The document provides details about the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu located in Peru. It describes the natural setting high in the Andes mountains and discusses the three main sections of the city - agricultural, urban, and religious. It then focuses on describing the ingenious water collection and distribution system designed and built by the Inca, including how they enhanced natural springs, constructed a nearly 750 meter long stone canal, and built a series of 16 fountains within the city according to social hierarchy. The system is still functional today and demonstrates the advanced hydrological and civil engineering skills of the Inca people.
I receive several PowerPoint presentations through e-mail, so I thought I'd share them. I just post them. I didn't creat them :)
www.PowerLegacy.Com
Blog http://www.blogger.com/profile/06076000450615189967
I receive several PowerPoint presentations through e-mail, so I thought I'd share them. I just post them. I didn't creat them :)
www.PowerLegacy.Com
Blog http://www.blogger.com/profile/06076000450615189967
Kath-khuni architecture of Himachal Pradesh, IndiaMansi Shah
This presentation gives an overview about kath-khuni construction practice prevalent in Himachal Pradesh. More information about the same is available in the book "Prathaa: Kath-khuni architecture of Himachal Pradesh"
http://mansi-shah.weebly.com/book.html
by Mansi Shah- Adjunct Assistant Professor at CEPT University
Qutb Minar (Urdu: قطب مینار), also spelled Qutub or Qutab, is the tallest minar (73 metres) in India originally an ancient Islamic Monument, inscribed with Arabic inscriptions, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Located in Delhi, the Qutb Minar is made of red sandstone and marble. The stairs of the tower has 379 steps, is 72.5 metres (237.8 ft) high, and has a base diameter of 14.3 metres, which narrows to 2.7 metres at the top. Construction was started in 1192 by Qutb-ud-din Aibak and was carried on by his successor, Iltutmish. In 1368, Firoz Shah Tughlak constructed the fifth and the last storey. It is surrounded by several other ancient and medieval structures and ruins, collectively known as the Qutb complex.
Charles Correa is an Indian architect and urban planner, particularly noted for his sensitivity to the needs of the urban poor and for his use of traditional methods and materials
Chinese, Civilization, Architecture, Chinese civilization architecture, Chinese architecture, Traditional architecture, Traditional chinese architecture, Architecturechinese architecture characteristics, Chinese architecture style, Chinese architecture roof, Modern chinese architecture, Famous chinese architecture, Chinese architecture ppt, Chinese architecture pdf, Chinese architecture drawing, Culture, Landmark, Cityscape, Ancient, China, History, Ntdtv, Asia, Engineerintangible, Cultural, Heritage;, Unesco, 2003, Convention;, China;, 00223channel 4, All 4, Secrets of china's forbidden city, Forbidden city, Ancient china, Historic china, Earthquake, Earthquake proof, Palace, Ming dynasty, Dynasty, Documentary, Full documentary, Watch documentary, Clip, Trending, Tv shows - topic, Tv shows, All things film u0026 tv, Popular right now, Traditional, ,
In this presentaion we talk about how the great wall is made. what were the resources which are involved in the making of wall at through different dynasties.
Kath-khuni architecture of Himachal Pradesh, IndiaMansi Shah
This presentation gives an overview about kath-khuni construction practice prevalent in Himachal Pradesh. More information about the same is available in the book "Prathaa: Kath-khuni architecture of Himachal Pradesh"
http://mansi-shah.weebly.com/book.html
by Mansi Shah- Adjunct Assistant Professor at CEPT University
Qutb Minar (Urdu: قطب مینار), also spelled Qutub or Qutab, is the tallest minar (73 metres) in India originally an ancient Islamic Monument, inscribed with Arabic inscriptions, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Located in Delhi, the Qutb Minar is made of red sandstone and marble. The stairs of the tower has 379 steps, is 72.5 metres (237.8 ft) high, and has a base diameter of 14.3 metres, which narrows to 2.7 metres at the top. Construction was started in 1192 by Qutb-ud-din Aibak and was carried on by his successor, Iltutmish. In 1368, Firoz Shah Tughlak constructed the fifth and the last storey. It is surrounded by several other ancient and medieval structures and ruins, collectively known as the Qutb complex.
Charles Correa is an Indian architect and urban planner, particularly noted for his sensitivity to the needs of the urban poor and for his use of traditional methods and materials
Chinese, Civilization, Architecture, Chinese civilization architecture, Chinese architecture, Traditional architecture, Traditional chinese architecture, Architecturechinese architecture characteristics, Chinese architecture style, Chinese architecture roof, Modern chinese architecture, Famous chinese architecture, Chinese architecture ppt, Chinese architecture pdf, Chinese architecture drawing, Culture, Landmark, Cityscape, Ancient, China, History, Ntdtv, Asia, Engineerintangible, Cultural, Heritage;, Unesco, 2003, Convention;, China;, 00223channel 4, All 4, Secrets of china's forbidden city, Forbidden city, Ancient china, Historic china, Earthquake, Earthquake proof, Palace, Ming dynasty, Dynasty, Documentary, Full documentary, Watch documentary, Clip, Trending, Tv shows - topic, Tv shows, All things film u0026 tv, Popular right now, Traditional, ,
In this presentaion we talk about how the great wall is made. what were the resources which are involved in the making of wall at through different dynasties.
Machu Picchu is a well-known historical place and one of seven wonders.
In this poster, anyone will found a basic concept of Machu Picchu's location history, architectural facts and characteristics of Machu Picchu.
Inca civilization civilized this city without the aids of wheels and any iron tools.
Isn't it enough to be wondered?
Esta es una presentación de una de las ciudades mas importantes del mundo debido a su valor histórico y qye contiene una maravilla del mundo moderno, se trata del Cusco en Perú.
Machu Picchu_ A Wonderland of Hidden Stories.pdfCIOWomenMagazine
Machu Picchu is a place of mystery bundled up in the beauty of nature. Its rich history and the untamed culture based on the womb of nature makes it one of the best place to visit. Not just travelers and explorers admire it, but also adored by architects, archaeologists, and researchers worldwide.
Macchu Pichu is Peru’s most visited tourist attraction and also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The ruin has 140 constructions, including temples, sanctuaries, parks, residences and houses with thatched roofs. From the city of Cuzco it takes about 3.5 hours to get there by train, or a 2 to 4 day journey on foot from the Urubamba Valley up through the Andes mountain range. The trip involves having to sleep on tents and the traveler must be reasonably fit. The pictures of the ruins and the surrounding countryside are spectacular and one wonders how they managed to transport and built that for many years lost Inca city!
Albania an important energy hub for the Southern Gas Corridor Realistic over...Albania Energy Association
Albania an important energy hub for the Southern Gas Corridor
Realistic overview of the Albanian and West Balkan
Erlet Shaqe
Co-Founder and Chairman of AEA
aea@aea-al.org
EU Gas Demand
Composition of the European gas supply
Existing and planned import pipelines to Europe
Natural gas demand on the Balkans
The Balkan Gas Hub
The Albania/Balkan region
Regional primary energy production WB
Natural Gas Role in the Albanian Energy Balance
Ionian – Adriatic Pipeline
TAP is considered important for Albania
Albania Natural Gas Forecast
Realistic potential area for developing the gas transmission and distribution in Albania
Underground Gas Storage potentials of Albania.
*Credits AEA-Albania Energy Association
Albania investments and Hydropower development 2017
The Albania Energy Association represents the Albania energy industry, covering all renewable, power, heat and fuels.
Albania Country of Opportunities .
CILESIA E AJRIT NE AMBIENTET E BRENDESHME
Studimi i mirëqënies termike nuk mund te jete i shkeputur nga ajoe e
cilësisë së ajrit në brendësi të ambienteve të rrethuara. Vëzhgimi i
sëmundjeve në dukje (sindroma të ndërtesës së sëmurë) të çuditshme në
kushte të caktuara ka çuar në lindjen e një linje tjetër studimi që i
referohet cilësisë kimike – fizike të ajrit qe, sot njihet si IAQ (Indoor Air Quality-Cilësia e Ajrit të Brendshëm). Materialet përshtatura për ndërtime, mobiljet, gazrat e përdorur në impiante, të gjithë këto prodhojnë substanca avulluese organike ( Volatile Organic Compound, VOC– Përzierje Organike Avulli) që, në përqëndrim të pakontrolluar mund të sjellin sëmundje të natyrave dhe rrezikshmërive të ndryshme.
TREGUESIT E CILËSISE SË AJRIT
PROÇESET PSIKROMETRIKE
RRL
Ngarkesa Ftohëse
CENTRALET FRIGORIFERIKE
Metodat e permasimit te tubave te ajrit
The revival and transformation of Europe’s largest onshore oilfield; the Pato...Albania Energy Association
Presentation: The revival and transformation of Europe’s largest onshore oilfield; the Patos-Marinza field
Leonidha Çobo, General Manager, Bankers Petroleum Albania Ltd
Presentation: Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) – The European leg of the Southern Gas Corridor
Shkelqim Bozgo, Country Manager for Albania, Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP)
Presentation: Overall analysis of the onshore sector of Albania and current developments
Dritan Spahiu, Director of Policies and Development of Hydrocarbons, Ministry of Energy and Industry
How Albanian legislation facilitates the exploration and development of hydro...Albania Energy Association
Presentation: How Albanian legislation facilitates the exploration and development of hydrocarbons
Dael Dervishi, Executive Director, National Agency of Natural Resources (AKBN)
vercoming challenges in the exploration of Albania’s high potential carbonate...Albania Energy Association
Presentation: Overcoming challenges in the exploration of Albania’s high potential carbonate structures
Peter Sider, Vice President, Engineering, Operations and Business Development, Petromanas
Presentation: The role of Southern Gas Corridor for energy security of Europe
Ilkin Aslanov, Executive Assistant to SOCAR President Advisor, SOCAR, Azerbaijan
Presentation: Environmental services for the oil and gas industry
Giannis Karakolis, North Greece Director, POLYECO S.A.
Simon Geragthy, Drilling Waste Management Expert, POLYECO S.A
Presentation: Concessions and the legal framework in Energy
Etleva Kondi, Director of Concessions, Procurement and Privatisation, Ministry of Energy and Industry
Presentation: Strengthening integration on Energy Community and investment opportunities
Lorenc Gordani, Professor of EU Law and Project Director, ACERC
Presentation: The refining sector of Albania
Christophe Darbord, Chief Executive Officer, Armo Refinery
Presentation: What is the energy investment outlook in Albania for 2020?
Entela Çipa, Advisor to the Minister of Energy and Industry
Presentation: Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative - EITI in Albania
Dorina Çinari, Director, Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) Albania
Presentation: The National Economic Council; Fostering Business-Government dialogue
Elona Varfi, COO, National Economic Council (NEC)
Keynote Presentation from the Ministry of Energy and Industry - Electricity Directorate
Agim Bregasi, Director of Policies and Development of Electricity, Ministry of Energy and Industry
Presentation: An overview of Albania’s greatest energy source - Hydropower
Aas Agnar, Director of Governmental Affairs, Devoll Hydropower, Albania
Presentation: An overview of the mining sector in Albania
Mehmet Hasalami, Policy and Development Directorate of Mines, Ministry of Energy and Industry
Transporti me litare, perfshine ato lloje te transporti ne te cilen objekti qe transportohet c’vendoset me ndihmen e nje litari. Kjo eshte konceptuar ne terheqjen e mjetit mbartes me anen e litarit, pergjate udhes se tij, ose shtriries se tij. Historikisht tipike, ky lloj transporti perfaqesonte levizjet e mjeteve lundruese, mbi lumenj ose kanale lundruese. Sot ky lloj transporti (lumenj lundruese) eshte gjeneruar ne forma te ndryshme, sic do ta shohim ne leksionet e meposhteme. Peshen kryesore ne kete lloj transporti e ze transporti me teleferik dhe ai me ashensore, (pa permendur makinat ngritese-transportuese). Transporti me terheqje rreshqanthi, pergjate tokes, eshte pak i perhapur. (Ekzistojne studime te cilat tentojne te perfshijne kete lloj transporti, te permendur ne fund, ne formen e linjave me shina, si nje forme e transportit urban ne qytetet e medha dhe me infrastrukture te dobed). Ne ne leksionin tone do te trajtojme transportin me teleferik, dhe ai me ashensore, si dy forma transporti me mundesi perhapje ne Shqiperi. Per transportin me makina peshengritese-transportuese, nuk do ti trajtojme, per specifikat e vecanta te tyre, si dhe per detyren qe ne kemi vene ne lenden tone, Transportin publik
Kerkesa per parkim
Karakteristika e problemeve te transportit
Parkimi eshte nje aspekt i rendesishem i transportit qe ndihmon (pranon) ne praktike levizjen e automjeit. Ne qendrat urbane politika e vendqendrimeve te inspirohet nga kritere dhe objektiva te ndryshme , por ne cdo rast p[ermban nje total racionale e bazuar ne njohjen e ofertes ne veprim dhe kerkeses me te gjitha kuptimet sasiore e cilesore. Vleresimi i ofertes eshte nje problem i nje vezhgimi te paster statistikore ndersa kerkesa varion ne hapsire dhe ne kohen dhe mbi gjithshka ne sjelljen e perdoruesave ne lidhjen me politiken e pergjitheshme dhe ne vecanti me vete politiken e vendqendrimeve. Ne kete kapitull do te mundohemi te ndertojme tek disa modele te vleresimit te kerkeses, ne vecanti tek modeli gravitacional , dhe do te dallohen disa parametra qe bejne matjen e kerkeses per parkim.
Po te levizjen per sherbim transporti si nje rryme fluidi (ajri/lengu), dhe infrastrukturen si nje labirinth tubash, me pike fillimi, mbarimi, si dhe interseksione te ndryshme, ku neper kete sistem tubash kalon fluidi ne fjale. Eshte e kuptueshme qe per kontrollin ose komandimin e rastit, te vendosen disa elemente konstruktive, te cilet disiplinojne kalimin e fluidit neper nje, ose disa tuba te vecante, ose te lidhur ne njefare sistemi. Keshtu me kete lloj perfytyrimi qe ne po krijojme, mund ta njehsojme levizjen kaotike neper infrastrukture, te perdoruesave te mjeteve (shofere transporti mallrash, ose pasagjeresh, ose qytetare perdorues te mjeteve private, te cilet levizin neper infrastrukturen ekzistuese, per te realizuar nje cvendosje nga nje pozicion ne nje tjeter). Ne q. se vazhdojme te krahasojme situacionin e mesiper, ne llidhje me nje fluid vleresohen parametrat cilesor te tij si:, temperaturat dhe vetit e fizike te tij, vizkoziteti, pasha specifike, shpejtesia etj. Te cilat vleresojne levizjen e fluidit ne keto tubacione. Ne nje sistem transporti levizja e perdoruesave te infrastruktures ne nje intinerar mund te vleresohet nga disa parametra ose karkateristikat e fluksit te perdoruesave, te cilat mund te grupojme 3 faktore qe influencojne direkt per kete fenomen, ose levizje. Mjeti-drejtuesi-ambjenti, te tre keto grupime jane elmente perberes dhe influencues ne cdo lloj levizje mjetesh ne te gjithe infrastrukturen.
Ne c’do projekt transporti, ne aspektin e trajtimit te skemes klasike, sic quhet teknologjia e transportit (ai i transportit te objektit nga nje vend ne nje tjeter),.kemi kete perberje ne procesin teknologjik :
Levizja e objektit (mall ose njerez) me mjetin mbartes. Ne kapitujt e mesiperm ne i kemi permendur keto lloj mjetesh te cilet percaktojne dhe llojin e transportit, konkretisht kane keto emertime:
• transporti automobilistik (mjeti eshte automobili)
• transporti detare e lumore (mjeti eshte lundra, varka)
• transporti hekurudhore (mjeti eshte vagoni i terhequr me lokomotive )
• transporti airore (mjeti eshte aeroplani, helikopteri, balona, )
• transporti me litare (mjeti eshte teleferiku, ashensori, ose c’do makine ngritese transportuese)
Nganjehere kerkohet te parashikohet nje perspektive e zhvillimit te transportit, ose te ristrukturohet ne drejtim te permiresimit te parametrave, nje sistemi transporti. Keshtu, mund dhe duhet te behen, ridimensionimet gjenerale te modeleve matematikore, ose te relacioneve matematikore te bashkangjitura keto projektit te sistemit te transportit. Sa me siper, mund te shprehim ne forme te pergjitheshme :
Tij* = ( fk1,fk2,...fkn )= f(A,B,C,...,M) ku :
T fluksi i spostimeve ndaj 2 zonave i-j dhe me karakteristikat e ketij fluksi fk1,..fkn. te cilat japin funksionet relative A,B,C,... per sistemin e transportit.
Eshte e domosdoshme te sqarojme se, ne evolucionin e kerkeses per transport, futen parametra me te dukshme, ndersa te tjerat nuk perfillen, per vete natyren diskrete, te ketyre rasteve, ky fakt e ben qe, here pas here te rishikohen vleresimet, per zgjidhjen e sistemit kzistues, (sepse faktoret ndryshojne, si koha/ kosto/ distanca e levizjes me kemb/ parkimi/ komoditeti etj.). Ne perdorimin e modelit matematik, per nje sistem transporti, praktikisht behet nje thjeshtim i realitetit, gje qe zgjidhjet optimale duhen te merren duke i permiresuar here pas here parametrat e nje sistemi transporti, ne perputhje me kushtet aktualehere.
Si duhet ta shikojme/studjojme rrealisht nje statistike ne fushen e transportitAlbania Energy Association
Elementi baze ne ndertimin e nje projekti transporti eshte analiza e kerkes-ofert per transport. Kjo shpesh vjen nga verejtjet, ose pamjat direkte ne terren, nga menyra se si sillen ose levizin njerezit apo mallrat. Ashtu si dhe ne vleresimet e tjera per terrenin, edhe ketu kemi nje logjike te perafert, e dalluar, si me poshte:
1) Niveli i sherbimit mbi infrastrukturen ekzistuese, kjo ka te beje me grumbullimin e te dhenave rreale, statistikore mbi infrastrukturen ekzistuese, si dhe kerkesen per transport, apo sherbimet e transportit, si dhe pyetjet ose ceshtjet te tjera, qe lindin ne kete bashkeveprim kerkese-oferte
2) Modelimi simulues i nje sistemi, ne te cilen jane parashikuar vleresimet tekniko-ekonomike, nder te tjerat dhe demografike, social-ekonomike, urbanistike, etj. Si kane ndikuar ose vijuar keto elemente, gjate shfrytezimit ?
3) Treguesit Financiare, si kane qene dhe si eshte bilanci financiare i ketij sherbimi, dinamika e tij, si dhe ndonje alternative e tij, ne pasqyren e kostove e te rendimentit
Per ndertimin e nje projekt transporti, duhet detyrimisht te merren ne konsiderate shume elemente, ose kushte, te cilat konvertohen ne nje bashkesi ndervaresie e quajtur Modeli i sistemit te transportit, ky model eshte i afte ti simuloje keto kushte apo elemente, te projektit duke ne dhene rezultatet respektive. Sa me siper, nje projekt per nje sistem transporti, duhet te ece neper keto faza logjike:
Individualizimi i objeketve qe kerkojne levizje (kerkesa per transport)
Analiza sasiore e sistemit te transportit aktual (ose per disa sisteme)
Ndertimi i nje model varesie, qe perfaqeson nje sitem transporti, i cili eshte ne gjendje te funksionoje me te dhenat (dati) aktuale, si edhe me parametrat e vlerave te prespektives, ne lidhje me kete sistem qe po projektojme, se bashkeu me sistemet e tjere konkurues
Pergjithesime
Nje nder problemet qe e veshtiresojne shperndarjen, shtririen e transportit te mallrave mbi rruge, eshte koha e madhe jo levizese e mallit, ne pikat e nderthuries se levizjeve (grumbullimin, shperndarjen, vazhdim levizjeje te mallit ne destinacion) e cila presupozon kohen e perpunimit te mallit. Si dhe siperfaqet e disponueshme per kete kohe ne keto pika te nderthurjes se levizjes e te perpunimit te mallrave. Keshtu mga viti 1930-40 filloj nje koncep i ri “unifikimi i njesive te ngarkesave” kjo do te thote qe menyra te ambalazhimit te jete e paraqykyar qe ne projektim si nje element ne teknologjine e organizimit te transportit te objektit, kjo gje solli qe:
MC INTERNATIONALS | TRAVEL COMPANY IN JHANGAshBhatt4
Experience the world with MC Internationals travel and tourism. From foreign getways to cultural concentration, we tailor unforgettable journeys for every traveler. Let us turn your dream into reality and create lasting memories. Explore with us today. #TRAVEL,COMPANY #BEST,TRAVEL,COMPANY #VISIT,VISA #EMPLOYMENT,VISA #STUDY,VISA #HAJJ,AND,UMRAH
How To Change Name On Volaris Ticket.pdfnamechange763
How to change name on Volaris ticket? This is one of the most common questions asked by travelers flying with Volaris Airlines. The mentioned details can help you with your name rectification on the airline ticket. If you are still facing difficulties call the consolidation desk at +1-800-865-1848.
TRAVEL TO MT. RWENZORI NATIONAL PARK WITH NILE ABENTEUER SAFARIS.docxnileabenteuersafaris
Let’s explore the captivating Rwenzori Mountains National Park in Uganda with Nile Abenteuer Safaris. This UNESCO World Heritage Site, also known as the “Mountains of the Moon,” offers unparalleled beauty and diverse ecosystems. 🌿🏔️
Key Features of Rwenzori Mountains National Park:
Majestic Peaks:
Mount Rwenzori, Africa’s third-highest peak, dominates the landscape. Its snow-capped summits and glacier-draped slopes provide a challenging yet rewarding adventure for trekkers and climbers.
Ascending these peaks allows you to witness breathtaking vistas and experience the thrill of high-altitude trekking.
Biodiversity:
Explore the park’s rich biodiversity, which includes montane forests, alpine meadows, and towering cliffs.
Encounter rare and endemic species such as the Rwenzori turaco, Rwenzori red duiker, and Rwenzori three-horned chameleon.
Trekking Trails:
Embark on immersive trekking experiences along a network of trails. Choose from leisurely walks to multi-day expeditions.
Traverse verdant valleys, moss-draped forests, and marvel at cascading waterfalls as you ascend toward the summit.
Cultural Heritage:
Engage with local communities of the Bakonjo and Bamba people. Gain insight into their traditional way of life and cultural practices.
Discover the rich history and folklore surrounding the Rwenzori Mountains.
Planning Your Visit:
Trekking and Climbing:
Select from various trekking routes tailored to different skill levels and durations.
Experienced guides and porters ensure a safe and enjoyable journey to the summit.
Wildlife Viewing:
Embark on guided nature walks to spot diverse wildlife, including primates, birds, and endemic plant species.
Keep an eye out for the Rwenzori hyrax, blue monkeys, and various bird species.
Accommodation:
Rest and rejuvenate in comfortable lodges, campsites, and guesthouses within and around the park.
Experience warm hospitality amidst the tranquility of nature.
Conservation:
Support conservation efforts by adhering to park regulations and practicing responsible tourism.
Your visit contributes to preserving this pristine wilderness for future generations.
Embark on an Unforgettable Adventure:
Whether you seek the thrill of summiting Africa’s legendary peaks or the serenity of exploring remote landscapes, Mount Rwenzori promises an unforgettable journey into the heart of nature’s majesty. Start planning your expedition today and unlock the secrets of this captivating natural wonder!
Visit
https://nileabenteuer.com/tour_destination/mount-rwenzori-national-park/
https://www.rwenzoriexpeditions.com/treks/rwenzoris-gorilla-trek/
For more information;
WhatsApp: +256 752 397520
Email: info@nileabenteuer.com
Website: www.nileabenteuer.com
During the coldest months, Italy transforms into a winter wonderland, providing visitors with a very unique experience. From the Settimana Bianca ski event to the lively Carnevale celebrations, Italy's winter festivities provide something for everyone. Enjoy hot cocoa, eat hearty comfort foods, and buy during winter deals. Explore the country's rich cultural past by participating in Settimana Bianca, and Carnevale, sipping hot chocolate, shopping during winter deals, and indulging in winter comfort foods. Visit our website https://timeforsicily.com/ for more information.
4 DAYS MASAI MARA WILDEBEEST MIGRATION SAFARI TOUR PACKAGE KENYABush Troop Safari
Join our 4-day Masai Mara Wildebeest Migration Safari in Kenya. Witness the incredible wildebeest migration, enjoy exciting game drives, and stay in comfortable lodges. Get up close and personal with one of nature's most amazing exhibits! Book Your Safari Today at - https://bushtroop-safaris.com/
Discover Palmer, Puerto Rico, through an immersive cultural tour that unveils its rich history and vibrant traditions. Experience lively festivals, savor authentic cuisine, and explore local markets. Visit historical landmarks, museums, and stunning colonial architecture. Engage with friendly locals, enjoy live music, and hike scenic nature trails, all while participating in cultural workshops and discovering unique artisan crafts.
Antarctica- Icy wilderness of extremes and wondertahreemzahra82
In this presentation, we delve into the captivating realm of Antarctica, Earth's southernmost continent. This icy wilderness stands as a testament to extremes, with record-breaking cold temperatures and vast expanses of pristine ice. Antarctica's landscape is dominated by towering glaciers, colossal icebergs, and expansive ice shelves. Yet, amidst this frozen expanse, a rich tapestry of unique wildlife thrives, including penguins, seals, and seabirds, all finely attuned to survive in this harsh environment. Beyond its natural wonders, Antarctica also serves as a vital hub for scientific exploration, providing invaluable insights into climate change and the Earth's history
The Cherry Blossom season in Hunza begins in the second week of March and lasts until the end of April, varying with altitude. During this enchanting period, tourists from around the world flock to Hunza Valley to witness its transformation into a vibrant tapestry of white, pink, and green. The valley comes alive with cherry blossoms, creating a picturesque and mesmerizing landscape that captivates visitors.
About the Company:
The Cherry Blossom season in Hunza starts in the second week of March and extends until the end of April, depending on the altitude. During this enchanting period, tourists from around the globe travel to Hunza Valley to witness its transformation into a vibrant tapestry of white, pink, and green. The valley comes alive with cherry blossoms, creating a picturesque and mesmerizing landscape that captivates all who visit. For the best experience, join Hunza Adventure Tours, the top tour company in Pakistan, and immerse yourself in this breathtaking seasonal spectacle.
Its running cost is among the diverse vital aspects you must consider before buying an electric scooter. Calculate the cost of getting e-scooter charge for your regular usage to calculate its economic efficiency, similar to people who investigate the mileage of petrol or diesel-driven scooters.
London Country Tours, the foremost travel partner offers customized Stonehenge tours from London coming with private tour guides and direct access to the inner circles. Visit: https://www.londoncountrytours.co.uk/tour/tours-to-stonehenge-oxford/
Exploring Montreal's Artistic Heritage Top Art Galleries and Museums to VisitSpade & Palacio Tours
Montreal boasts a vibrant artistic heritage, showcased in its top art galleries and museums. From the expansive collections at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts to the cutting-edge exhibits at the Musée d'art contemporain, discover the city's rich cultural landscape. Experience dynamic street art, indigenous works, and contemporary pieces, reflecting Montreal's diverse and innovative art scene.
Discover the wonders of the Wenatchee River with a variety of river tours in Monitor, WA. Whether you're seeking thrilling whitewater rafting, peaceful kayaking, family-friendly float trips, or scenic sunset cruises, there's something for everyone. Enjoy fishing, wildlife spotting, bird watching, and more in this beautiful natural setting, perfect for outdoor enthusiasts and families alike.
2. Location
The legendary 'Lost City
of Machu Picchu‘, located
high in the Peruvian
Andes, is without a doubt
the most important tourist
attraction in Peru and one
of the world's most
impressive archaeological
and civil engineering
sites.
3. Setting
The natural setting on the
eastern slope of the
Andes encompasses the
upper Amazon basin with
its rich diversity of
species.
The whole archaeological
complex covers
approximately 5 square
km. It is situated in the
high jungle.
Its climate is semitropical, warm and humid.
4. Setting
The Ancient City was built by the Incas on the summit of
"Machu Picchu" (Old Peak).
It overlooks the deep canyon of the Urubamba River in a
semi-tropical area 120 km (75 miles) from the city of Cusco
at 7,000 feet above sea level.
5. Introduction
Machu Picchu was
probably the most amazing
urban creation of the Incan
Empire, with its giant walls,
terraces and ramps, which
appear as though they
have been cut naturally into
the rock escarpments.
This site was so well
constructed that even after
5 centuries of neglect in the
Peruvian jungle, only the
thatch and reed roofs are
missing.
7. Machu
Picchu
Machu Picchu was a complex of temples, palaces and
observatories and was believed to be the home of the Inca
ruling classes.
From here, high priests made observations and calculations
enabling them to chart the heavens - a knowledge which gave
them both religious authority and temporal power.
8. Discovery
Machu Picchu is also one of the Inca's best kept secrets,
since they did not leave written records and Spanish
chronicles make no mention of the citadel, it remains a
mystery.
The City was discovered in 1911 by the American Yale
professor, Hiram Bingham.
9. Discovery
The building style is "late imperial Inca" thought to have
been a sanctuary or temple inhabited by high priests and
the "Virgins of the Sun" (chosen women).
Excavations revealed that of the 135 skeletons found,109
were women. No signs of post Conquest occupation were
unearthed.
10. Machu Picchu
The original entrance to
the complex is on the
southwestern side of the
citadel at the end of the
Inca Trail, a short walk
away from "Intipunko "
(Sun Gate), the ancient
final check point to
Machu Picchu.
The present entrance on
the southeastern side
leads to the agricultural
section.
11. Machu Picchu
The complex can be
divided in three distinct
sections: Agricultural,
Urban, and Religious.
The urban section
starts at the wall that
separates it from the
agricultural area, this
group of buildings
were constructed on
the ridge that
descends abruptly to
the Urubamba valley.
12. 3 Distinct Sections
View of left side from above. Urban on left, agricultural
on far right. Religious upper left.
13. Religious
Intihuatana
(alter)
The central plaza that separates the religious from the urban
section, has a great rock in the center.
The religious section contains splendid architecture and
masonry works.
One of the most important and enigmatic is probably the
Intihuatana shrine, this block of granite was presumably used
to make astronomical observations.
14. Religious
Curved outer temple of the Sun wall.
The "Temple of the Sun", is a circular tower with some of
the best stonework of Machu Picchu.
Its base forms a cavern known as the Royal Tomb.
Recent studies show that the actual purpose was for
astronomical observance.
15. Agricultural
•
The agricultural area consists of a series of terraces and
channels that serve dual purpose, as cultivation platforms
and as retention walls to avoid erosion.
16. Residential / Agricultural
Looking up
terraces to
huts.
Some smaller buildings next to large terraces are part of this
section and thought to have served as lookout posts.
17. Urban
In the southern part of
this section are found a
series of niches carved
on rock known as "the
jail" with elements that
include man size niches,
stone rings would have
served to hold the
prisoner's arms, and
underground dungeons.
18. Urban
The group of refined structures next to "the jail" is known
as the "intellectuals' quarters", with tall walls, nooks, and
windows built with reddish stone.
They are considered to have been accommodations for the
Amautas (high ranked teachers).
19. Urban
One of the buildings has
several circular holes carved
on the rock floor named the
"mortar room" believed to
have been used for
preparation of dyes.
20. Urban
The largest urban section in Machu Picchu is
located on the north western part. It is reached by
a 67 steps staircase and involves a group of
buildings not as finely constructed as other parts
of the complex.
21. Huayna
Picchu
Huayna Picchu, young peak, is as much a part of the site
as the buildings of the citadel, the towering granite peak
overlooks Machu Picchu to the North with a steep well
preserved original Inca path, well worth the one hour climb
for an astounding view of the citadel and the entire valley.
22. Discovery: MACHU PICCHU
Hiram Bingham found
many objects of stone,
bronze, ceramic and
obsidian, but no gold or
silver.
There should have been
fabulous riches of these
metals comparable to
those found at the
'Temple of the Sun' in
Cuzco where even the
garden contained life-size
gold replicas of maize
and other plants.
23. The Fall
The Peruvian scholar Dr
Victor Angles Vargas thinks
the city became
depopulated toward the
end of the 15th century
before the Spaniards
arrived.
Perhaps the city was
ravaged by a plague so
terrible it was permanently
quarantined by the
authorities.
What brought this about is
one of the deepest
enigmas surrounding this
sacred site.
24. Only from the nearby hilltop observatory of
Intipunku, can you visualize the full extent of this
great engineering and architectural site.
25. Hydrology
Machu Picchu sits on
the top of a mountain ridge
so where did the Inca get
their water?
In 1976, Ken Wright-the president of Wright
Water Engineers, of Denver decided to find out.
After all, who better to study the Inca water
supply than a water engineer?
Wright spent the next 20 years seeking
permission from the Peruvian government to
study water engineering at Machu Picchu.
In 1994 he was finally granted permission by the
Peruvian government, with political coaxing from
President Clinton.
26. The Questions
Wright soon discovered that the Incas had
accumulated a practical knowledge of hydrology,
hydraulics, drainage, and foundation engineering.
"They had a perfect site," notes Wright, but its
suitability would have been apparent only to a
trained engineer.
The slopes were steep; how would buildings be
prevented from sliding downhill in a heavy rain?
How would drinking water be made accessible?
And from what source would the water come?
27. Urban
Planning
Left side of ruins.
The Citadel is a
stupendous
achievement in
urban planning, civil
engineering,
architecture and
stone masonry.
Wright discovered that the Inca must have planned the city
carefully before building it.
First, the Inca engineers had to determine the exact
location of the spring and whether it would meet the needs
of the anticipated population.
28. Urban Planning. Water Source 1
st
The Wright team
found that the spring,
on a steep mountain
slope to the north of
Machu Picchu, is fed
by a 16.3 ha tributary
drainage basin.
After conducting an inflow-outflow evaluation, the
team also concluded that the spring draws on
drainage from a much larger hydrogeologic
catchment basin.
29. Urban Planning
There was no ‘urban sprawl’ in this mountain
retreat of about 1,000 residents; thoughtful
consideration was made before the first stone
was cut.
The placement of the residence of the Inka (the
title of the ruler is used today to name the
people) was determined by the location of the
mountain spring.
The Inca engineers built the canal at a slope
that allowed gravity to pull the water at just the
speed they desired for the city’s use, then they
used that information to place the royal
residence, as well as, the city.
30. Natural Springs to Canal
A natural spring flows from a geological fault
above the city on the steep side of Monte Machu
Picchu.
The Inka’s gathered drinkable water from the
spring by building a wall in a cut in the
mountainside that they had made.
This stone wall was made to let water through,
unlike their watertight stone canal into which the
spring poured.
31. Enhancing the Water Source
The Inca enhanced the yield of the spring by building a
spring collection system set into the hillside.
The system consists of a stone wall about 14.6 m long and
up to 1.4 m high.
Water from the spring seeps through the wall into a
rectangular stone trench about 0.8 m wide.
Water from a secondary spring enters the canal about 80
m west of the primary spring.
The Inca also built a 1.5 to 2 m wide terrace to allow easy
access for operating and maintaining the spring works.
The spring system still works today, after some minor
repairs and cleaning were done.
32. The System
Special consideration was
given to the water system:
a stone canal brought water
to the city from a mountain
spring;
fountains were built
throughout the city for
different purposes;
drainage and irrigation
systems were on integral
parts of the city.
33. Conveying the Water: The Canal
Before the city could be built, the Inca engineers
had to plan how to convey the water from the
spring-at an elevation of 2,458 m-to the
proposed site on the ridge below.
They decided to build a canal 749 m long with a
slope of about 3 percent.
Within the city walls, the water would be made
accessible through a series of 16 fountains, the
first of which would be reserved for the emperor.
Thus the canal design determined the location
of the emperor's residence and the layout of the
entire city of Machu Picchu.
34. The Canal
The Inca built the water supply
canal on a relatively steady grade,
depending on gravity flow to carry
the water from the spring to the city
center.
They used cut stones to construct a
channel that typically ranged from
10 to 16 cm deep and 10 to 12 cm
wide at the bottom.
Wright's team concluded that the
nominal design capacity of the
channel was about 300 L/min.
35. Canal
The canal lost little water due to its tight fitting
stones and additional clay sealant.
The canal was so well built that today, after 500
years; it would work after minor repairs (mostly
clearing old landslides that have filled the canal
way).
During the cities occupation the canal was
maintained by an Inka access road.
The 749 meter (2,457 foot) canal ended at the
first of 16 fountains built in the city.
36. Canal to the Fountains
The canal descends the mountain slope, enters
the city walls, passes through the agricultural
sector, then crosses an inner wall into the urban
sector, where it feeds a series of 16 fountains
known as the stairway of fountains.
The fountains are publicly accessible and partially
enclosed by walls that are typically about 1.2 m
high, except for the lowest fountain, which is a
private fountain for the Temple of the Condor and
has higher walls.
37. The Fountains
At the head of each fountain,
a cut stone conduit carries
the water to a rectangular
spout, which is shaped to
create a jet of water suitable
for filling an aryballo -a
typical Inca clay water jug.
The water collects in a cut
stone basin in the floor of the
fountain, then enters a
circular drain that delivers it
to the approach channel for
the next fountain.
38. Fountains
The order of the fountains shows the social
hierarchy of the city.
The first fountain is, of course, in front of the
residence of the Inka.
The second and third fountains are by temples
(used by the religious class).
The third fountain (by the Temple of the Sun-“El
Torreon”) can be bypassed with a sort of ‘stone
faucet’ by passing the water though an
underground stone conduit (‘stone plumbing’).
Fountains 4 to 15 are for public use and the final
fountain is by the Temple of the Condor.
40. Fountains
The fountains were designed for convenience:
the water flowed over a stone ‘lip’, making the
filling of water jugs easy.
Their drainage system shows the Inka people
appreciated water sanitation.
The fountains’ basins drained through stone
conduits past the remaining fountains.
This prevented dirty water from flowing into
fountains ‘down stream’.
41. Fountains to drainage
The Inca understood the importance of pure
drinking water.
The surface drainage system generally directed
agricultural and urban storm water runoff away from
the water supply canal.
The Inca apparently did not use the fountains for
bathing.
The emperor, for example, had a bathing room with
a separate drain, so that bathing water did not
reenter the water supply.
42. Agricultural
View of terraces and rain
channels from thatched hut.
Perhaps the most visually striking features of the drainage
system are the agricultural terraces.
Machu Picchu includes 4.9 ha of agricultural terraces, which
are held in place by stone retaining walls.
In addition to maximizing the land available for farming, the
terraces also protected the agricultural sector from erosion.
43. Terraces
Funerary
caretakers hut
sits atop the
terraces.
Wright conducted soil analyses that showed that the Inca
constructed the terraces with subsurface drainage in mind.
The Inca layered each terrace for efficient drainage, with a
layer of stones at the bottom, followed by gravel, sandy
material, and topsoil.
44.
The terrace structures also
promote good surface
drainage.
The slope of the terraces
generally directs water
toward a system of drainage
channels that are integrated
with stairways and other
structures.
These channels direct the
drainage water to a large,
east-west main drain that
runs through the center of
Machu Picchu, separating the
agricultural and urban
sectors.
Gravity flow carries runoff
into the main drain from both
sectors, taking it safely away
from the city.
The Terraces
45. Urban
Drainage
In the 15th century, the buildings in the urban sector
would have been covered with thick thatched roofs.
Because of the density of buildings with
impermeable roofs, Wright estimated that about
60% of the water yield from the urban area would
have occurred as surface flow.
46. Plaza
Drainage
The Inca constructed their plazas in the same way as the
terraces, with a deep subsurface layer of rock chips.
The plazas received runoff from other areas of Machu Picchu,
and the subsurface layer of rocks helped the water to
penetrate the ground quickly.
47. Drainage in the Urban Sector
To deal with the runoff problem, the Inca
incorporated about 130 drainage holes into the
walls and other structures at Machu Picchu.
They also integrated numerous drainage channels
into stairways, walkways, and building interiors to
carry runoff to the main drain.
One especially carefully constructed channel
drains water away from the entrance to the
emperor's residence.
To direct water away from building foundations, the
Inca carved channels that would collect the water
that dripped from the roofs.
48. Drainage
Machu Picchu's well-designed drainage infrastructure is
one of its most remarkable secrets. It is also one of the
keys to its longevity, says Wright: "They built for
permanency. They didn't do anything halfway."
At Machu Picchu, drainage was a serious problem. The
site rested on top of a ridge with a roughly 50 percent
slope and received almost 2,000 mm of rainfall.
For their city to endure, the Inca had to find a way to
keep it from sliding down the mountain.
Flooding is controlled by two methods:
1st a level area of the canal is designed to overflow into a
terrace field for irrigation;
2nd was an overflow outlet by fountain 4 and the main
stairway (like slue-ways on modern civil engineering projects).
49. Sewage
System
Machu Picchu’s
sewage system was
built right into the
walls of each new
building.
This intricate system has as least 127 drainage
outlets and is a good representative of Inka
engineering.
The Inka’s enjoyed a system superior to their
European contemporaries who suffered from
diseases caused by open sewers in the streets.
50. Back-up Water Supply
Wright's team discovered another, previously
unknown series of fountains on the eastern side
of the ridge, downhill from Machu Picchu.
These fountains received their water not from the
canal but from intercepted groundwater drainage.
The Inca had to identify the dry-weather
groundwater flow locations to concentrate the flow
for use in the fountains.
Adjacent to some of the fountains, an important
trail connected Machu Picchu to the Urubamba
River in the valley below.
After clearing away the dense forest undergrowth,
Wrights’ team restored the water flow to this
second series of fountains for probably the first
time in 450 years.
52. Cultural
Background
Life in the Incan empire was
measured by a thousand
year cosmic cycle called an
Inti, which means 'Sun'.
This thousand year cycle
was then divided into
halves, each of which was
referred to as a Pachakuti.
During the 500 years of the
eighth Pachakuti,
Pachacuteq, the greatest
spiritual leader of the Incas
and the builder of Machu
Picchu ruled.
This was a time of light
when the Inca Empire
flourished and there was
expansion and good fortune.