infections it treats include upper and lower respiratory tract infections, skin/soft tissue infections, and Mycobacterium avium infections. Clarithromycin has good oral absorption and distributes widely throughout the body. It undergoes hepatic metabolism and is excreted renally and through the liver. Common side effects include diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and abdominal pain. Drug interactions can occur when taken with other medications metabolized by CYP3A4 enzymes. Dosage adjustments are needed in renal impairment.
Macrolides
Macrolides are a class of natural products consisting of a large macrocyclic lactone ring with one or more deoxy sugars attached. Some macrolides have antibiotic or antifungal activity and are used as pharmaceutical drugs by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. The first discovered macrolide was erythromycin in 1952. Later macrolides like azithromycin and clarithromycin were developed by chemically modifying erythromycin to be more easily absorbed and have fewer side effects. Macrolides are classified based on their lactone ring size and include 14-membered and 15-membered ring structures. They are used to treat infections caused by gram-positive bacteria and some respiratory infections.
Antiamoebic drugs
1. Amebiasis is an intestinal infection caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which can range from asymptomatic to severe dysentery. It is diagnosed by identifying the parasite in fresh stool samples.
2. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treating amebiasis. It is activated by anaerobic organisms to damage parasite DNA.
3. Drugs for amebiasis are classified as luminal, systemic, or mixed based on where they act. Metronidazole is a mixed amebicide that treats both intestinal and extraintestinal infections.
PHARMACOLOGY OF AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS
1) Aminoglycosides are a class of bactericidal antibiotics that interfere with protein synthesis in bacteria. They are effective against many gram-negative aerobic bacteria.
2) Their mechanism of action involves binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and inducing misreading of mRNA, which breaks up polysomes.
3) Common toxicities include ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade. Gentamicin and amikacin are more nephrotoxic while certain drugs like streptomycin and tobramycin exhibit both cochlear and vestibular ototoxicity.
4) Examples include streptomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, am
Macrolides
This document discusses macrolide antibiotics, including their history, mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, pharmacokinetic properties, uses, and dosing. It describes how erythromycin was the first macrolide discovered in 1952 but had issues with acid lability and tolerability. Later macrolides like clarithromycin and azithromycin were developed in the 1970s-1980s and had broader spectra, better pharmacokinetics, and improved tolerability. All macrolides inhibit protein synthesis by binding the 50S ribosomal subunit and are primarily bacteriostatic. They vary in their activity against different bacteria and tissue penetration.
4. Sulphonamides
Sulfonamides were the first effective antimicrobial agents against bacterial infections but resistance has limited their use. They work by inhibiting the bacterial enzyme involved in folate synthesis. Sulfonamides are classified based on duration of action and include sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole. Resistance can develop via decreased drug uptake, decreased enzyme affinity, or increased PABA synthesis. Cotrimoxazole is a fixed dose combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole that has synergistic antibacterial effects and lower resistance due to sequential folate pathway inhibition. It is commonly used to treat urinary tract, respiratory, and gastrointestinal infections.
Antiprotozoal druga their mode of action
The document discusses various antiprotozoal drugs and their mechanisms of action against different protozoal diseases. It covers drugs used to treat amebiasis, malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, and giardiasis. The key drugs and their mechanisms generally involve inhibiting essential metabolic processes of the parasites, such as DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis, or generating reactive oxygen species to damage the parasites.
Macrolides antibiotics ppt
Macrolide antibiotics work by attaching to the 50S portion of bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. The first macrolide isolated was erythromycin in 1952. Macrolides are characterized by a macrocyclic lactone ring with a ketone group and desoxysugar. Newer macrolides like clarithromycin and azithromycin have improved properties over erythromycin such as better absorption, tissue penetration, and tolerability. They are effective against many gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria.
Chloramphenicol
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces venezuelae that was first isolated in 1947. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing peptide bond formation. While effective against a variety of bacteria, chloramphenicol can also inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis in mammalian cells, causing toxicity issues like bone marrow suppression and the rare but serious gray baby syndrome in neonates. As such, it is reserved for treating serious infections when other antibiotics cannot be used.
Macrolides
- Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that are produced by Streptomyces bacteria and contain a macrocyclic lactone ring. Erythromycin was the first macrolide discovered in 1952.
- Macrolides work by attaching to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. They are bacteriostatic and have selectivity for bacterial over mammalian cells.
- Common macrolides include erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and azithromycin. They are effective against many gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negatives. Azithromycin has the broadest spectrum of activity.
Chaloramphenicol as an antibiotic
This document discusses chloramphenicol, a broad-spectrum antibiotic. It was the first antibiotic to be mass-produced synthetically in 1949. Chloramphenicol works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. It has a wide range of effectiveness against bacteria like E. coli and S. aureus. While generally safe, it can cause rare but serious side effects like bone marrow suppression if overused or in high doses. The document outlines chloramphenicol's uses, mechanisms of action, precautions, and proper dosage and administration.
Macrolide antibiotics
This document discusses macrolide antibiotics. It begins by introducing macrolides as a class of antibiotics characterized by a macrocyclic lactone ring to which sugars are attached. It then focuses on individual macrolides including erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin, and spiramycin. The document discusses the mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, resistance, pharmacokinetics, uses, interactions, and adverse effects of macrolide antibiotics.
Urinary antiseptics pharmacology_05_04_13_dr_javeria_
This document discusses urinary antiseptics used to treat urinary tract infections. It describes several drugs that act as urinary antiseptics including nalidixic acid & cinoxacin, nitrofurantoin, metenamine, and phenazopyridine. Nalidixic acid & cinoxacin are quinolones that are well absorbed orally but do not achieve systemic levels, making them useful only for lower UTIs. Nitrofurantoin is bacteriostatic/bactericidal for many bacteria and is metabolized without systemic activity. Methenamine requires acidic urine to decompose into formaldehyde with antibacterial effects. Phenazopyridine has analgesic properties
Drugs used in urinary tract infection
This document discusses drugs used to treat urinary tract infections. It describes urinary antiseptics like nitrofurantoin and methenamine that have antibacterial effects in the urine but not systemically. Nitrofurantoin is primarily bacteriostatic against E. coli through damaging bacterial DNA. Methenamine releases formaldehyde in acidic urine to inhibit bacteria. Nalidixic acid is a nonfluorinated quinolone that interferes with bacterial DNA replication. Phenazopyridine provides symptomatic relief from urinary symptoms without antibacterial effects. Treatment depends on whether the infection is acute or chronic, involving the lower or upper tract, and the causative organisms. Proper drug choice, dosage,
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Macrolide Antibiotics
Macrolide antibiotics contain a macrocyclic lactone ring with attached sugars. Erythromycin, the first macrolide discovered in the 1950s, is produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Newer macrolides like roxithromycin and clarithromycin have improved properties compared to erythromycin such as better absorption and tolerability. Macrolides bind to the 50s subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis and thus exhibiting bacteriostatic and sometimes bactericidal activity. They are effective against many gram-positive bacteria and atypical pathogens. Resistance can develop via efflux pumps or methylation of the ribosomal binding site.
Macrolides
This document discusses macrolide antibiotics, including their classification, mechanism of action, mechanisms of resistance, and examples like erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and telithromycin. Macrolides are a class of natural products consisting of a large macrocyclic lactone ring with attached deoxy sugars. They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and blocking polypeptide chain elongation. Resistance can develop via ribosomal methylation, drug-inactivating enzymes, or efflux pumps. The macrolides discussed have similar spectra but differ in absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and indications.
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Antibiotics that acts as anti microbial by inhibiting the protein synthesis of microbes - eg, chloramphenicol and macrolides
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This document discusses several classes of antibiotics including macrolides, clindamycin, vancomycin, linezolid, and polypeptide antibiotics. It provides details on the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, resistance, uses, and side effects of erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, linezolid, polymyxin B, colistin, and bacitracin.
Macrolides
Macrolides like erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin are bacteriostatic antibiotics derived from Streptomyces erythreus. They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and are active against gram-positive bacteria and atypical pathogens. They are used to treat respiratory infections, skin/soft tissue infections, diphtheria, legionellosis and as part of triple therapy for H. pylori infection. Adverse effects include diarrhea, hepatitis, ototoxicity and QT prolongation. Newer macrolides like azithromycin and clarithromycin have expanded spectra, better pharmacokinetics and tolerability profiles. Clindamycin is
Macrolide antibiotics
macrolide antibiotics with detailed description of classification and individual drug with mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effect, uses for undergraduates and post graduates
Aminoglycoside by sumit
This document provides information about aminoglycoside antibiotics. It discusses that streptomycin was the first aminoglycoside discovered in 1944. Aminoglycosides contain amino sugars linked to an aminocyclitol ring. They are obtained from soil actinomycetes and include natural antibiotics like streptomycin and gentamicin as well as semi-synthetic derivatives. Aminoglycosides are rapidly bactericidal and concentrate in bacterial cells, where they inhibit protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes. While highly effective, they can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, especially in high and prolonged doses. Resistance develops through enzymatic modification or decreased antibiotic uptake.
Clarithromycin present by sarim .....
Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic commonly used to treat bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Some common infections it treats include upper and lower respiratory tract infections, skin/soft tissue infections, and Mycobacterium avium infections. Clarithromycin has good oral absorption and distributes widely throughout the body. It undergoes hepatic metabolism and is excreted renally and through the liver. Common side effects include diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and abdominal pain. Drug interactions can occur when taken with other medications metabolized by CYP3A4 enzymes. Dosage adjustments are needed in renal impairment.
Macrolides
Macrolides are a class of natural products consisting of a large macrocyclic lactone ring with one or more deoxy sugars attached. Some macrolides have antibiotic or antifungal activity and are used as pharmaceutical drugs by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. The first discovered macrolide was erythromycin in 1952. Later macrolides like azithromycin and clarithromycin were developed by chemically modifying erythromycin to be more easily absorbed and have fewer side effects. Macrolides are classified based on their lactone ring size and include 14-membered and 15-membered ring structures. They are used to treat infections caused by gram-positive bacteria and some respiratory infections.
Antiamoebic drugs
1. Amebiasis is an intestinal infection caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which can range from asymptomatic to severe dysentery. It is diagnosed by identifying the parasite in fresh stool samples.
2. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treating amebiasis. It is activated by anaerobic organisms to damage parasite DNA.
3. Drugs for amebiasis are classified as luminal, systemic, or mixed based on where they act. Metronidazole is a mixed amebicide that treats both intestinal and extraintestinal infections.
PHARMACOLOGY OF AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS
1) Aminoglycosides are a class of bactericidal antibiotics that interfere with protein synthesis in bacteria. They are effective against many gram-negative aerobic bacteria.
2) Their mechanism of action involves binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and inducing misreading of mRNA, which breaks up polysomes.
3) Common toxicities include ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade. Gentamicin and amikacin are more nephrotoxic while certain drugs like streptomycin and tobramycin exhibit both cochlear and vestibular ototoxicity.
4) Examples include streptomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, am
Macrolides
This document discusses macrolide antibiotics, including their history, mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, pharmacokinetic properties, uses, and dosing. It describes how erythromycin was the first macrolide discovered in 1952 but had issues with acid lability and tolerability. Later macrolides like clarithromycin and azithromycin were developed in the 1970s-1980s and had broader spectra, better pharmacokinetics, and improved tolerability. All macrolides inhibit protein synthesis by binding the 50S ribosomal subunit and are primarily bacteriostatic. They vary in their activity against different bacteria and tissue penetration.
4. Sulphonamides
Sulfonamides were the first effective antimicrobial agents against bacterial infections but resistance has limited their use. They work by inhibiting the bacterial enzyme involved in folate synthesis. Sulfonamides are classified based on duration of action and include sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole. Resistance can develop via decreased drug uptake, decreased enzyme affinity, or increased PABA synthesis. Cotrimoxazole is a fixed dose combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole that has synergistic antibacterial effects and lower resistance due to sequential folate pathway inhibition. It is commonly used to treat urinary tract, respiratory, and gastrointestinal infections.
Antiprotozoal druga their mode of action
The document discusses various antiprotozoal drugs and their mechanisms of action against different protozoal diseases. It covers drugs used to treat amebiasis, malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, and giardiasis. The key drugs and their mechanisms generally involve inhibiting essential metabolic processes of the parasites, such as DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis, or generating reactive oxygen species to damage the parasites.
Macrolides antibiotics ppt
Macrolide antibiotics work by attaching to the 50S portion of bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. The first macrolide isolated was erythromycin in 1952. Macrolides are characterized by a macrocyclic lactone ring with a ketone group and desoxysugar. Newer macrolides like clarithromycin and azithromycin have improved properties over erythromycin such as better absorption, tissue penetration, and tolerability. They are effective against many gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria.
Chloramphenicol
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces venezuelae that was first isolated in 1947. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing peptide bond formation. While effective against a variety of bacteria, chloramphenicol can also inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis in mammalian cells, causing toxicity issues like bone marrow suppression and the rare but serious gray baby syndrome in neonates. As such, it is reserved for treating serious infections when other antibiotics cannot be used.
Macrolides
- Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that are produced by Streptomyces bacteria and contain a macrocyclic lactone ring. Erythromycin was the first macrolide discovered in 1952.
- Macrolides work by attaching to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. They are bacteriostatic and have selectivity for bacterial over mammalian cells.
- Common macrolides include erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and azithromycin. They are effective against many gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negatives. Azithromycin has the broadest spectrum of activity.
Chaloramphenicol as an antibiotic
This document discusses chloramphenicol, a broad-spectrum antibiotic. It was the first antibiotic to be mass-produced synthetically in 1949. Chloramphenicol works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. It has a wide range of effectiveness against bacteria like E. coli and S. aureus. While generally safe, it can cause rare but serious side effects like bone marrow suppression if overused or in high doses. The document outlines chloramphenicol's uses, mechanisms of action, precautions, and proper dosage and administration.
Macrolide antibiotics
This document discusses macrolide antibiotics. It begins by introducing macrolides as a class of antibiotics characterized by a macrocyclic lactone ring to which sugars are attached. It then focuses on individual macrolides including erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin, and spiramycin. The document discusses the mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, resistance, pharmacokinetics, uses, interactions, and adverse effects of macrolide antibiotics.
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urinaryantiseptics-150802163223-lva1-app6891.pptx
1) Urinary tract infections are commonly treated with urinary antiseptics like nitrofurantoin, metenamine, and nalidixic acid which exert antibacterial effects in the urine but have little systemic activity.
2) Nitrofurantoin is primarily bacteriostatic against E. coli through inhibiting enzymes. It has gastrointestinal side effects and is contraindicated in renal impairment.
3) Methenamine (hexamine) is a prodrug that releases formaldehyde in acidic urine to inhibit bacteria. It is used for chronic or resistant UTIs not involving the kidneys.
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Uti ( pharmacology)
The document discusses common organisms that cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) and various drugs used to treat UTIs. It covers topics like:
1. Escherichia coli causes about 80% of acute uncomplicated UTIs. Other common causes include other gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
2. Drugs used to treat UTIs work by achieving effective concentrations in the urine to inhibit bacterial growth in the lower urinary tract. Examples include nitrofurantoin, quinolones, and methenamine.
3. Adverse effects of these drugs can include gastrointestinal issues, hypersensitivity reactions, and in rare cases hematologic or neurological effects from long-term use. The
ANTI TUBERCULAR DRUGS
This document discusses various anti-tubercular drugs used to treat tuberculosis. It describes the first-line drugs isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin which make up the standard treatment regimen. It also discusses second-line drugs used when tuberculosis is resistant to first-line treatment, such as para-amino salicylic acid, ethionamide, and fluoroquinolones. The mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing, adverse effects, and interactions are summarized for each individual drug.
ANTI TUBERCULAR DRUGS
This document discusses various anti-tubercular drugs used to treat tuberculosis. It describes the first-line drugs isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin which make up the standard treatment regimen. It also discusses some second-line drugs used when tuberculosis is resistant to first-line treatment, such as para-amino salicylic acid, capreomycin, and ethionamide. The mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, dosages, adverse effects, and interactions are summarized for many of the major anti-tubercular drugs.
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This document provides information on various classes of antibiotics used in chemotherapy. It discusses aminoglycosides, their mechanism of action as inhibiting protein synthesis, indications such as gram negative infections, and important nursing responsibilities like monitoring for ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Macrolides and broad spectrum antibiotics like tetracycline and chloramphenicol are also summarized. Their mechanisms, uses, adverse effects and nursing care are highlighted. Sulphonamides are described as inhibiting folic acid synthesis, with uses for UTIs and dosing examples provided.
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ANTI FUNGAL DRUGS.ppt The ppt contains information about Antifungal drugs
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Microbiology,Infection & Antibiotic Therapy
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classaminoglycosides2-150525094713-lva1-app6891.pdf
This document discusses aminoglycoside antibiotics. It begins by defining aminoglycosides as a group of antibiotics used to treat aerobic gram-negative bacterial infections. It notes their structure consists of amino sugars linked to a hexose nucleus. While effective, their use is limited by serious toxicity risks like nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Streptomycin was the first discovered in 1943. The document then provides detailed information on various aminoglycosides including their structures, sources, uses, mechanisms of action, resistance, pharmacokinetics, spectrum of activity, dosing and administration routes, toxicity, and drug interactions.
Class aminoglycosides 2
This document discusses aminoglycoside antibiotics, which consist of amino sugars and a hexose nucleus. They are used to treat aerobic gram-negative bacterial infections. Streptomycin was the first discovered in 1943. Aminoglycosides act by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. They are effective against many gram-negative bacteria but have serious toxicity risks like nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Therapeutic drug monitoring is important when using these antibiotics due to their narrow therapeutic index.
Antivirals Antiprotozoals
The document discusses various types of antivirals and antiprotozoals used to treat viral and parasitic infections. It describes the different virus and parasite types and provides examples of common infections caused by protozoa. It then summarizes several commonly used antiviral and antiprotozoal drugs, including their mechanisms of action, indications for use, pharmacokinetics, contraindications, warnings, and adverse effects.
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This document discusses antimycobacterial drugs used to treat tuberculosis and leprosy. The first line drugs for TB include isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, streptomycin, and pyrazinamide. Isoniazid-rifampicin combination for 9 months cures 95-98% of cases, which can be reduced to 6 months with addition of pyrazinamide. Second line drugs are used to treat multidrug-resistant TB and include ethionamide, capreomycin, cycloserine, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and rifapentine. Drugs used to treat leprosy include dapsone and clofazimine
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The document discusses broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics, specifically tetracyclines and chloramphenicol. It provides details on their mechanism of action, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes. It lists common indications for use, such as respiratory infections, sexually transmitted diseases, and plague. Adverse effects, contraindications, and drug interactions are also summarized.
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Macrolides
- 2. INTRODUCTION : Antibiotics with large lactone ring to which sugars are attached Currently used : Erythromycin Roxithromycin Clarithromycin Azithromycin
- 3. Antibacterial spectrum Narrow spectrum Aerobic, gram positive & few gram negative organism Streptococci Pneumococci Staphylococci Legionella C. diptheriae B. pertussis T. pallidum Mycoplasma
- 5. MACROLIDES Bacteriostatic at low concentration More effective alkaline pH Bacteriocidal at high concentration
- 6. RESISTANCE: Low permeability Inactivating enzymes Low affinity of ribosomes
- 7. Pharmacokinetics Food interferes with absorption Destroyed by gastric acid – hence administered as ENTERIC COATED TABLETS Crosses placenta But does not cross blood brain barrier Plasma t 1 2 ~ 1.5hrs Excreted through bile.
- 8. Adverse effects Hepatitis with cholestatic jaundice Increases intestinal motility Cardiac arrhythmias Reversible hearing impairment
- 9. Drug interaction Microsomal enzyme inhibitor
- 10. Uses : Atypical pneumonia Legionnaires pneumonia Whooping cough Streptococcal infection Staphylococcal infection Diphtheria Syphilis & gonorrhoea Tetanus Anthrax Topical : skin infections
- 11. Erythromycin Obtained from streptomyces erythreus
- 12. Roxithromycin Longer acting Acid stable More potent Better absorbed Does not interact with other drugs
- 13. Clarithromycin Longer acting Acid stable Better absorbed Uses : H pylori – triple regimen Atypical mycobacterial infections
- 14. Azithromycin T 1 2 ~ 3 days No drug interaction Acid stable Better absorbed Uses : Atypical mycobacterial infection Mycobacterium avium complex
- 17. Urinary antiseptics Drugs which exerts action only in urinary tract. NITROFURANTOIN METHENAMINE
- 18. NITROFURANTOIN Bacteriostatic Higher concentration – bactericidal Gram positive & negative organism Moa : damages dna & rna synthesis Pk : t 1 2 1hr ; attains high conc. in urine Adverse effects : nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, allergic reaction, hemolytic anaemia, turns urine dark brown Use : UTI
- 19. Methenamine mandelate Moa : releases formaldehyde in acidic urine. Bactericidal Not effective against urea splitting organism as they can raise the pH Acidic pH can be maintained using ascorbic acid, mandelic acid or hippuric acid Effective against : e coli & gram negative organism Adverse effects : haematuria, chemical cystitis, painful micturition
- 20. Urinary analgesic PHENAZOPYRIDINE AZO dye Analgesic action on urinary tract Relieves symptoms of burning micturition, urgency & ↑ frequency.
- 21. Thank you …