The document provides an overview of Maratha architecture from the 13th century to the 18th century. It discusses the spread of the Maratha Empire under Shivaji Maharaja and later Peshwa rulers. Key architectural features of this period included wadas (residential buildings), forts, and various temple styles that blended Hindu, Mughal, and local Deccan influences. Specifically, it describes the Shaniwar Wada palace in Pune, built in 1732 as the seat of the Peshwa rulers, and the ornate Omkareshwar temple in Pune, dating from 1740-1760.
When the British first made inroads into India, little impact had been, was, or even intended on being made. Structures were mainly reflective of their functions, simple warehouses and a number of rather temporary administration facilities with residences remaining few in number, these kept to the traditional and vernacular. However, as British interests in India expanded, more permanent structures were required to facilitate the infrastructure of the new British Raj- symbols of their new status as the power seat; a sense of permanence and prominence.
When the British first made inroads into India, little impact had been, was, or even intended on being made. Structures were mainly reflective of their functions, simple warehouses and a number of rather temporary administration facilities with residences remaining few in number, these kept to the traditional and vernacular. However, as British interests in India expanded, more permanent structures were required to facilitate the infrastructure of the new British Raj- symbols of their new status as the power seat; a sense of permanence and prominence.
All About the vernacular Architecture Of Karnataka. The design of the Houses with interiors and the architecture style followed in the different types of houses of Karnataka ,i.e. Gutthu Houses and Anymane houses of Karnataka. The presentation belongs and solely based on the works of the case study dine by the students of Architecture of Poornima University
About the climate and architecture of Kerala & different types of vernacular houses in Kerala-Ekashala, Nalukettu, Kuttikettu
Building Materials used in Kerala
Roofs and Fenestration in Kerala Houses.
The vernacular architecture of Kerala includes a lot of new techniques and good use of local available materials
All About the vernacular Architecture Of Karnataka. The design of the Houses with interiors and the architecture style followed in the different types of houses of Karnataka ,i.e. Gutthu Houses and Anymane houses of Karnataka. The presentation belongs and solely based on the works of the case study dine by the students of Architecture of Poornima University
About the climate and architecture of Kerala & different types of vernacular houses in Kerala-Ekashala, Nalukettu, Kuttikettu
Building Materials used in Kerala
Roofs and Fenestration in Kerala Houses.
The vernacular architecture of Kerala includes a lot of new techniques and good use of local available materials
Jaipur (Rajasthan), is the capital and largest city of the Indian state
of Rajasthan. It was founded on 18 November 1727 by Maharaja
Sawai Jai Singh II.
• Located amidst the Aravali hill ranges at an altitude of about 430m
above sea level. Jaipur lies in Eastern Rajasthan, in the Banas River
basin and forms a part of Eastern Plain of Rajasthan.
• Jaipur is also known as Pink City and Paris of India
CLIMATE
Jaipur has a hot semi-arid climate.
Rainfall :Most rains occur in the monsoon months between June and September.
Temperatures remain relatively high throughout the year, with the summer months of April to
early July having average daily temperatures of around 30 °C.
The winter months of November to February are mild and pleasant, with average temperatures
ranging from 15-18 °C (59-64 °F) and with little or no humidity.
HISTORY OF JAIPUR
• In ancient time Jaipur region came under the Matsya
Kingdom.
• Modern Jaipur was founded in 1727 by Maharaja
Ram Seo Master II of Amber who ruled from 1699-
1744.
• Initially, his capital was Amber, which lies 11 km
from Jaipur. He felt the need of shifting his capital
city with the increase in population due to growing
scarcity of water.
• Jaipur came into existence on the classical principles
of Vastu Shastra and similar classical treatises .
JAIPUR'S ROAD NETWORK FOLLOWS A
DEFINITE HIERARCHY:
• The major East - West and North-South road,
form the sector boundaries and are called
Rajmarg as they lead to the city gates.
• These measure 33m. wide. Next there is a
network of 16.5m wide which runs NorthSouth in each sector linking the internal
areas of the sectors to the major activity
spine.
• An orthogonal grid of 8.25m x 4.00m roads
in the Prastara-chessboard pattern further
divide sectors into Mohallas
Jaipur is known as the Pink City, a rather idealized description of the
terra-cotta-colored lime plaster that coats the old part of the city’s
walls, buildings, and temples.
• The reasons for painting the town pink are unknown, but various
theories have been tossed about, from using pink to cut down glare, to
Jai Singh II’s apparent devotion to Lord Shiva (whose favorite color is
reputedly terra cotta).
• The most popular reason (spread no doubt by “Britishers” during the
Raj era) is that pink is the traditional color of hospitality, and the city
was freshly painted and paved with pink gravel to warmly welcome
Edward VII for his visit here in 1876.
WHY PINK?
TRADITIONAL STYLE
• Māru-Gurjara architecture, or "Solaṅkī style" is a
distinctive style that began in Rajasthan and neighboring
Gujarat around the 11th century and has been revived and
taken to other parts of India and the world by both Hindus and
Jains. This represents the main contribution of the region to
Hindu temple architecture.
MATERIALS USED
• The materials used by the
Rajasthani's in their designs are
the mud walls, often very thick
to reduce heat and keep
interiors cool.
• Also, sandstones and limestones
Grade 7. History -5. architecture as the powerNavya Rai
There were two kinds of structures made during the 8th and 18th centuries.
First were meant for kings and their officers themselves such as forts, palaces, garden residences and tombs.
The second were structures meant for public activity such as temples, mosques, tanks, wells, caravanserais and bazaars.
Rich merchant also built temples, mosques and wells for public use and havelis for themselves.
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Mughal Architecture of INDIA.
The Mughal rulers built magnificent gates, forts, mausoleums, mosques, palaces, public buildings and tombs etc. The period of Shah Jahan (1627-1658) witnessed a glorious outburst of activity in the development of architecture. The Mughal architecture can be divided into two sections: Early and Later Mughal Architecture. The main characteristic features of Mughal architecture are: bulbous domes, slender minarets with cupolas at the four corners, large halls, massive vaulted gateways and delicate ornamentation. Buildings were constructed of red sandstone and white marble. One of the important distinguishing features is ornamentation.
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3. Spread of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Early maratha period- 13th century till beginning of
14th century :
• Yadavas of Devagiri are considered as first
Maratha empire.
• Ramadev yadava was defeated by Alla-ud-din
Khilji in 1294, kingdom was given back in lieu of
huge amount of ransom and annual tribute.
• The amount was not paid till 1307 AD, when
Malik Kafur was sent to retake the kingdom.
• Ruled by Alla-ud-din Khilji till 1317 AD, Devagiri
renamed as ‘DAULATABAD’.
• After that there was a period of anarchy till
Mohammed-bin Tughlaq shifted his capital to
Daulatabad in 1340 AD.
• Alla-ud-din baman shah a Persian official
established his kingdom in Gulbarga in Deccan.
4. Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Spread of Maratha Empire
5 divisions of Islamic rule in Deccan:
1. Berar - Imad Shahi (1490-1574 AD)
2. Ahmednagar – Nizam shahi (1490 – 1636 AD)
3. Bijapur- Adil shahi (1490-1686 AD)
4. Bidar – Barid Shahi (1492-1619 AD)
5. Golkonda- Kutubshahi (1518-1687 AD)
6. Several Jagirdars and Sardars were also in rule in
smaller parts.
• Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaja gave a fight against the
Sultanates and later also against Mughal emperor
Aurangzeb till his death in 1680 AD.
• Later his sons Sambhaji (1657-1689AD) and Rajaram
(1670- 1700AD) also continued the fight.
• The actual Maratha rule spans from 1749 – 1818.
5. Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Spread of Maratha Empire
Maratha Period 1749-1818 AD:
• Rein of the Prime Ministers of Maratha Rulers.
• Pune was established as the capital and empire extended
upto Punjab, Kashmir, Bengal, Mysore, Tanjore and major
lands of west and central India.
• Greater Maratha Kingdoms of the Great importance were
established as Indore (The Holkars), Gwalior (The Scindias),
Baroda (Giakwads).
6. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
- Civil
Town-planning, Roads and Bridges, Wadas, Houses,
mansions and palaces, Gardens and fountains, water-
supply, Sanitary arrangements, Step-well.
- Military
Gadis, Civil Defence, Forts.
- Religious
Maratha Temples Type A (Neo-Yadav)
Maratha Temples Type B (Indo-Aryan)
Maratha Temples Type A (Maratha)
Ghats, Dharamshalas and Kunds Chhattris and Samadhis.
7. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Wadas - which were the traditional residential form of Maratha
architecture, evolved under the reign of Peshwas. A wada was typically a
large building of two or more storey with groups of rooms arranged
around open courtyards.
Types of wadas:
• Palace Wadas
• Nobleman Wadas
• Ordinary Wadas
• Its style was an amalgamation where features from Mughal, Rajasthan,
and Gujarat architecture were combined with local construction
techniques. Settlements developed around the Peshwa’s residence.
Land around the Peshwa residence was divided into wards called
peths. Similarly the wadas were built in rest of the Maharashtra.
• The streets and roads in the settlement were narrow. Roads were
never straight as the growth of the settlement was organic. The plots
for construction of wadas were rectangular and lay right next to the
streets. A wada never had a garden or vistas leading to it. The urban
form of the settlement appeared like a maze of two or three storied
structures having internal open spaces, placed along the road network
with very little open community space.
8. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
• Shaniwarada is a historical fortification in the city of Pune in
Maharashtra, India. Built in 1732, it was the seat of the Peshwas of the
Maratha Empire until 1818, when the Peshwas lost control to the
British East India company after the Third Anglo-Maratha War.
Following the rise of the Maratha Empire, the palace became the
center of Indian politics in the 18th century.
• The Shaniwarwada was originally the seven-storey capital building of
the Peshwas of the Maratha Empire. It was supposed to be made
entirely of stone but after the completion of the base floor or the first
storey, the people of Satara (the national capital) complained to the
Shahu(King) saying that a stone monument can be sanctioned and
built only by the Shahu(King) himself and not the Peshwas. Following
this, an official letter was written to the Peshwas stating that the
remaining building had to be made of brick and not stone. Even today
if you visit and see the walls carefully, they are partly made of stone
and partly by bricks. The Wada was then completed and upon being
attacked by the British Artillery 90 years later, all the top six stories
collapsed leaving only the stone base, which was immune to the
British artillery. Hence only the stone base of the Shaniwar Wada
remains and can be seen even today in the older parts of Pune.
9. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
• Distinct zoning can be seen.
• Separate entrances for guests, domestic help, people visiting the
durbar, separate entries for the people performing in the durbar
and a separate entry into the cattle shed.
• Privacy for the women given a priority. Three main courtyards or
chowks.
• The wada has it’s entrance in the southern side.
• The most significant features of the wada was the way it’s zoning
of public, private and semi-private spaces was done.
• This can be seen very distinctly in the plan.
• Three main courtyards.
• Architectural Details Courtyard of Wada Wooden window Details.
Brick of size 12 inches x 24 inches x 15 inches were used for
construction of walls which were plastered with lime plaster. Door
and window openings were done in teak woods
• Columns made of great dark processed saag (teak) columns and
cream walls. Intricately curved ornamental tear drop teak pillars.
The banana flower embellishment are characteristic to the
Peshwa era. Wooden makara Detail made up of teak wood.
Wooden Beam-Bracket Detail made up of teak wood.
10. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Military Structures
• Nearly 350 forts of different types are found in Maharashtra many of them were built by chatrapati shivaji
• maharaja.
• Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaja, founder of maratha empire in western india in 1664, was well known for his forts; he was
in possession of around 370 at the time of his death. Many, like Panhala Fort and Rajgad existed before him but
others, like Sindhudurg and Pratapgadh, were built by him from scratch.
• Most of these forts were built mainly along the highways to check on the enemies.
• Maratha kings mainly Shivaji maharaja built many forts Several defensive architectural features were evolved for the
guerilla warfare tactics,
Forts are mainly of three types:
1. Hill forts
2. Sea forts
3. Land forts
11. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Military Structures
Notable features of Maharaja Shivaji's forts:
• Design changes with the topography and in harmony of the contour, no monotony of design.
• No ornate palaces or dance floors or gardens.
• No temple complexes.
• Not much difference in the area of higher or lower ranks.
• Marvelous acoustics in the capital.
• Sanskritization of fort names.
• Community participation in the defense of forts.
• Three tier administration of forts.
• System of inspection of forts by higher ups including the king.
• Distinct feature of forts like double line fortification of Pratapgad, citadel of Rajgad.
• Foresight in selection of sites.
12. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Military Structures
Raigad Fort (Mahad, Raigad District)
• Shivaji seized the fort in 1656, then known as the fort of Rairi
from Chandraraoji More, The King of Jawali.
• Shivaji renovated and expanded the fort of Rairi and renamed it
as Raigad (King's Fort). It became the capital of Maharaja
Shivaji's Maratha Empire.
13. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Religious Structures
Developed from Hemadpanti style as well as gradually got fused with Islamic features.
Both Dravidian & Nagara (specially Gujarat, Rajasthan) influences were synthesized.
The evolution of temples could be grouped in three categories :
1.Neo-Yadava
2.Nagara style
3.Maratha style
Neo-Yadava style
• Developed from the earlier Yadava style
• Introduced Islamic arcuated system of construction with dome in Garbhagriha.
• Vimana with dressed black trap (basalt) stone with mortar & shikhara has stucco with conical upward sweep lotus petal
base
• Horizontal bands with motifs
• Domical amalaka finial with kalash
• Monolithic pillars of square, octagonal, round profile, with motifs and capital.
Nagara style
• Followed Nagara style of Gujarat & Rajasthan
• More Islamic style adapted for construction & decoration like arches in porch, dressed stone with mortar
• Two types of Shikhara found- plain domes, conical Nagara style, decorated with motifs Devdeveshwar temple, Pune
14. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Maratha style
• Most popular since 1725 AD during Peshwa period
• Adapted Islamic methods of construction & features widely (domes, arches, minerate motifs)
• characterized by plain shrine & rich row of columns
• Main features are arches (cusped, pointed circular) cypruss column, wooden pillars.
• Example
1. Kartik Swami temple at Parvati, Pune
2. Tulsi bag temple, Pune
3.Omkareshwar temple, Pune
Omkareshwara Temple, Pune
• Omkareshwar temple is situated in Shaniwar Peth on the banks
of river Mutha. It is one of the biggest and oldest temples in the
city. The holy abode was built by Shivaram Bhat, spiritual guru of
Peshwas between 1740 to 1760 .Temple proclaims the splendor
of the fallen Peshwa Empire.
• Chimaji Appa, commander of Maratha Empire and brother of
Bajirao Peshwa provided donations to built the temple. The
samadhi of Chimaji Appa is in the temple where he regularly
visited and left for heavenly abode.
15. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Maratha style (Omkareshwar Temple, Pune)
Omkareshwara boasts of splendid architecture, huge domes, and
intricate carvings that charm and amaze devotees with its beauty.
Spacious verrandah with artistic columns enhance the grandeur of the
shrine. The columns are in the shapes of circles, polygons and squares.
In addition to the Shiva temple, you have six other temples in the
premises. These include Lord Shani, Lord Hanuman, Lord Vishnu, Lord
Ganesh and Goddess Durga
The white dome of the temple is made of soft soap stone displaying
intricate carving on upper portion as well as on the stone roof of
temple.
Nandi Mandap: As you enter the shrine through a gateway, you can see
a beautiful mandap a home of Nandi Maharaj.
Shivling:In the Garbhagriha, devotees mind fills with spiritual emotions,
as they see pleasing Shivling decorated by the priests. Devotees offer
flowers, bael leaves, and milk for the blessings of the most divine hindu
god, Shiva
16. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Maratha style (Omkareshwar Temple, Pune)
• The temple is surrounded by verandaa each column
• These columns are carved in polygons, squares and circles,
• The temple provides nice showcase of the creativity and charm of
that period.
• The temple has become well known for its extravagant style of
construction.
• This temples at pune is built in Nagara style of architecture and
consist of five distinct layers which
• represents the different hindu Gods.
17. Conclusion
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
• The characteristic of the Maratha style from later buildings such as forts palaces and temples. Brick, wood, mortar
and stone were the materials use for construction. Besides other apartments, the palaces contained darbar halls
and ranga and chitra mandirs.
• The use of the arch was kept to the minimum and, where used, followed the Deccan style. Forts were naturally the
most common feature of the earlier period.
• The decorative features of the mansions were “pointed arches, heavy carved stone brackets, narrow balconies
projecting on rows of such brackets, domical shallow ceilings resting on a variety of squinches, the chief being the
interwoven type”.
• The temples constructed during the period, we may refer to the Vitthalwadi temple near Poona and the temple of
Shambhu Mahadvat Shinganapur. Both of them are said to have been constructed during the time of Shivaji. These
temples followed the earlier style of the Yadava temples.
• The Maratha temples generally provided with a huge lampstand (deepmala) represents a renaissance of the
medieval western Chalukyan or Shilhara sanctuary often combined with the Mughal arches and coupolas, its spire
is a curious transposition of the ancient shikara (tower) into Deccan-Mughal forms, a bulbous lotus dome (in place
of amalaka) rising on top of several storeys of domed chhattris (pavilion).
• The Maratha architecture lacked the beauty and grace of the buildings of the Mughals, and the Rajputs. But the
Marathas excelled in fort architecture. The wood work they used to decorate their palaces and other civil buildings
was intricate and minute. Maratha art could have developed and attained a distinctive character but it was not
possible because of the unstable times. https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/124/106/124106009/MP4/mod03lec14.mp4