Plants take up minerals from the soil. Plants are then eaten by animals, and the minerals are returned to the soil through animal manure and bodies. This cycle of minerals between soil, plants, and animals is important for plant growth. A study looked at this relationship on a farm near a polluted area. By examining cows, researchers found low selenium and vitamin E levels, likely related to soil pollution. Different regions often have soil deficiencies in certain minerals important for animal feeds like calcium, phosphorus, and zinc. The soil animals graze on and ingest can also directly influence their mineral levels. This soil-plant-animal relationship is complex and depends on factors like grazing selectivity, an animal's diet, and the availability of
This document outlines a work plan for restoring a forest site in Bothell, WA that is currently overrun with invasive species like Himalayan blackberry and English ivy. The plan involves removing invasive plants through cutting, pulling, and digging out root balls. Native trees, shrubs, and groundcovers will then be planted to suppress regrowth of invasives and initiate forest succession. Specific tasks include invasive removal, site preparation through mulching, and detailed planting plans for different areas of the site. The timeline outlines work to be done over winter and spring quarters to establish native vegetation and monitor the restoration progress.
Soil Organic Carbon as observed in lowlands of Continuous Rice Cropping in Gu...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Advocated organic matter (OM) supplying to agriculture soil should be according to the soil properties, resulting different rates requirement instead of applying blank recommendation (12 tha-1 ). Two lowlands under continuous rice-rice cropping in the centre of Côte d’Ivoire were surveyed in 2013 considering 31 rice fields (farmers) for each location. Soil samples (93) were taken in 0 – 20 cm depth systematically (50 m along × 20 m across) extending the hydromorphic zone (HZ), the fringe valley (FV) and the valley bottom (VB) along the upper stream (US), median (MS) and downstream (DS) positions respectively. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content was differently observed in association with clay or silt particles according the topographic positions. Lowest amounts of SOC, maximum stable C (31.02% – 31.66%) and highest C mineralization (2.72% – 2.97%) rate (K2) were often accounting for the HZ contrasting with the VB. Unexpected higher rates of 224 tha-1 , 269.4 tha-1 and 281.03 tha-1 as rice and weed residues were required across the transversal section of the valley respectively over the current recommendation of 12 tha-1 . Dissolved C and leached nutrients (Na, K, Mg and Ca) may be released from HZ to VB contributing to rice yield gap (4.5 – 6.44 th-1 ). Soil contents of clay and K were the most relevant yield increasing factors against the contents of sand, silt and K2 value. More enriched organic-C source was required for improving organic input in the studied agro-systems emphasizing a major constraint for lowland rice production.
Limiting factors for pasture and cereal production in marginal soils of the s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Typical soils of Southwestern Buenos Aires Province were evaluated to determine quality and capability for cereal and forage production having in mind potential improvements due to amendment with organic residual from agroindustrial wastes process. Studied soils from Mollisol order were, Argiudoll and Argiustol suborder, of marginal area of Pampa Argentina. The organic matter content of those soils corresponded to weakly humic soils which shows the transition from the Pampas zone to the semi-arid zone and indicates a major limiting factor. Granulometric analyses were similar, with a sandy loam texture for the Tres Arroyos soil and a borderline sandy silt loam for the Cabildo soil. Anycase the results were below the limit that indicates salinity problems. Low availability of essential micronutrient like Copper and Molibdenum were another limiting factor of the Tres Arroyos soil, where the cultivation of winter grains, such as wheat and barley is very important for regional economy. The availability of the micronutrients Zn and Cu are strongly dependent on the soil pH; therefore, the more alkaline the conditions (such as for the Cabildo soil), as a limiting factor mainly for cereals sensitive to Cinc deficiencies like maize and sorghum. Soils from this marginal areas of the Pampas (Argentina), could be improved with respect to the factors that limit soil quality and productivity.
The document discusses land capability classification (LCC), which classifies land based on its potentialities and limitations for agricultural use. LCC takes into account soil profile characteristics, external land features, and climate factors to assign lands to capability classes. There are two main groups - arable land classes suitable for cultivation, and non-arable land classes where cultivation is limited. The classification aims to properly match land use to its capabilities to prevent degradation. However, LCC has constraints as it does not consider special crops or economic factors, and assumes a moderate management level.
EXTENT OF LAND DEGRADATION, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN UTTAR PRADESHPrashant Sharma
Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land. Evaluating the precise magnitude of soil degradation and its impact on the environment
Plants take up minerals from the soil. Plants are then eaten by animals, and the minerals are returned to the soil through animal manure and bodies. This cycle of minerals between soil, plants, and animals is important for plant growth. A study looked at this relationship on a farm near a polluted area. By examining cows, researchers found low selenium and vitamin E levels, likely related to soil pollution. Different regions often have soil deficiencies in certain minerals important for animal feeds like calcium, phosphorus, and zinc. The soil animals graze on and ingest can also directly influence their mineral levels. This soil-plant-animal relationship is complex and depends on factors like grazing selectivity, an animal's diet, and the availability of
This document outlines a work plan for restoring a forest site in Bothell, WA that is currently overrun with invasive species like Himalayan blackberry and English ivy. The plan involves removing invasive plants through cutting, pulling, and digging out root balls. Native trees, shrubs, and groundcovers will then be planted to suppress regrowth of invasives and initiate forest succession. Specific tasks include invasive removal, site preparation through mulching, and detailed planting plans for different areas of the site. The timeline outlines work to be done over winter and spring quarters to establish native vegetation and monitor the restoration progress.
Soil Organic Carbon as observed in lowlands of Continuous Rice Cropping in Gu...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Advocated organic matter (OM) supplying to agriculture soil should be according to the soil properties, resulting different rates requirement instead of applying blank recommendation (12 tha-1 ). Two lowlands under continuous rice-rice cropping in the centre of Côte d’Ivoire were surveyed in 2013 considering 31 rice fields (farmers) for each location. Soil samples (93) were taken in 0 – 20 cm depth systematically (50 m along × 20 m across) extending the hydromorphic zone (HZ), the fringe valley (FV) and the valley bottom (VB) along the upper stream (US), median (MS) and downstream (DS) positions respectively. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content was differently observed in association with clay or silt particles according the topographic positions. Lowest amounts of SOC, maximum stable C (31.02% – 31.66%) and highest C mineralization (2.72% – 2.97%) rate (K2) were often accounting for the HZ contrasting with the VB. Unexpected higher rates of 224 tha-1 , 269.4 tha-1 and 281.03 tha-1 as rice and weed residues were required across the transversal section of the valley respectively over the current recommendation of 12 tha-1 . Dissolved C and leached nutrients (Na, K, Mg and Ca) may be released from HZ to VB contributing to rice yield gap (4.5 – 6.44 th-1 ). Soil contents of clay and K were the most relevant yield increasing factors against the contents of sand, silt and K2 value. More enriched organic-C source was required for improving organic input in the studied agro-systems emphasizing a major constraint for lowland rice production.
Limiting factors for pasture and cereal production in marginal soils of the s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Typical soils of Southwestern Buenos Aires Province were evaluated to determine quality and capability for cereal and forage production having in mind potential improvements due to amendment with organic residual from agroindustrial wastes process. Studied soils from Mollisol order were, Argiudoll and Argiustol suborder, of marginal area of Pampa Argentina. The organic matter content of those soils corresponded to weakly humic soils which shows the transition from the Pampas zone to the semi-arid zone and indicates a major limiting factor. Granulometric analyses were similar, with a sandy loam texture for the Tres Arroyos soil and a borderline sandy silt loam for the Cabildo soil. Anycase the results were below the limit that indicates salinity problems. Low availability of essential micronutrient like Copper and Molibdenum were another limiting factor of the Tres Arroyos soil, where the cultivation of winter grains, such as wheat and barley is very important for regional economy. The availability of the micronutrients Zn and Cu are strongly dependent on the soil pH; therefore, the more alkaline the conditions (such as for the Cabildo soil), as a limiting factor mainly for cereals sensitive to Cinc deficiencies like maize and sorghum. Soils from this marginal areas of the Pampas (Argentina), could be improved with respect to the factors that limit soil quality and productivity.
The document discusses land capability classification (LCC), which classifies land based on its potentialities and limitations for agricultural use. LCC takes into account soil profile characteristics, external land features, and climate factors to assign lands to capability classes. There are two main groups - arable land classes suitable for cultivation, and non-arable land classes where cultivation is limited. The classification aims to properly match land use to its capabilities to prevent degradation. However, LCC has constraints as it does not consider special crops or economic factors, and assumes a moderate management level.
EXTENT OF LAND DEGRADATION, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN UTTAR PRADESHPrashant Sharma
Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land. Evaluating the precise magnitude of soil degradation and its impact on the environment
This document discusses the importance of soil organic matter (SOM) for soil health and resilience. It summarizes several studies that found soil carbon levels were higher in rotations that included perennial forages. An example 3-year crop rotation of winter wheat over-seeded with red clover, soybeans, and corn is provided. Benefits of red clover for soils are outlined, such as increasing microbial activity, aggregate stability, and soil organic matter. Maintaining SOM through practices like cover crops and maintaining crop residues is important for sustaining soil productivity.
Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas reg...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2011. Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas region, Argentina. In: Environmental Management: Systems, Sustainability and Current Issues.Editor: H. C. Dupont, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788,ISBN: 978-1-61324-733-4.pag. 221-236, 336 p
Managing vegetation for multiple benefit outcomes – Diagnosis and Prognosis Richard Thackway
A framework for evaluating changes in extent and condition of woody native vegetation communities in the Murray Darling Basin. An approach for developing scenarios for future landscape transformation to enhance native vegetation communities
This study investigated the impact of management intensive grazing (MIG) on nitrogen and phosphorus levels in groundwater on Breneman Farms in Wisconsin. Groundwater monitoring wells were installed beneath MIG paddocks and the levels of nitrate, ammonium, phosphorus and dissolved gases were analyzed. The study found that denitrification of nitrate occurred in the groundwater due to the presence of dissolved organic carbon from manure and urine, lowering nitrate levels. While soil phosphorus levels were excessively high, the study found phosphorus was retained in the soil and unlikely to migrate to the groundwater on this farm. The research suggests MIG can help protect groundwater quality through denitrification, but nutrient management is still important
Wastelands refer to degraded lands that are currently underutilized, and are deteriorating for lack of appropriate soil & water management or on account of natural causes.
Wastelands develop naturally or due to influence of environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil or management constraints.
The classification scheme adopted for monitoring of wasteland on 1:50,000 scale.
On the other hand, the Wasteland Development Board and some other institutions have considered all those categories of land as wastelands which are not under the use of forest pasture and cultivation.
From the utilization point of view, wastelands are classified as forest wasteland and non-forest wasteland, cultivated wasteland and non-cultivated wasteland .
In the wasteland classification scheme followed by Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development and National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Department of Space, Govt. of India during 2003 for Wastelands Atlas of India 2005, 28 categories of wastelands were identified which have been now brought down to 23 categories in the wasteland classification scheme followed in 2006 for the preparation of Wastelands Atlas of India 2010.
Following thirteen categories of lands were classified under wastelands in India.
Gullied and/or ravenous land
Upland with or without scrub.
Water logged and marshy land.
Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-coastal /inland.
Shifting cultivation area.
Underutilized /degraded notified forest land.
Degraded pastures/grazing land.
Sands-deserted/coastal
Mining-industrial wastelands.
Barren rocky/stony waste/ sheet rocky area.
Steep sloping areas.
Snow covered land/or glacial area.
Degraded land under plantation crops
Soil Degradation in India: Challenges and Potential SolutionsLokesh Kumar
This document discusses soil degradation in India. It provides an overview of the extent and types of soil degradation affecting 147 million hectares of land in India. The major drivers of soil degradation are identified as overgrazing, deforestation, industrialization, overpopulation, overexploitation of land, and certain agricultural activities such as low fertilization, crop residue burning, excessive tillage, poor irrigation practices, and improper crop rotations. Case studies on the costs of soil erosion and management strategies to mitigate degradation are also summarized.
This document discusses optimal nitrogen rates for corn production. It summarizes research from over 40 trials conducted over 3 years that found optimal nitrogen rates averaged slightly less than 1 pound per bushel of corn, with a range of almost none to 1.2 pounds per bushel. The research also found relatively high corn yields without any supplemental nitrogen application. The highest optimal nitrogen rates were typically associated with the lowest yielding environments. The document explores where corn obtains its nitrogen from and what happens to fertilizer nitrogen after application. It discusses factors that influence optimal nitrogen rates between sites.
This document discusses healthy soils and soil quality. It covers topics like soil pollution, soil quality monitoring, soil health cards, remote sensing, GIS, soil-based plant nutrient information systems, and quality of irrigation water. Soil pollution from excessive fertilizer and pesticide use, solid waste disposal, mining, and other sources is discussed. The effects of soil pollution include reduced fertility and nutrition imbalances. Remote sensing and GIS are important tools for soil surveys, agriculture monitoring, forestry, and land use mapping. Maintaining soil quality through sustainable practices is key to a healthy life.
Soil degradation is the decline in soil quality from its original fertile state due to improper land use. It is caused by both natural processes and human activities. Key causes of human-induced soil degradation include water and wind erosion, deforestation, overgrazing, mining, urbanization, improper agricultural practices, and industrialization. This leads to issues like soil infertility, loss of arable land, reduced water quality, and negative impacts on biodiversity. Globally, soil degradation affects 1.5 billion people and is responsible for an estimated 84% of land degradation. It threatens food security and livelihoods around the world.
Characterisation and soil pollution in agrarian floodplain of ibadan peri urb...Alexander Decker
This document characterizes soils in the floodplain of Ibadan, Nigeria that are used for dry season farming. Soil samples were collected and analyzed. The results showed that the surface soils have high levels of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus that make them fertile. However, the soils also have very high levels of phosphorus (between 28.99-87.70 ppm) and heavy metals like lead, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, chromium, and cadmium that exceed safe levels for crops based on models of metal uptake. The high levels of phosphorus may inhibit uptake of some metals and explain why crops still grow well and yields are high, despite the presence of toxic metals. The research aims to
The document discusses soil degradation, quality, and health. It defines soil degradation as changes that diminish a soil's ability to provide goods and services. Several types of degradation are described, including water erosion, chemical degradation like acidification, and physical degradation like compaction. Causes include deforestation, overgrazing, and inappropriate irrigation. Key processes are discussed, such as the degradation of physical, chemical, and biological soil properties. Soil quality and health are defined as a soil's ability to perform functions like supporting plant growth and nutrient cycling. Important indicators for assessing soil quality and health are identified, including physical, chemical, and biological properties. Characteristics of healthy soils include good structure, sufficient nutrients, low pollution, and
This is the talk I gave at MUSE (the museum of Science) in Trento 21st of March 2016. I talked about interaction between hydrology and forests at various scales. Presentation includes a nice set of review papers (with links to pdfs).
1) The document discusses land evaluation procedures including land capability classification, land productivity index, and land suitability assessment.
2) Key factors in land evaluation include soil profile characteristics, texture, slope, rainfall, and miscellaneous limitations to determine a land's production potential.
3) There are eight land capability classes ranging from suitable arable land to non-arable land unsuitable for cultivation based on limitations.
4) The land productivity index is calculated based on ratings for soil, texture, slope, and other factors.
5) Land suitability assessment involves comparing land qualities to land use requirements to determine suitability for different land utilization types.
The document summarizes restoration efforts for the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion project in Jasper National Park from 2007-2008. It discusses restoration of various project sites including the Miette River crossing, Miette Wetland, and pipeline right of way. Restoration involved re-establishing pre-disturbance vegetation and habitats. Challenges included stabilizing slopes, controlling invasive species, and protecting rare moss. The document provides details on restoration techniques and monitoring of sites.
This document provides a proposal for an ecological restoration project at the North Creek Forest site in Bothell, Washington. It describes the site conditions and outlines goals, objectives, and approaches for removing invasive species, establishing native vegetation, improving habitat and watershed functions, and engaging the local community. The long-term vision is to restore the site to a mature, native forest that benefits both wildlife and water quality in the North Creek watershed.
Wetlands: Climate adaptation, mitigation and biodiversity protectionCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Walter Vergara & Sebastian Scholz, LAC Climate Change Team, Worldbank
Landscape approaches to mitigation and adaptation, Forest Day 3
Sunday, 13 December 2009
Copenhagen, Denmark
The Bear Rocks Preserve in West Virginia is evaluated as a potential National Natural Landmark for its representation of plateaus in the Appalachian Plateaus region. The flat-lying landforms at Bear Rocks resulted from uplift and erosion following continental collision. Evidence of crustal movement can be seen within the preserve. It supports a rare boreal ecosystem with stunted red spruce trees, exposed rock, bogs, and heath shrubs providing habitat for over 190 plant species adapted to harsh conditions. A comparative study found that while another site shares many significance criteria, the greater elevation and illustrative geology and ecosystem of Bear Rocks better represent the characteristics of a plateau in the region. It is recommended that Bear
Proper Planting Results in Healthy, Water-Efficient Plants: Make Every Drop C...Finola87v
1) Proper planting techniques such as incorporating organic amendments, using mulch, planting in fall, and watering thoroughly before planting can help newly planted plants establish strong root systems and reduce water needs.
2) Good drainage and adequate organic matter in the soil supports plant growth by improving water retention and nutrient availability while allowing for oxygen movement to the roots.
3) Amendments like compost and manure should be incorporated throughout the soil to improve structure, while inorganic amendments can be used to improve drainage in poorly drained soils.
11.comparison between irrigation payment systems and probability of using wat...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examines different irrigation payment systems in Bangladesh and their impact on the adoption of water saving technology. It finds that farmers in poorer areas prefer a crop share payment system as it provides higher average pay for irrigation owners. However, this system does not incentivize water saving. In contrast, cash payment systems are associated with greater use of water saving technology as farmers pay for the amount of water used. The study uses surveys and statistical analysis to determine factors influencing the adoption of water saving practices, such as education levels, farm size, and household income.
This document discusses the importance of soil organic matter (SOM) for soil health and resilience. It summarizes several studies that found soil carbon levels were higher in rotations that included perennial forages. An example 3-year crop rotation of winter wheat over-seeded with red clover, soybeans, and corn is provided. Benefits of red clover for soils are outlined, such as increasing microbial activity, aggregate stability, and soil organic matter. Maintaining SOM through practices like cover crops and maintaining crop residues is important for sustaining soil productivity.
Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas reg...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2011. Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas region, Argentina. In: Environmental Management: Systems, Sustainability and Current Issues.Editor: H. C. Dupont, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788,ISBN: 978-1-61324-733-4.pag. 221-236, 336 p
Managing vegetation for multiple benefit outcomes – Diagnosis and Prognosis Richard Thackway
A framework for evaluating changes in extent and condition of woody native vegetation communities in the Murray Darling Basin. An approach for developing scenarios for future landscape transformation to enhance native vegetation communities
This study investigated the impact of management intensive grazing (MIG) on nitrogen and phosphorus levels in groundwater on Breneman Farms in Wisconsin. Groundwater monitoring wells were installed beneath MIG paddocks and the levels of nitrate, ammonium, phosphorus and dissolved gases were analyzed. The study found that denitrification of nitrate occurred in the groundwater due to the presence of dissolved organic carbon from manure and urine, lowering nitrate levels. While soil phosphorus levels were excessively high, the study found phosphorus was retained in the soil and unlikely to migrate to the groundwater on this farm. The research suggests MIG can help protect groundwater quality through denitrification, but nutrient management is still important
Wastelands refer to degraded lands that are currently underutilized, and are deteriorating for lack of appropriate soil & water management or on account of natural causes.
Wastelands develop naturally or due to influence of environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil or management constraints.
The classification scheme adopted for monitoring of wasteland on 1:50,000 scale.
On the other hand, the Wasteland Development Board and some other institutions have considered all those categories of land as wastelands which are not under the use of forest pasture and cultivation.
From the utilization point of view, wastelands are classified as forest wasteland and non-forest wasteland, cultivated wasteland and non-cultivated wasteland .
In the wasteland classification scheme followed by Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development and National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Department of Space, Govt. of India during 2003 for Wastelands Atlas of India 2005, 28 categories of wastelands were identified which have been now brought down to 23 categories in the wasteland classification scheme followed in 2006 for the preparation of Wastelands Atlas of India 2010.
Following thirteen categories of lands were classified under wastelands in India.
Gullied and/or ravenous land
Upland with or without scrub.
Water logged and marshy land.
Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-coastal /inland.
Shifting cultivation area.
Underutilized /degraded notified forest land.
Degraded pastures/grazing land.
Sands-deserted/coastal
Mining-industrial wastelands.
Barren rocky/stony waste/ sheet rocky area.
Steep sloping areas.
Snow covered land/or glacial area.
Degraded land under plantation crops
Soil Degradation in India: Challenges and Potential SolutionsLokesh Kumar
This document discusses soil degradation in India. It provides an overview of the extent and types of soil degradation affecting 147 million hectares of land in India. The major drivers of soil degradation are identified as overgrazing, deforestation, industrialization, overpopulation, overexploitation of land, and certain agricultural activities such as low fertilization, crop residue burning, excessive tillage, poor irrigation practices, and improper crop rotations. Case studies on the costs of soil erosion and management strategies to mitigate degradation are also summarized.
This document discusses optimal nitrogen rates for corn production. It summarizes research from over 40 trials conducted over 3 years that found optimal nitrogen rates averaged slightly less than 1 pound per bushel of corn, with a range of almost none to 1.2 pounds per bushel. The research also found relatively high corn yields without any supplemental nitrogen application. The highest optimal nitrogen rates were typically associated with the lowest yielding environments. The document explores where corn obtains its nitrogen from and what happens to fertilizer nitrogen after application. It discusses factors that influence optimal nitrogen rates between sites.
This document discusses healthy soils and soil quality. It covers topics like soil pollution, soil quality monitoring, soil health cards, remote sensing, GIS, soil-based plant nutrient information systems, and quality of irrigation water. Soil pollution from excessive fertilizer and pesticide use, solid waste disposal, mining, and other sources is discussed. The effects of soil pollution include reduced fertility and nutrition imbalances. Remote sensing and GIS are important tools for soil surveys, agriculture monitoring, forestry, and land use mapping. Maintaining soil quality through sustainable practices is key to a healthy life.
Soil degradation is the decline in soil quality from its original fertile state due to improper land use. It is caused by both natural processes and human activities. Key causes of human-induced soil degradation include water and wind erosion, deforestation, overgrazing, mining, urbanization, improper agricultural practices, and industrialization. This leads to issues like soil infertility, loss of arable land, reduced water quality, and negative impacts on biodiversity. Globally, soil degradation affects 1.5 billion people and is responsible for an estimated 84% of land degradation. It threatens food security and livelihoods around the world.
Characterisation and soil pollution in agrarian floodplain of ibadan peri urb...Alexander Decker
This document characterizes soils in the floodplain of Ibadan, Nigeria that are used for dry season farming. Soil samples were collected and analyzed. The results showed that the surface soils have high levels of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus that make them fertile. However, the soils also have very high levels of phosphorus (between 28.99-87.70 ppm) and heavy metals like lead, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, chromium, and cadmium that exceed safe levels for crops based on models of metal uptake. The high levels of phosphorus may inhibit uptake of some metals and explain why crops still grow well and yields are high, despite the presence of toxic metals. The research aims to
The document discusses soil degradation, quality, and health. It defines soil degradation as changes that diminish a soil's ability to provide goods and services. Several types of degradation are described, including water erosion, chemical degradation like acidification, and physical degradation like compaction. Causes include deforestation, overgrazing, and inappropriate irrigation. Key processes are discussed, such as the degradation of physical, chemical, and biological soil properties. Soil quality and health are defined as a soil's ability to perform functions like supporting plant growth and nutrient cycling. Important indicators for assessing soil quality and health are identified, including physical, chemical, and biological properties. Characteristics of healthy soils include good structure, sufficient nutrients, low pollution, and
This is the talk I gave at MUSE (the museum of Science) in Trento 21st of March 2016. I talked about interaction between hydrology and forests at various scales. Presentation includes a nice set of review papers (with links to pdfs).
1) The document discusses land evaluation procedures including land capability classification, land productivity index, and land suitability assessment.
2) Key factors in land evaluation include soil profile characteristics, texture, slope, rainfall, and miscellaneous limitations to determine a land's production potential.
3) There are eight land capability classes ranging from suitable arable land to non-arable land unsuitable for cultivation based on limitations.
4) The land productivity index is calculated based on ratings for soil, texture, slope, and other factors.
5) Land suitability assessment involves comparing land qualities to land use requirements to determine suitability for different land utilization types.
The document summarizes restoration efforts for the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion project in Jasper National Park from 2007-2008. It discusses restoration of various project sites including the Miette River crossing, Miette Wetland, and pipeline right of way. Restoration involved re-establishing pre-disturbance vegetation and habitats. Challenges included stabilizing slopes, controlling invasive species, and protecting rare moss. The document provides details on restoration techniques and monitoring of sites.
This document provides a proposal for an ecological restoration project at the North Creek Forest site in Bothell, Washington. It describes the site conditions and outlines goals, objectives, and approaches for removing invasive species, establishing native vegetation, improving habitat and watershed functions, and engaging the local community. The long-term vision is to restore the site to a mature, native forest that benefits both wildlife and water quality in the North Creek watershed.
Wetlands: Climate adaptation, mitigation and biodiversity protectionCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Walter Vergara & Sebastian Scholz, LAC Climate Change Team, Worldbank
Landscape approaches to mitigation and adaptation, Forest Day 3
Sunday, 13 December 2009
Copenhagen, Denmark
The Bear Rocks Preserve in West Virginia is evaluated as a potential National Natural Landmark for its representation of plateaus in the Appalachian Plateaus region. The flat-lying landforms at Bear Rocks resulted from uplift and erosion following continental collision. Evidence of crustal movement can be seen within the preserve. It supports a rare boreal ecosystem with stunted red spruce trees, exposed rock, bogs, and heath shrubs providing habitat for over 190 plant species adapted to harsh conditions. A comparative study found that while another site shares many significance criteria, the greater elevation and illustrative geology and ecosystem of Bear Rocks better represent the characteristics of a plateau in the region. It is recommended that Bear
Proper Planting Results in Healthy, Water-Efficient Plants: Make Every Drop C...Finola87v
1) Proper planting techniques such as incorporating organic amendments, using mulch, planting in fall, and watering thoroughly before planting can help newly planted plants establish strong root systems and reduce water needs.
2) Good drainage and adequate organic matter in the soil supports plant growth by improving water retention and nutrient availability while allowing for oxygen movement to the roots.
3) Amendments like compost and manure should be incorporated throughout the soil to improve structure, while inorganic amendments can be used to improve drainage in poorly drained soils.
11.comparison between irrigation payment systems and probability of using wat...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examines different irrigation payment systems in Bangladesh and their impact on the adoption of water saving technology. It finds that farmers in poorer areas prefer a crop share payment system as it provides higher average pay for irrigation owners. However, this system does not incentivize water saving. In contrast, cash payment systems are associated with greater use of water saving technology as farmers pay for the amount of water used. The study uses surveys and statistical analysis to determine factors influencing the adoption of water saving practices, such as education levels, farm size, and household income.
The document discusses the construction of shallow wells in villages in Malawi to provide clean water. Partnerships with local health committees and community members were formed to hear ideas and discuss solutions. Protected shallow wells were selected as the most cost-effective option. Wells were constructed using local materials and labor over several days. The wells now provide communities with a sustainable source of clean water.
Queensland Guideline for Efficient Irrigation for Water Conservation Finola87v
This document provides guidelines for efficient irrigation to conserve water. It recommends using irrigation systems with emitters that discharge less than 9 litres per minute. Efficient irrigation systems must be fitted with a timer and soil moisture or rain sensors to prevent watering when not needed. Sprinklers used must have a maximum output of 9 litres per minute and be connected to a timer. The document provides tips for calculating irrigation needs and choosing water efficient gardening practices to meet water usage targets.
Plants for Every Reason - Nevada County, CaliforniaFinola87v
This document provides information on various plant species that can be planted to attract wildlife, resist deer browsing, be native to California, resist fire, and some that are poisonous. It discusses plants that can create habitat for butterflies, birds, quail, and other animals. Fire resistant plants and those deer typically avoid are listed. Native plant species for different conditions are outlined. Finally, some common poisonous plants are described. The document aims to educate homeowners on planting options that benefit the environment and local wildlife.
This document outlines a 10-day trip to Spain that covers 4 cities - Valencia, Barcelona, Bilbao, and Madrid. In Valencia, highlights include the City of Arts and Sciences complex. Barcelona attractions listed are Sagrada Familia church, Park Guell, and La Rambla. Bilbao sights mentioned are the Guggenheim Museum, Santiago Cathedral, and Bilbao Airport designed by Santiago Calatrava. Madrid activities include visiting Retiro Park, the Bernabeu Stadium, and major plazas. Details are provided on hotels, transportation, and specific sights for each destination.
This document provides guidance on landscape design for mountain properties. It discusses key considerations for mountain gardens including slopes, shade, stormwater, and native plants. The steps of the landscape design process are outlined, beginning with determining property goals and needs, performing a site analysis to identify conditions, developing a concept plan, and addressing design elements like balance, scale, and focal points. Functional goals for the design like erosion control and increasing wildlife habitat are also covered.
The document contains climate data for Los Angeles including monthly maximum and minimum temperatures, humidity levels, and rainfall. It uses this data to determine appropriate climate-responsive design criteria for architecture in Los Angeles. Key indicators are identified such as thermal stress, rainfall levels, and humidity. Based on these indicators, design criteria are recommended related to building orientation, layout, wall and roof materials, opening placement and size, and external features.
This document provides information about Garden Design Magazine, including its circulation numbers, demographic information about its readers, editorial calendar, and opportunities to advertise in its Green Market Buyer's Guide. Garden Design has a circulation of 250,000 copies per issue and reaches an affluent, educated readership. It publishes 7 issues per year focused on topics related to exterior design. The document outlines the magazine's sections, issue themes, and partnership programs. It also presents trends suggesting growing interest in outdoor living.
The document discusses key factors to consider when selecting a plant location, including: law and order situation, availability of infrastructure like transportation and utilities, maintaining good industrial relations, access to skilled workforce, and availability of social infrastructure like education, healthcare, and recreation. Proper consideration of these factors is important for businesses when choosing a region and specific site to set up operations.
Geoffrey Bawa designed the 33rd Lane house in Colombo, Sri Lanka between 1960-1998. The house combines Western and Sri Lankan architectural influences. It was created by combining four houses on a 6000 square foot site into a single mansion. Bawa used a material palette of white plaster and concrete to showcase his large collection of art and artifacts. The house incorporates deep verandas, gardens, and courtyards to connect indoor and outdoor spaces in keeping with local traditions.
Yatin Pandya designed the Shukla Villa residence in Ahmedabad, India. The villa is situated on a site with multiple water bodies and extensive landscaping covering 60% of the area. Pandya's design philosophy focused on creating a contextually appropriate residence that engaged with the environment through features like courtyards connected to landscaping, double-height spaces bringing in natural light, and open-air bathrooms and kitchens. The villa's massing, circulation routes, and indoor-outdoor connections provide occupants with privacy while experiencing indoor and outdoor spaces.
This document introduces the Parikh House designed by architect Ar. Nilkanth Chhaya. It provides background on Chhaya's philosophy which emphasizes innovative and sustainable design using local skills and materials. The document then describes the site context and contours of the Parikh House site. It provides an overview of the house layout with three levels and describes key spaces like the entrance, foyer, living areas, dining area, kitchen, bedrooms, and landscaping. Diagrams are included showing the hierarchy of open, closed, formal and informal spaces as well as circulation.
The document discusses landscape design principles and plant selection for a purple leaf plum tree. It describes the purple leaf plum as a 25-foot tall accent plant with white or pink blooms in early spring and purple leaves. It prefers full sun, moist soil, and rarely needs supplemental watering. The document also provides definitions of accent plants, specimen plants, and discusses steps for landscape design including meeting with customers, site analysis, and base planning.
Native plants are well-suited to the local environment and provide benefits for wildlife and ecosystems. A native plant is indigenous to a specific region, while a bioregional native is adapted to the soils and climate of an area. Using native plants supports biodiversity, improves water quality, and provides habitat and food for native wildlife. The document discusses the importance of selecting native plants suited to site conditions and establishing them through various planting methods. Proper land stewardship practices help maintain a sustainable native landscape.
This document discusses ecoregional landscape design and how understanding ecosystem patterns within a region can inspire sustainable landscape designs. It explains that ecoregion maps divide areas into identifiable regions based on recurring ecosystem patterns. These patterns are linked to ecological and cultural processes. Ecoregional design applies this regional understanding to design in a way that maintains functional integrity, such as using native plants suited to the local climate and draining stormwater naturally. The document provides examples of how understanding a region's ecoregion can guide appropriate plant selection and landscape design.
Application of Remote sensing in wasteland Mappings.pptxsapna kinattinkara
This document discusses the application of remote sensing for mapping wastelands in India. Remote sensing uses sensors on platforms like satellites to collect data on land usage from above. This allows identification and mapping of different land classifications including agricultural land, forests, wastelands, and more. Wastelands are degraded lands that can be reclaimed. Remote sensing data from satellites with good spatial and spectral resolution are effective tools for detecting, assessing, mapping, and monitoring wastelands over time in order to inform management and reclamation strategies.
This document discusses the challenges of conservation in southeast Kansas due to highly variable terrain and soils. The region contains diverse ecoregions and soils with varying responses to water and different crop needs. Current agricultural practices like crop rotations and poultry litter application threaten to negatively impact water quality crossing state boundaries. The researchers found that more aggressive conservation is needed than limiting tillage alone. Improving soil health through building root structure and biology as well as integrated crop and livestock systems could help farmers and the environment.
This document provides an overview of soil classification systems. It discusses the USDA soil taxonomy system which classifies soils into 12 orders, 64 suborders, 300 great groups and more than 2,400 subgroups based on properties. Some major soil orders mentioned are Mollisols, Alfisols, Ultisols, Aridisols, Entisols and Inceptisols. The document also discusses land capability classification and its 8 classes which group soils based on their suitability for agriculture.
CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHED: size, shape; physiography, slope, climate, drainage, land use, vegetation, geology and soils, hydrology and hydrogeology, socio-economic characteristics, basic data on watersheds.
The document discusses different types of natural vegetation and land use in India. It describes six main types of natural vegetation: tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous or monsoon forests, tropical thorn and shrub forests, desert vegetation, mangrove forests, and Himalayan vegetation. It provides details on the climate, rainfall levels, and prominent plant species found in each vegetation type. Land use involves agriculture, forestry, human settlements, and other activities.
This is a PowerPoint Presentation based on Chapter-2, NCERT Geography book (Resources and Development) of Class 8. It consists of descriptions, importance and many characteristics related to land, landslides, soil, weathering, methods of soil conservation, water, natural vegetation, wildlife, ecosystem and much more.
The wetland delineation investigated a 1.6 acre freshwater forested and shrub wetland located in Tioga County, Pennsylvania. Field work was conducted over two weeks in September 2015 and found wetland indicators including hydric vegetation, soils, and hydrology despite dry conditions. A driveway is proposed that would impact 0.6 acres of the wetland. Mitigation would involve creating a new wetland to the north near natural springs that drain into the existing wetland.
This document analyzes two watersheds in Rhode Island - Bailey's Brook and Maidford River - that drain into drinking water reservoirs. The author identifies "critical management zones" with high risk of pollutant runoff through geospatial analysis. High risk land uses like agriculture and dense development are identified. Hydrologically sensitive areas are mapped based on soil wetness, runoff curve number, and topography. These areas have high potential for generating overland runoff. By overlapping high risk land uses and hydrologic runoff areas, the author locates critical zones for targeting water quality improvements. Maps and data are produced to assist managers in strategic restoration.
This document summarizes a geospatial analysis of two watersheds - Bailey's Brook and Maidford River - on Aquidneck Island, Rhode Island. The analysis aimed to identify "critical management zones" with a high risk of generating and transporting pollutants to drinking water reservoirs. The analysis used land use data to identify areas with high pollutant potential, like agriculture and developed areas. It also used soil and topography data to map hydrologically sensitive areas prone to generating runoff. By overlapping these maps, the analysis identified and mapped specific locations where high pollutant risk areas overlapped with high runoff risk areas, representing critical zones for targeted water quality management. Maps and a geospatial database of these results
1) The Ugum River watershed in Guam has experienced severe soil erosion, exceeding allowable rates and negatively impacting water quality and coral reefs.
2) A 5.5 acre section of the watershed with highly eroded slopes ranging from 30-60% was modeled using erosion prediction software and calculations.
3) Initial erosion rates were 2-3 times the allowable rate. A restoration plan was developed using slope regrading, terracing, mulching, and planting native ground covers to successfully reduce the erosion to within acceptable levels.
This document provides an overview of a lesson about sustainably using resources. It discusses soil resources and the importance of topsoil, describing how the Dust Bowl was caused by unsustainable farming practices that depleted topsoil. It also discusses freshwater resources, pollution sources like industrial chemicals and sewage, and ways to protect water quality. Finally, it covers atmospheric resources and air pollution like smog, acid rain, and greenhouse gases, noting some regulatory efforts that have led to improved air quality over time.
This document is a lesson plan on land, soil, water, natural vegetation, and wildlife resources for an 8th grade geography class. It covers key topics like the different types of land and soil, factors that influence soil formation, conservation of land and soil resources, water as a vital resource and issues with its availability, and the importance of natural vegetation and threats to wildlife. The teacher provides definitions, facts, and activities for students to help them understand these important natural resources and environmental concepts.
Plant selection criteria for landscaping in gulbargaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Plants are part and parcel of any urban landscape. Plants in urban areas serve many functions. They are preferred for climatic,
environmental, visual, medicinal, functional and religious purposes. Planting design being a part of process of landscaping, it needs
to be based on site conditions. Gulbarga poses limiting conditions for growth of plants in terms of hot dry climate, soil type and water
quality and physical environment. Plant selection becomes a major task in landscape process. Analyses of effects of these limiting
conditions on plants are necessary to make planting successful. Plant selection criteria are worked out based on the limiting factors
and adaptability of the plants to make landscaping successful.
Keywords: plants in urban environment, planting design, hot dry climate, black soil, hard water, plant selection, criteria
of plant selection
This document discusses plant selection criteria for landscaping in Gulbarga, India. It begins by outlining the role of plants in the urban environment and their purposes. It then describes the limiting conditions for plant growth in Gulbarga, including its hot, dry climate; black soil; and hard water. These conditions can cause stunted growth, death of non-native plants, and difficulties in landscaping. The document establishes criteria for selecting plants that are well-adapted to Gulbarga's climate and soil. It recommends choosing indigenous and localized varieties that are small-leaved, drought-resistant, and able to withstand high temperatures. Specific tree, shrub, climber and succulent varieties are identified as suitable
Land, soil, water, natural vegetation, and wildlife are important natural resources. Land covers 29% of the Earth's surface and is unevenly distributed worldwide due to differences in characteristics and climate. Soil is formed through weathering and influenced by parent rock and climate factors. It is degraded through processes like erosion, but conservation methods like contour farming and shelter belts can help protect it. Water is essential for life but most is saline or locked in ice sheets; only 1% is accessible as freshwater in rivers, lakes, and groundwater. Natural vegetation and wildlife exist within ecosystems and depend on each other for survival.
Soil Degradation By Different Land Use Impacts In Tropical RainforestsChristina Parmionova
This document discusses soil degradation in tropical rainforests due to different land uses and the consequences for land rehabilitation. It finds that logging, slash-and-burn agriculture, annual crops and tree plantations can lead to decreases in biomass, soil organic matter, and plant-available nutrients as well as increases in erosion and leaching. Studies in Ecuador, Bolivia, and Ivory Coast examined changes in water and nutrient cycling from rainforest conversion to agroforestry systems like cocoa plantations. The research aimed to evaluate impacts on soils with low to medium fertility and understand how to develop sustainable production systems, especially for small farmers.
This document provides information and guidance for selecting plant species for landscape design along Colorado roadways. It discusses developing a geographic plant selection dataset based on route mile markers and associated land attributes. A 10-step process is outlined for utilizing the database to select appropriate plant species for a specific site in Saguache County, focusing on meeting project goals of establishing a healthy and self-sustaining groundcover that shows limited evidence of past disturbance over time. A list of recommended plant species is provided based on the site's location and characteristics.
Characterisation and soil pollution in agrarian floodplain of ibadan peri urb...Alexander Decker
This document characterizes soils and determines pollution in agricultural floodplains near Ibadan, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from two profile pits and analyzed. The floodplain soil had evidence of waste deposition including plastic and metal. Testing found high levels of phosphorus and several heavy metals. While crop uptake of some metals could be toxic, field evidence showed no impact on plant health or yields. The surface soils were fertile with moderate to high nutrients but elevated concentrations of lead, zinc, and iron that could potentially be taken up by plants. Overall, the study assessed soil quality and pollution risks in peri-urban agricultural areas impacted by urban waste.
1. The study assessed changes in land use and land cover in coastal South Carolina counties from 1996 to 2006 using remote sensing data.
2. Results showed increases in surface water, scrubland, and development, likely due to rising sea levels and population growth. Forests and wetlands decreased over the period.
3. These changes could negatively impact the coastal environment by reducing ecological services from forests and wetlands, such as carbon sequestration and water purification. More detailed study of longer term trends is suggested.
Similar to Selection and Culture of Landscape Plants in Utah, A Guide for High Mountain Valleys - Utah State University (20)
Plants for Gardening in Wet and Wooded Areas - ConnecticutFinola87v
This document provides guidance for choosing native plant species suitable for wet and wooded areas around homes. It discusses how native plantings can enhance conservation while reducing maintenance costs. Several shrub and groundcover species are described that thrive in wet conditions and provide benefits like wildlife habitat and erosion control. Homeowners are encouraged to plant native species and maintain naturalized vegetation near wetlands and waterways to protect water quality and local ecosystems.
Rainwater Harvesting: a Lifeline for Human Well-BeingFinola87v
The document discusses how rainwater harvesting can support both ecosystem services and human well-being by collecting and storing rainfall, which increases water retention in landscapes and enables management of water for multiple purposes. It notes that increasing demands are putting pressure on water resources while maintaining healthy ecosystems, so innovative opportunities are needed that allow development without undermining ecosystem services, of which rainwater harvesting may be one.
Rainwater Harvesting with Cisterns for Landscape Irrigation - Tampa Bay WaterFinola87v
This document provides guidance on organizing a workshop to promote rainwater harvesting with cisterns for landscape irrigation. It was developed through a collaborative initiative between the University of Florida, University of South Florida, Tampa Bay Water, and the Florida Irrigation Society. The workshop is intended to educate the public on cisterns and connect interested parties with contractors. It provides information on identifying sponsors, developing an agenda, obtaining presentation materials, and coordinating with the Florida Rainwater Harvesting Initiative going forward.
Rainwater tanks can provide a renewable source of soft, clear water that can be used for activities like washing cars, bathing, cleaning, flushing toilets, and gardening. However, if the tank is connected to town water and fills from it, water restrictions apply. Queensland provides rebates to help purchase rainwater tanks, but restrictions still apply if the tank uses a trickle top-up system but not if it uses an automatic switching valve.
Recommendations for a Drought Resistant FloridaFinola87v
The document provides recommendations for improving drought resilience in Florida. It summarizes ideas from six work groups on topics like agricultural irrigation, landscape irrigation, water pricing, indoor water use, and more. Some key recommendations include having the state require water audits and conservation plans for its facilities, forming a working group between water management districts to improve drought responses, and expanding programs to replace inefficient toilets and appliances to save indoor water. Implementing the recommendations would help reduce water usage and make the state better prepared for future droughts.
Recommended Southwestern Native Plants for the El PasoFinola87v
This document provides a list of over 100 native plant species recommended for landscaping in the El Paso/Las Cruces area of the Chihuahuan Desert region. It includes trees, shrubs, perennials, annuals/biennials, grasses, and succulents. For each plant, it provides the scientific and common names, notes on foliage, flowers, drought tolerance, and availability. The introduction explains that the lists are meant to recommend low-water plants suitable for the local climate and that have benefits like attracting wildlife or providing shade/foliage.
Recommended Vegetable Varieties for North Dakota GardensFinola87v
This document provides recommendations for superior vegetable varieties to grow in North Dakota gardens. It lists recommended varieties for asparagus, beans, beets, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, corn, cucumbers, eggplant, garlic, greens, kale, kohlrabi, lettuce, melons, okra, onions, peas, peppers, potatoes, pumpkins, radishes, rutabagas, spinach, summer and winter squash, sweet potatoes, Swiss chard, tomatoes, turnips, and watermelons that have performed well in trials conducted in North Dakota and surrounding states. It also lists several popular seed companies gardeners can purchase seeds from.
Residential Environmental Horticulture - University of FloridaFinola87v
Hillsborough County Extension provides resources to residents on Florida-friendly landscaping practices through their Residential Environmental Horticulture program. They offer workshops on topics like composting, irrigation, and landscape design. The Extension office has demonstration gardens showing concepts like using native plants. Master Gardener volunteers also give presentations throughout the county. Residents can contact the Extension for soil tests, questions, and information on various gardening topics.
This document provides an introduction and overview of passive rainwater harvesting techniques for residential properties in Flagstaff, Arizona. It notes that the city requires new single family homes to direct roof and driveway runoff into landscaped or natural areas rather than allowing it to drain directly to streets or property lines. The introduction discusses how harvesting stormwater supports plant life, groundwater recharge, and prevents flooding and erosion, which is important in the arid Southwest climate where rainfall soaks into the ground close to where it falls.
Resource Guide for Sustainable Gardening - Manhattan Beach, CaliforniaFinola87v
The document provides resources for sustainable gardening in the Manhattan Beach area, including websites for local botanical gardens, nurseries, and organizations that offer information on water-wise plants, irrigation practices, wildlife habitat gardening, pest management, organic fertilizers and mulch, composting, and recommended books. It also lists upcoming gardening classes offered by the Manhattan Beach Botanical Garden and other local organizations.
Resources for Native Plant Gardening, Restoration - MarylandFinola87v
This document provides resources for native plant gardening, restoration, and exploration in Maryland and the surrounding region. It lists sources for purchasing native plants, including wholesale nurseries and regional native plant sales. It also provides several web resources with information on native plants and habitat conservation. Recommended books and field guides are listed to aid in gardening, propagation, and exploration of the local native flora.
Resources for Native Plant Landscaping in the Flathead, MontanaFinola87v
This document provides resources for native plant landscaping in the Flathead region, including books, websites, and other references. It lists field guides, gardening guides, propagation guides, and websites with information on identifying native plants, landscaping with natives, growing natives from seed, and locating sources for native plants. The resources cover a wide range of topics and provide keys, descriptions, photographs and other details about native plants in the region.
Retrofitting An In-Ground Irrigation System Into Microirrigation - University...Finola87v
This document provides information on retrofitting an in-ground irrigation system into a microirrigation system. Retrofitting involves replacing sprinkler heads with adapters, tubing, and low-volume emitters to convert entire irrigation zones to microirrigation and conserve water. The process involves locating sprinkler heads, removing and replacing them with appropriate fittings and tubing, and installing emitters. Regular maintenance like checking for clogs and cleaning filters is needed. Retrofitting is recommended to conserve water compared to traditional sprinkler systems.
Rules of Thumb for Water-Wise Gardening - Sacramento SuburbanFinola87v
This document provides guidance for designing a water-wise garden through proper planning and maintenance. It recommends mapping your garden site to identify sun/shade patterns, slopes, drainage issues, and wind exposure. Gardens should be planned according to water-use zones - high, moderate, low, and no water areas. Lawns should only be placed in areas of heavy use near the house. Alternative low-water groundcovers are suggested over lawns when possible. Proper soil preparation and choosing appropriate plants for each zone are key to a water-efficient garden.
This document provides a list of native plant species suitable for gardens in San Francisco, organized by plant type (trees, shrubs, etc.). It includes the common and Latin name of each plant, notes preferred sunlight conditions (full sun, filtered sun, shade), soil types (chert rock, sand), and brief descriptions. A total of 51 different plant species are listed.
Santa Monica's Sustainable Landscaping Resource GuideFinola87v
This document provides resources for sustainable landscaping in Santa Monica, including:
- Contact information for the city's Office of Sustainability and demonstration gardens
- Websites listing native and California-friendly plants suited for the region
- Sources of compost, mulch, and soil amendments
- Guidance on irrigation design, controllers, and water-wise practices
- Recommendations for soil testing, plant care, integrated pest management, and related reading materials.
Save Water Gardens: Drought Tolerant Plant Lists - AustraliaFinola87v
This document provides information about designing low-water use gardens, including plant lists for different garden styles. It discusses why saving water in the garden is important and provides tips for conserving water such as minimizing lawn areas, using mulch, and grouping plants by their water needs. Sample plant lists are given for a backyard garden, including small trees, screening shrubs, small shrubs, ornamental grasses, and lawn grasses that are drought tolerant and suitable for eastern and southern Australia. The document encourages using plants native to low rainfall areas or those with special adaptations for water conservation.
Saving Rain for Thirsty Gardens: Rain Barrels and Cisterns - OklahomaFinola87v
The document discusses the benefits of harvesting rainwater through the use of rain barrels. Rainwater harvesting provides a free, sustainable water source for gardening that is free of chlorine and other chemicals. It can save the average homeowner about 1,300 gallons of water during peak summer months. Harvesting rainwater reduces stormwater runoff and decreases demand on municipal water systems. The document provides instructions on setting up a simple rainwater harvesting system using rain barrels, including details on collection, storage, and use of the captured rainwater.
Saving Water in the Home and Garden - Farmhand for Drought ReliefFinola87v
The document discusses ways to save water at home and in the garden. It states that 9% of Australia's total water use occurs in homes, with the average household using 294 kilolitres per year. Some of the top ways to conserve water included converting to a waterwise garden using native plants, installing a rainwater tank, fixing leaks, and using water-efficient showerheads and taps. Installing greywater systems, drip irrigation, and mulching were also highlighted as effective water saving techniques.
Saving Water in Vegetable Gardens - University of CaliforniaFinola87v
The document provides information on saving water in vegetable gardens. It recommends selecting crops that can be properly irrigated given available water supplies. Drip or trickle irrigation, plastic or paper mulches, organic mulches, weed control, choosing crops with lower water needs, and proper timing and amounts of irrigation can help conserve water. Drip irrigation places water directly in the root zone with little waste, while mulches reduce evaporation from the soil surface and control weeds. Selecting deep-rooted or cool-season crops also reduces water needs. Proper soil moisture monitoring and avoiding over- or under-watering makes irrigation most efficient.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
Selection and Culture of Landscape Plants in Utah, A Guide for High Mountain Valleys - Utah State University
1. SELECTION AND CULTURE OF
LANDSCAPE PLANTS IN UTAH
A GUIDE FOR HIGH MOUNTAIN VALLEYS
(RICH, MORGAN, SUMMIT, DAGGETT, AND WASATCH COUNTIES)
Larry A. Rupp
Dept Head and Professor, Plants, Soils and Biometeorology Dept
William A.Varga
Director, Utah Botanical Center
Teresa A. Cerny
Ornamental Horticulture Specialist
Chad R. Reid
Iron County Extension Agent
Mike Kuhns
Forestry Specialist
December 2002 HG 500.2
What traveler, driving across Utah, has not marveled at its diversity of geography, climate
and vegetation? From Joshua-trees in the Mojave Desert, to alpine meadows, to pinion-juniper
forests set against the red sandstone of the Colorado Plateau, it is truly a state of contrasts.
Ideally, Utah landscapes should be designed to be adapted to local conditions and to
enhance the natural beauty of the state. Unfortunately, most of our landscapes are patterned after
those found in Europe or northeastern America. Such landscapes are difficult to maintain and
require more resources, such as water and fertilizer, than adapted landscapes. While there is no
simple recommendation that would be valid state-wide, localized guidelines can address the
diversities of climate, soils, and other factors which affect plant growth.
The purpose of this series of publications is to recommend plants and landscape
management procedures for various regions of the state. This edition targets the communities of
the high mountain valleys of the state (Rich, Morgan, Summit, and Wasatch counties). These
valleys are characterized by cold temperatures and short growing seasons.
Proper landscape design and management can help prevent plant stress and death in these
conditions. It also makes landscapes easier to maintain. The first step to successful landscaping
is to understand the local climate and soil.
The high elevation regions of Utah are characterized by record cold temperatures (lows
of - 25 to - 43<F), and short growing seasons of 50-109 frost free days. Snowfall amounts vary
tremendously depending on the location. Frost-free season information is critical to successful
production of fruit and vegetables, and gardens should be planned accordingly. It is also
important because of the damaging effect that early and late frosts can have on some landscape
plants. Equally if not more important to landscape plants, is the average minimum temperature of
the region.
“Cold hardiness” refers to a plant's tolerance to winter cold. A cold hardiness map,
published by the USDA in 1990, lists hardiness “zones” for the entire United States. High-
elevation Utah encompasses zones 2b to 4a (- 45°F to - 25°F average minimum temperatures).
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2. The Landscape Environment - Climatic Factors
Record Annual Frost USDA Hardiness
Town Elev.(ft) Low (<F) Snow (in) Free Days Zones*
Bear Lake 6000 -25 41 109 ---
Coalville 5552 -33 73 78 5, 3
Flaming Gorge 6270 -38 61 100 5, 3
Heber City 5630 -36 68 90 5, 3
Kamas 6475 -31 87 82 5, 3
Laketown 5980 -37 42 85 5, 3
Morgan 5060 -33 72 96 5, 3
Park City 7140 -30 140 105 ---
Randolph 6268 -43 34 50 3, 2
*The hardiness zones listed for each location are based on the mean minimum temperatures recorded
from 1961 to 1990 (mean over 30 years of each year’s lowest temperature) and the absolute lowest temperature
recorded during that time. Moroni, for example, has a zone 5 based on its mean minimum temperatures and a 4
based on it’s all-time low between 1961 and 1990. The advantage of the zones in this table is they are based on
local weather station data rather than interpolating from a large-scale map. See various gardening books or go to
extension.usu.edu/forestry/HomeTown/Select_HardinessZoneTable.htm or www.usna.usda.gov/Hardzone/ for
more information on USDA hardiness zones.
The USDA map can give misleading information in Utah because of rapid changes in
elevation. It is also possible to have occasional years with extreme winter cold that may cause
plant damage beyond what would be expected based on the hardiness map. The data in Table 1
provide more detailed climate characteristics for communities and locations in the high valleys.
There can be even more local effects (called microclimates) that are the result of topography,
canyons, walls, buildings, and courtyards. Cold hardiness must be a major consideration in
choosing any landscape plant.
Climatic records also tell us how much moisture enters the landscape as precipitation,
and how much water is lost from the landscape. Because of rain shadow effects and elevation,
precipitation in higher elevations can vary. Water lost from a landscape through transpiration
by plants or evaporation from the soil surface is called evapotranspiration or ET. Climatic data
for the month of July estimates that a turf area in a cool spot, such as Brighton, would use
about 0.13 inches of water per day (3.8 inches per month), while warmer spots, such as Kamas,
may use up to 0.15 inches per day (4.4 inches per month). These values are estimates only, and
are influenced by local climatic conditions. Cool summer temperatures at high elevations mean
that less water is needed for irrigation. However, this does not mean water must not be
conserved. Many of the communities within this classification are restricted in the amount of
water available to them, so water must be used wisely.
THE LANDSCAPE ENVIRONMENT - SOIL FACTORS
Soils within this region fall within the broad classification of being cold to moderate in
temperature, and generally dry. Soil textures include loam, clay loam, fine sand, fine sandy
loam, and others. Some soils in this area may contain excess salt, which creates problems in
many landscape situations. It is important to remember that even excellent native soils are
usually reduced in quality during construction. Construction often results in the mixing of
subsoils with topsoil, compaction, and contamination of the soil with debris and chemicals.
Compaction is a very common problem and is serious because it restricts root growth, reduces
water infiltration, and limits aeration.
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3. Plant growth and ease of maintenance are improved immensely by high quality soils.
Landscape soil quality can be improved by keeping it clean during construction, tillage to
reduce compaction, and amending with fertilizers and organic matter. To amend soils correctly
requires an understanding of the following characteristics.
Soil texture: This refers to the percentages of sand, silt, and clay in a soil. Sandy soils
drain quickly and retain little water or nutrients. Clay soils consist of much smaller particles
and have less drainage, but better nutrient retention than sandy soils. Soils with appropriate
balances of sand, silt, and clay are described as loamy. Loam soils, or close relatives such as
clay loams or silt loams, are the best soils for plant growth.
Soil structure: Structure refers to the degree to which small soil particles clump
together, forming both large and small pores throughout the soil. This clumping aids water and
air movement in the soil because water and air can move freely through the large pores. At the
same time, the smaller pores within the aggregates hold water for plant use.
Soil organic matter: Organic matter is beneficial in soil because it decomposes to
provide plant nutrients. Organic matter also improves water infiltration, drainage and retention
in the soil, largely due to its ability to improve soil structure. Manure, compost, leaves, and
grass clippings are sources of soil organic matter.
Nutrient status: The nutrient status of the soil refers to the amount of nutrients such as
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil. These nutrients and several others are essential
for proper plant growth. If nutrients are limited then plant growth suffers because of
deficiencies. On the other hand, excessive levels of nutrients or other compounds such as
sodium chloride can result in salty soils. Saline soils are difficult for plants to grow in because
high levels of salts make it hard for plant roots to absorb water.
Soil pH: This refers to the acidity or alkalinity of the soil. It is important because the
pH of the soil affects the availability of mineral nutrients to plants. For example, Utah soils
have high levels of iron, an essential mineral. However, due to the high pH of these soils, the
iron present is not readily available for plant growth.
The most effective way to determine a soil's characteristics is to have a soil test done.
Soil testing is done by commercial laboratories, or through agencies such as the Soil Testing
Laboratory at Utah State University (435-797-2217). Instructions and sampling kits for soil
tests are available at county Cooperative Extension offices.
MANAGING THE LANDSCAPE ENVIRONMENT - WATER
MANAGEMENT
Summer landscape irrigation requirements are primarily met through irrigation. A
problem common to arid regions is the tendency for over-irrigation, which wastes water and
can damage many plants. Water supplies in Utah are limited, and will become more so as
demand for water continues to increase. Conservation of water is important from both
environmental and proper plant management perspectives. Remember though, limited water
does not mean that landscaping must be limited. It is possible to retain beautiful and functional
landscapes while conserving water. There are several things that can be done to conserve water
in the landscape.
1. Planning: Planning for water conservation can provide many ways to save
water within a highly functional and desirable landscape. Factors that should be planned for in
the design include selecting appropriate plants, installing a well-designed irrigation system,
proper preparation of the soil before planting, landscape weed control, and efficient
maintenance. Information on plant materials and designs for water conservation can be
obtained from this publication and the many references listed in the bibliography. Visits to
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4. local parks, gardens, golf courses and other landscaped areas can also provide a wealth of
information.
2. Irrigation systems: Proper design and use of irrigation systems can provide
substantial water savings in the landscape. Proper design insures that irrigation water is applied
uniformly to the landscape. Uniform application prevents over-watering of large portions of
the landscape when the system is left on long enough to get that one stubborn dry spot green.
Design can also specify the use of water saving systems such as drip irrigation.
Even the most perfectly designed system will waste water if not managed correctly.
Fortunately, there are a number of techniques which can be used singly, or together, to
conserve water while irrigating.
! Know how much water you are applying. Irrigation should be applied based on quantity
of water, not the length of application time. Sprinkler system application rates can be
determined by placing several straight sided containers (soup cans) in the landscape
and measuring the water applied in a given time period. This information also gives
some idea of how uniformly water is being applied.
! The landscape should be designed so that plants are grouped according to irrigation
requirements. With such a design, each control station can be set to provide the
appropriate amount of water for the plants within that station. For example, a station
covering the north side of a home will require less water (per square foot) than one on
the south side.
! The amount of water applied at any one time should be sufficient to moisten the entire
root zone. Sandy soils will require less water to do this than clay soils. Shallow soils
will also require less than deep soils. The best way to determine depth of irrigation is to
use a soil probe (moisture probe, long screwdriver or soil corer) to determine how far
the water has penetrated the soil. More information on this technique can be found in
the Utah State University Fact Sheet entitled: Water Wise Landscaping: Monitoring
Soil Moisture with Probes (http://extension.usu.edu/publica/gardpub2.htm). It may be
necessary to apply water in a series of frequent, short applications to prevent surface
runoff while thoroughly moistening the soil profile.
! Irrigate when plants need it, not on a predetermined day of the week. There are a
number of observational techniques that can be used to determine when to irrigate. The
easiest is to observe the landscapes and watch for signs of water stress in plants. Water
stress usually shows up first in turf, and is characterized by a change in color from a
bright green, to a dull blue-green. Dry turf will also show foot prints after it is walked
on. There may be other plants in the landscape that show water stress before anything
else, and they too can be used to schedule irrigation. If water is applied soon after stress
appears, there is usually no harmful effect to the landscape. Irrigation scheduling can
also be based on ET.
3. Plant hydrozones: Grouping plants together according to similar water
requirements avoids wasteful over-watering and encourages proper growth. For many water
efficient plants, there is such a thing as too much water. This guide provides recommended
levels of watering as a general guide to “zone” planting. It is important to realize that there are
not any magic numbers available which say exactly how much water should be applied to the
landscape for any given plant. Water needs are dependent on the soil type, weather conditions,
plant material, and the amount of competition with weeds or other desirable plants. The ratings
given in any publication are simply guidelines.
4. Use mulches: One of the best things that can be done with any landscape is to
use mulches of organic matter. It is hard to go wrong when adding such material to the soil,
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5. especially in the desert soils of Utah where organic matter is often very low. Mulches keep soil
temperatures lower and reduce surface evaporation, thus holding the water near roots longer.
Mulches suppress weed growth, reducing competition with desirable plants. They also
decompose over time and provide needed organic matter to the soil.
5. Proper use of turf: There is a constant debate on how much water turf uses
compared to other plants. Currently, researchers are looking for turfgrasses that can do well in
low irrigation situations. Since turfgrasses are actively growing all summer long, they tend to
use more water than other plants. For many types of activities, there is no good substitute for
turf, so eliminating turf from the American landscape is usually not an option. However,
reducing the amount of turf can save water. For instance, if the only time a turf area is walked
on is when it is mowed, then it may be prudent to consider an alternative. Perennials can be
more water efficient and offer the benefit of color. Shrub beds installed with weed barriers can
be very attractive and very low maintenance. There are also nontraditional turfgrasses, such as
buffalograss, which can survive with little supplemental water. However, such grasses do not
function the same as bluegrass in the landscape.
6. Control weeds: The ideal water conserving landscape loses no water through
evaporation from the soil or use by weeds. Evaporation can be controlled by mulches. Weeds
can also be controlled by mulches, and by cultivation and herbicides. Remember, label
directions must be followed when using herbicides in landscapes. A good reference is the Utah
Horticultural Weed Control Handbook available through Cooperative Extension.
MANAGING THE LANDSCAPE ENVIRONMENT - SOIL MANAGEMENT
One of the main causes of landscape problems is inadequate soil preparation.
Landscape soils are often compacted or contaminated by construction practices. If these
problems are not corrected, plant growth will suffer for years. There are many simple practices
that can dramatically improve soils damaged by construction.
When preparing a soil for planting, the first step is to reduce compaction by deep tillage
or ripping of soil. This insures appropriate drainage and aeration. This cultivation should be
done to the subsoil following construction and before the addition of top soil. The depth of
cultivation should be 12-18 inches, and only needs to be enough to break up compacted soil
layers. Finer tillage and grading can be done after topsoil is added.
Organic matter can also improve soil characteristics. Addition of organic matter is
beneficial because it may temporarily reduce the pH (if acidic materials are used), improve
nutrient and water retention, and insure good structure and aeration. Organic matter is best
when used to modify an entire area rather than just a planting hole. When amending with
organic matter, the best method is to spread a layer on the surface of the topsoil and then
cultivate it into the soil. It is usually not appropriate to amend a soil with sand or clay. Such
practices may damage the soil more than they improve it.
Two common problems in these areas are alkaline soils (high pH) and salinity.
Lowering soil pH is difficult for large areas, and is very expensive for an entire landscape. The
best solution is to choose plants adapted to the existing pH, rather than trying to change the pH
to support non-adapted plants. Irrigation with high quality water (low salts) in soils with
adequate drainage controls most soil salinity since salts move freely with soil water. Improve
drainage by reducing compaction and adding organic matter to the soil, or by the installation of
drain tiles in areas with severe problems. Salinity problems can be reduced by applying an
extra 10% of water to help flush salts down past the root zone. It is also possible to select
plants that are salt tolerant.
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6. MANAGING THE LANDSCAPE ENVIRONMENT - LANDSCAPE PLANT
SELECTION
The answer to many landscape problems is as simple as selecting appropriate plants.
Plants that are native or adapted to the local environment can thrive under minimum
maintenance, while non-adapted plants often will not survive the soil and climatic conditions.
Cold tolerance is the first criterion in selecting landscape plants. Plant irrigation requirements
and other factors are less critical because we can economically provide water, fertilizers, and
pesticides. However, providing supplemental heat for landscape plants is too expensive to be
an option. For some reason, people tend to choose plants that are at the very limit of their
hardiness capability. The result of such selections is that many of these plants are injured or
killed outright during periodic cold spells. To avoid the discouragement of seeing a carefully
nurtured 10-year-old tree die, it is much better to select plants that are hardy for the zone they
are grown in. Most plant material publications and catalogs are good sources of hardiness
information.
While hardiness is the most critical aspect of plant selection, other factors are also very
important. In a water conserving landscape, plants should be selected that tolerate minimum
irrigation and extended dry periods. In areas with high pH soils, plants should be chosen that
are not susceptible to iron chlorosis. Plants should also be chosen based on their resistance to
local disease and insect problems. For example, plants such as European weeping birch, silver
maple, rhododendrons, and others are not recommended because of serious problems that
occur with them in the landscape.
Some think that only native plants should be used in drought tolerant landscapes. While
many native plants function extremely well as landscape plants, it is important to realize that
some natives may not be adapted to the site in question. Just because a plant is native to Utah
does not mean it is native to all of the habitats in Utah. In addition, there are many introduced
plants that function as well as, or better than, some natives in low maintenance landscapes.
The following tables are lists of plants that are suitable for much of the high mountain
valleys. Plants are classified as trees, shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and grasses. Each plant is
listed with common and botanical names, and a host of characteristics. While not
comprehensive, these lists are a good place to start when choosing plants for a landscape, or
when sitting down with a landscape architect. In these lists, ‘zone’ refers to the plant hardiness
zone, and water refers to relative water requirements for acceptable growth. Water
requirements are based on a scale of 0-3, with the definitions as follows:
0 No supplemental water is required after plants are established.
1 At least 1-inch of supplemental water per month may be required after plants
are established.
2 At least 1-inch of supplemental water every two weeks may be required after
plants are established.
3 At least 1-inch of supplemental water each week may be required after plants
are established.
TREES
Abies lasiocarpa - Subalpine Fir zone 1-5 water 3
Native, evergreen tree occurring at elevations of 6500-10,000 feet. This tree is narrowly
pyramidal and grows to 60'-80' tall. Only for cool, moist environments.
Abies concolor - White Fir zone 3-7 water 2-3
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7. Native, evergreen tree occurring at elevations of 6000-8000 feet. Broadly pyramidal, to
80'. The needles have a white or frosty appearance. Currently available in the nursery
trade. One of the best firs for landscaping.
Acer ginnala - Amur or ginnala maple zone 2-8 water 2
Native to central and northern China, Manchuria, and Japan. Moderately shade
tolerant. Many varieties are available commercially that vary from small shrubs to
small trees. The main problem with this species in Utah is occasional chlorosis on high
pH soils. Fall color can be excellent.
Acer glabrum - Rocky Mountain Maple zone 3 water 1
Native, deciduous, small tree growing rapidly to 20' x 15'. Green leaf color changing to
yellow to orange in fall; does well in sun or shade. Grown easily from seed, but hard to
transplant. Stays shrub-like on poor sites.
Acer grandidentatum - Big Tooth Maple zone 3 water 1-2
Native, small, deciduous tree with bright fall colors of yellow to orange and red. Slow
growth to 30' x 20'; requires well-drained soils and full sun. Easily grown from seed,
transplants well if container-grown. Thought to be a close relative of the sugar maple.
Acer negundo - Boxelder zone 2-9 water 1
A large, native, deciduous tree common to riparian areas throughout Utah. Rapidly
growing and weak-wooded. Female trees are susceptible to the boxelder bug. Not the
best choice, but in wet sites selected cultivars may be a good option.
Acer platanoides - Norway Maple zone 3-7 water 3
Deciduous; green to purple leaves depending on cultivar; very dense shade; moderate
growth rate to 50' x 40'; full sun; tolerant as to soil type if well-drained; pH of 6-8.
Tolerant of air pollution. Problems with aphids, verticillium wilt, and leaf scorch,
somewhat weedy.
Acer tataricum - Tatarian Maple zone 3-8 water 2
Deciduous; small tree (20' x 20'); slow-moderate growth rate; often multi-stemmed;
wide range of fall colors; adaptable to a wide range of conditions and somewhat
drought tolerant when established. Few disease or insect problems.
Aesculus hipposcastanum - Horsechestnut zone 3-8 water 2
Deciduous tree, growing to 50'-70'. Very showy flowers. It has a slow growth rate and
is susceptible to leaf scorch. Aesculus x carnea (Red Horsechestnut) may be more
scorch tolerant. Has large, inedible seeds.
Alnus glutinosa - European Alder zone 3-7 water 3
Deciduous tree growing to 40'-60'. Attractive dark, green leaves. Best used as an
alternative for moist, poorly drained soils. Has the ability to fix nitrogen.
Alnus incana - Mountain Alder zone 1-6 water 3
A native, deciduous tree or shrub. Occurs in riparian areas in mountainous regions
throughout the state. Selected varieties are available. An excellent choice for cold, wet
environments.
Betula occidentalis - Western River Birch zone 3 water 3
Deciduous, multi-stemmed small tree which grows rapidly to 35' x 15'. Occurs
naturally as a riparian plant. Multiple stems and copper-colored bark provide nice
winter appearance. Transplants easily. Should not be confused with Betula nigra a non-
native River Birch.
Celtis occidentalis - Common Hackberry zone 2-9 water 1
Deciduous; coarse, green leaves with yellow fall color; ridged, corky bark; moderate
grower to 40' x 40'; full sun; tolerates a wide range of soils with pH of 6-8. Largely pest
free except for leaf nipple gall, a cosmetic insect problem on leaves.
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8. Cercis canadensis - Eastern Redbud zone 3-9 water 2
A small, flowering, deciduous tree growing to 20'-30'. The flowers are a distinct
magenta and open before the leaves. Widely adaptable, though does require well
drained soil. A member of the legume family.
Crataegus douglasii – Black or Douglas Hawthorn zone 2-8
Native, small (25'), deciduous tree occurring in riparian areas at elevations of 4000-
8400 feet. It has small, white flowers and 1/2-inch black fruit. Like most other
hawthorns, it is quite thorny.
Crataegus crusgalli - Cockspur Hawthorn zone 3-8 water 1
A small, flowering, deciduous tree that grows to 20'-30'. Small white flowers followed
by persistent red fruit. A slow growing tree. Large thorns are a significant concern in
some situations, but a thornless variety exists (var. inermis).
Crataegus phaenopyrum - Washington Hawthorn zone 3-8 water 2
A 25'-30' tall flowering tree. Broadly rounded form with dense, thorny branches. White
flowers followed by 1/4-inch diameter persistent fruit.
Elaeagnus angustifolia - Russian-Olive zone 2-7 water 1
Deciduous; silvery-grey foliage; fast growth to 20' x 20'; full sun; tolerant of most soil
conditions including high pH and salts. Susceptible to verticillium wilt. Useful in
extremely difficult situations, but invasive. Check local weed ordinances.
Ginkgo biloba - Ginkgo/Maidenhair tree zone 3-8 water 2
Deciduous; green leaf with yellow fall color; slow to establish with moderate growth
rate to 50' x 30'; full sun; adaptable to soil conditions, air pollution, heat and salts. Does
well in urban conditions. Avoid extremely high pH conditions. No insect or disease
problems. Use male cultivars (no fruit).
Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis - Thornless Honeylocust zone 3-9 water 1
Deciduous; green compound leaf with small leaflets; fast growth to 40' x 40'; full sun;
tolerant to high pH and salt. Provides light shade, no heavy leaf litter. Susceptible to
midge pod gall and thironectria canker.
Gymnocladus dioicus - Kentucky Coffeetree zone 3-8 water 1
Deciduous; large green doubly pinnate leaves; slow to establish and grow to 60' x 40';
full sun; adaptable to soil conditions, but prefers deep loam. Tolerates urban conditions,
no serious diseases or insects. Female trees will produce seed pods. Good tough tree.
Juniperus scopulorum - Rocky Mtn. Juniper zone 2-7 water 0
Evergreen native; bluish-green foliage; slow growing to 30' x 3-10'; size dependent on
variety; full sun; tolerant to wide range of soil conditions if well drained. Good screen
for harsh sites. May suffer root rot if over irrigated. Many cultivars.
Juniperus virginiana - Eastern Redcedar zone 2-9 water 0
Evergreen; moderate growth to 40' x 10'; full sun; soil and pH adaptable if well-
drained; salt tolerant. Tough plant for screening and naturalizing. No serious disease or
insect problems. Many cultivars.
Larix decidua - European larch zone 2-6 water 3
Native to the mountains of northern and central Europe; does well in Utah with a
moderate growth rate and is quite cold-tolerant; prefers moist soils; shade intolerant.
This is a beautiful tree with great, golden fall color. Deciduous character is interesting
but not everyone likes its winter appearance.
Malus species - Crabapple zone 2-8 water 2
Deciduous; green to red leaves; a wide variety of forms, sizes, flower color; and fruit
size and color. Truly one of the hardiest flowering trees available. Adaptable as to soil
type if well-drained; full sun. Over 200 cultivars in the trade.
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9. Picea abies - Norway Spruce zone 2-7 water 2
This spruce is distinguished from the more common Colorado spruce by its drooping
branchlets, though there are many cultivars with many different forms. Medium to fast
growth rate to 40'-60'. Readily transplanted. Spruce ips bark beetles can be serious pests
on water-stressed plants.
Picea engelmannii - Engelmann Spruce zone 2-5 water 1
A native conifer occurring at elevations of 8000-10400 feet. Only use on cool-moist
sites. Spruce ips bark beetles can be serious pests on water-stressed plants.
Picea glauca - White or Blackhills Spruce zone 2-6 water 2
Native in Black Hills, northern Lake States, northeastern U.S., and throughout Canada
and Alaska; but not in Utah. Slow growing. Prefers moist sites with good soil, but
fairly adaptable. Shade tolerant. Seldom planted in Utah (except for dwarf Alberta
spruce), but a very desirable landscape tree. Narrow-crown and short needles make it
interesting. Dwarf Alberta spruce (P. glauca 'Conica') is a commonly available cultivar
that is overused in many landscapes.
Picea pungens - Blue Spruce zone 2-7 water 3
Evergreen native; green to blue foliage; slow growing to 40' x 15'; full sun. Must
account for eventual size of this tree when planting in landscape. Spruce gall adelgid is
mainly a cosmetic problem. Spruce ips bark beetles can be serious pests on water-
stressed plants.
Pinus edulis - Pinyon Pine zone 2 water 0
Evergreen native; gray-green, double needled pine; slow growing to 20' x 15'; full sun;
tolerant to well-drained, high pH soils. No serious disease or insect problems. Has
edible pine nut.
Pinus longaeva - Bristlecone Pine zone 4-7(Dirr) water 1
Native, slow growing evergreen. With a maximum height of 8'-20' it is an excellent
small pine for use in landscapes as an accent or rock garden plant. Few, if any, pests.
Pinus nigra - Austrian Pine zone 4-7 water 1
Evergreen; dark green, long needles; moderate growth rate to 45' x 25'; full sun.
Tolerant of city conditions, soils, heat, and alkalinity. No serious insect or disease
problems.
Pinus sylvestris - Scotch Pine zone 2-8 water 1
Evergreen; relatively short needles; moderate growth to 40' x 20'; full sun. Soil tolerant
if well-drained. Unique form and color. No serious insect or disease problems.
Populus alba 'Bolleana' - Bolleana Poplar zone 3-8 water 1
Deciduous; green leaves with white underside; columnar in form; fast growing to 40' x
15'; full sun; tolerant to high pH soils, air pollution, and salt spray. Suckers. Good for a
rapid growing screen or windbreak, but susceptible to many insects and diseases.
Populus deltoides - Eastern Cottonwood zone 3 water 2
Deciduous; large green leaves with yellow fall color; very fast growing to 70'-90' x 50';
full sun; tolerant to high pH soils. Good for a rapid growing shade tree in areas with
ample room. Weak wooded, susceptible to multiple pests.
Populus tremuloides - Quaking Aspen zone 3-7 water 3
A native, deciduous tree occurring in montane regions throughout the state. Initially
fast growing. Not recommended for warmer valleys because of borers, suckers, and
failure to produce desired white stems. May be an option for cooler mountain valleys.
Yellow fall color.
Prunus virginiana 'Canada Red' - Canada Red Chokecherry zone 2 water 1
Deciduous, small tree/shrub with maroon red foliage; grows to 20' x 10'. Red fruit in
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10. mid-summer. Requires well-drained, aerated soils. Will sucker.
Quercus gambelii - Gambel's Oak zone 2 water 0
Deciduous, native oak; green leaves with brown fall color; slow growing to 20' x 15';
full sun; tolerant of high soil pH, but must have well-drained soils. Susceptible to a
number of native pests including the formation of galls.
Quercus macrocarpa – Bur Oak zone 3-8 water 1
Deciduous, dark green leaves with yellow to brown fall color. Slow growing to 70'-80’.
Full sun. Tolerant of high soil pH. Produces large acorns.
Robinia x ambigua 'Idaho' - Idaho Flowering Locust zone 3-8 water 1
Deciduous, green leaves; attractive purple blossoms; fast growing to 50' x 30'; full sun,
tolerant to a wide range of soils. Good for use in difficult areas. Susceptible to borers.
Syringa reticulata - Japanese Tree Lilac zone 3-7 water 2
Deciduous; green foliage; no fall color. Moderate growth to 20' x 15'. Needs well-
drained soil and full sun. Is pH tolerant. Resistant to lilac borer and powdery mildew
that occur on common lilac. Flowers in May-June.
Thuja occidentalis - Northern Whitecedar zone 2-8 water 2
Native to northeast U.S., Lake States, Appalachian Mountains, and southern
Canada. Not a true cedar. Medium to fairly large tree, medium to slow growth. Often
found in swampy areas. Intermediate shade tolerance. More commonly planted in Utah
in the past than now, though these are very desirable trees. Many different crown forms
are available, from shrubby, to large pyramidal, to weeping. Good as hedge, visual
screen, windbreak, or as specimen trees. Cold hardy but may need protection on harsh,
dry, windy sites. Does not like extreme heat and dry conditions. Few insect or disease
problems.
Tilia americana - American Linden zone 2-9 water 2
Large, deciduous tree (60'-80'). Flowers are fragrant and bloom in June. May be too
large for many landscapes. ‘Redmond’ is a common cultivar though broader crowned
varieties are better. A good choice for a large, hardy shade tree for park situations.
Tilia cordata - Littleleaf Linden zone 3-7 water 3
Deciduous; often pyramidal-shaped tree; grows to 60' x 30'. Easily transplanted; full
sun; prefers well-drained soil and is soil-pH tolerant. Aphids can be a problem.
Excellent shade tree with several nice cultivars.
SHRUBS
Amorpha canescens - Leadplant, False Indigo zone 2 water 1
Deciduous, pinnately compound leaves changing to yellow in fall; purple flower;
moderate growth to 2'-4' x 4'-5'. Full sun; tolerant to wide range of soils; pH of 7-8.
Amorpha fructicosa – Indigo Bush Amorpha zone 2 water 1
Deciduous, multi-stemmed shrub with a spread to 4'-10'. Blue flowers. Full sun.
Arctostaphylos patula – Greenleaf Manzanita zone 2-6 water 1
Native, evergreen shrub growing to 3'-6' in height. Bright green leaves with red stems.
Full sun. Pink flowers in spring.
Aronia melanocarpa - Black Chokeberry zone 3-8 water 2
A small, deciduous shrub growing to 5'-10' in height. Suckers to form large thickets.
Red fall color, purple/black fruit, adaptable to many conditions. Variety elata is best for
landscapes. Use as a mass planting.
10
11. Artemisia cana - Silver Sagebrush zone 3 water 0
Native, silver-leafed sage; evergreen leaves. Moderate growth of 3'-4' x 5'-10' width.
Full sun; tolerant of most soils. Suckers profusely.
Artemisia frigida - Fringed Sage zone 2 water 0
Native, silver-leafed evergreen; rapid growing to 1' x 1'; full sun; soil tolerant. Used for
border or color accent. Flower stalks which may need to be trimmed.
Caragana arborescens - Siberian Peashrub zone 2-7 water 1
Introduced, deciduous shrub with moderate to fast growth up to 15'-20' x 12'-18'.
Yellow flowers; full sun; tolerant of saline soils and sprays, most soils, alkalinity, wind
and drought. Good for hedge or windbreak in difficult situations.
Caragana pygmaea - Pygmy Peashrub zone 3-7 water 1
Deciduous; moderate growth rate; height of 2'-3' x 4'-5'; yellow flowers. Full sun.
Tolerant of various soil types, salt, and high pH .
Cercocarpus ledifolius - Curl-leaf Mtn. Mahogany zone 2 water 0
Evergreen native; dull green leaf color year-round; slow growing to 15'-20' x 15'. Needs
well-drained soils and a pH of 6-7. Withstands shearing.
Cercocarpus montanus - Mountain Mahogany zone 2 water 0
Native, deciduous shrub with pink flowers and white fruit; slow growing to 6' in full
sun. Poor tolerance to salts. Grows best in well-drained soils.
Chamaebatiaria millefolium - Fernbush zone 4 water 1
Native, deciduous shrub with finely pinnate foliage; white blooms during the summer;
grows to 8' x 8'. Tolerant to high pH soils.
Cornus sericea - Redstem Dogwood zone 2-8 water 2
Native, deciduous shrub with outstanding red bark; fast growing to 7' x 10'; shade to
full sun; low salt tolerance. Adaptable to a wide range of soils and irrigation levels.
Handsome utilitarian shrub, native to riparian areas. Susceptible to twig canker.
Holodiscus dumosus - Rockspray Spiraea zone 3 water 1
Deciduous native shrub; green leaves; white/pink flower in spring; full sun. Slow
growing to variable height and width; requires well drained soils; can tolerate high pH.
No significant pest problems. Largely uncultivated.
Juniperus chinensis - Chinese Juniper zone 3-9 water 1
Evergreen shrub; highly variable in size and color; full sun. Requires well-drained
soils, pH tolerant . Susceptible to root rot when over-irrigated. Many cultivars
available, including old Pfitzer types.
Juniperus communis - Common Juniper zone 2-6 water 1
Evergreen shrub; slow growth to 5'-10' x 8'-12'. Gray-green to blue-green in color. Full
sun; wind tolerant. Adaptable to any well-drained soil. Very hardy; several cultivars.
Juniperus horizontalis - Creeping Juniper zone 3-9 water 1
Evergreen; green to blue/green color; moderate growth to 1'-2' x 4'-8'. Full sun; tolerant
to most soils. More tolerant of heavy soils than other junipers. Many cultivars.
Juniperus sabina - Savin Juniper zone 3-7 water 1
Evergreen; green needles; moderate growth to 4'-6' x 5'-10', depending on cultivar. Full
sun; well-drained, dry soils. Tolerant of urban conditions. Good cultivars are
'Broadmoor', 'Buffalo', Calgary Carpet, and var. tamariscifolia.. Potential for root rots.
Mahonia fremontii - Fremont Barberry/Utah Holly zone 3 water 0
Native broadleaf evergreen; gray/green leaf color; holly-like leaf. Slow growing to 5' x
3'. Full sun; well-drained soil.
Mahonia repens - Creeping Mahonia zone 3 water 1
Native broadleaf evergreen groundcover; green leaves changing to hues of green to red
11
12. in fall; holly-like leaf; slow growing to 1' x 1'; partial shade to full sun. Tolerates high
pH; low salt tolerance; requires well drained soils. No major pest problems.
Pinus mugo - Mugo Pine zone 2-7 water 1
Evergreen; two-needled pine; slow growing to variable size; full sun. Tolerant to high
pH. Excellent alternative to junipers. Few disease or insect problems.
Potentilla fruticosa - Potentilla zone 2-7 water 1
Deciduous native plant with many selected cultivars; slow growth to 1'-4' x 2'-4'; wide
range of flower colors; full sun to partial shade. Withstands poor, dry soils if well-
drained. Tolerant of high pH. Few diseases or pests. Good color and blooming period.
Prunus besseyi - Sand Cherry zone 3-6 water 1
Deciduous shrub; shiny gray-green leaves with yellow fall color; white flower; full sun.
Moderate growth to 4' tall; suckers. Low salt tolerance, but tolerant to heat and high
pH. Few disease or insect problems.
Prunus virginiana - Chokecherry zone 2-6 water 1
Native deciduous shrub; green leaves changing to yellow in fall; unique white flower
followed by red-black berries; full sun. Moderate growth rate to 12' x 8'; tolerant to
wide range of soils; riparian. Susceptible to black knot; suckers profusely; fruit used for
jellies.
Rhus glabra - Smooth Sumac zone 2-9 water 1
Native deciduous shrub; green foliage with bright red fruit and fall leaf color; fast
growing to 9'-15'; full sun. Soil and salt spray tolerant; few pests; suckers.
Rhus glabra 'Cismontana’ - Dwarf Mountain Sumac zone 2-9 water 1
Deciduous, dwarf shrub; green foliage with bright red fruit and fall leaf color; fast
growing to 2'-5' x 3'-4''; full sun. Suckers and can be invasive.
Rhus trilobata - Oakleaf Sumac zone 2 water 0
Native deciduous shrub; green foliage with red fall color and red berries; full sun.
Moderate growth rate to 6' x 10'; tolerant of most soils. No serious pest problems.
Rhus typhina - Staghorn Sumac zone 3-8 water 1
Deciduous shrub; green leaves with bright red fall color and fruit; full sun. Fast
growing to 12' tall; suckers readily and can be invasive; tolerant to high pH and urban
conditions. Few disease problems.
Rosa rubrifolia - Redleaf Rose zone 2-8 water 1
Deciduous; red/green foliage with pink flowers and orange hips; full sun. Moderate
growth to 4' x 4'.
Rosa rugosa - Rugosa Rose zone 2-7 water 1
Deciduous; leaves green to orange/red in fall; fast growing to 5' x 5'. Tolerant to salt,
pH, most soils if well-drained. Very trouble free for a rose.
Rosa woodsii - Woods Rose zone 2 water 1
Deciduous, native rose; green foliage with pink blooms and orange fruit; full sun.
Moderate growth to 4' x 4'; salt tolerant; requires well-drained soil.
Shepherdia argentea - Silver Buffaloberry zone 2-6 water 0
Native, deciduous shrub; silver foliage with red/orange flower and fruit; not showy; full
sun. Moderate growth to 10' x 10'; Tolerant to high pH and moderate salinity.
Shepherdia rotundifolia – Roundleaf Buffaloberry zone 3-6 water 0
Native, deciduous shrub. Silver foliage with soft gray hairs on the underneath side.
Slow growth rate to 3'-4’. Tolerant of high pH and moderate salinity.
Spirea x bumalda - Bumald Spiraea zone 3-8 water 3
Deciduous shrub; light green leaves with lavender blooms; full sun. Moderate growth
to 2' x 2'; not tolerant to high pH or soil salinity. Susceptible to iron chlorosis. Fruit and
12
13. spent blossoms rather unsightly.
Symphoricarpos albus - Snowberry zone 3-7 water 2
Deciduous; white flowers with white berry and green leaves; full to partial shade. Fast
growth to 4' x 4'; tolerant to high pH but not soil salinity. Suckers. No serious disease
or insect problems.
Symphoricarpos oreophilus - Mountain Snowberry zone 2 water 2
Native snowberry; green foliage with white flowers and berries; full sun to partial
shade. Fast growing to 5' x 3'; requires well-drained soil, low salinity and neutral pH.
Syringa meyeri 'Palibin' - Dwarf Korean Lilac zone 3-7 water 2
Deciduous, dwarf shrub. Flowers lilac to lavender in color.
Syringa patula - Miss Kim Lilac zone 3-7 water 2
Deciduous dwarf shrub growing to 3'-5' x 3'-5'; glossy green leaves turn burgundy red
in fall; pale, lilac colored flowers.
Syringa vulgaris - Common Lilac zone 3-7 water 1
Deciduous shrub; green foliage with white to purple flowers; fragrant; full sun.
Moderate growth to 10' x 10'; tolerant of high pH and salt spray. Affected by powdery
mildew and ash borer, but not seriously. Very tough, traditional plant. Many cultivars
available.
GRASSES
Festuca arundinacea - Tall Fescue cool season water 2
Turf-type; bunch grass; dark green color; tall; partial shade to full sun; requires well
drained soil.
Festuca ovina - Sheep Fescue cool season water 0
Ornamental/ground cover; bunch grass; blue/green color; low-moderate height; full
sun; requires low salinity and well drained soil.
Festuca rubra - Red Fescue cool season water 3
Turf-type; rhizomatous; green color.
Lolium perenne - Perennial Rye cool season water 3
Turf-type; bunch grass; green color; partial shade to full sun
Oryzopsis hymenoides - Indian Ricegrass cool season water 0
Native; ornamental; bunch grass; green color; moderate height; moderately salt
tolerant; requires well-drained soil.
Poa pratensis - Kentucky Bluegrass cool season water 3
Native; turf-type; rhizomatous; green color; moderate height; low salinity tolerance;
needs well drained soils.
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS
Achillea millefolium - Yarrow zone 3 water 0
Native; pink, red, white, and yellow flowers over green dissected leaf; mib to late
season bloomer; height 12"-36"; use for borders or naturalized areas. Needs well-
drained soils, full sun. Susceptible to mildew.
Aegopodium podagraria 'Variegatum' - Bishop's Weed zone 4-8 water 3
Leaves light green with white margins; height 8"-10"; vigorously growing and
spreading. Full sun or shade, with shade best in warmer areas. No soil preference. Used
13
14. as a ground cover. Can be invasive. Tends to scorch and look unsightly in heat of
summer.
Anaphalis margaritacea - Pearly Everlasting zone 4 water 1
Native; white flower with gray foliage; mid to late season bloom; height 24"-36"; use
for borders. Needs well drained soils and partial shade. Can be invasive.
Antennaria rosea - Field Pussytoes zone 4 water 2
Native; white to pink flowers with white/gray foliage; blooms early in season; height
3"-12"; use for rock gardens. Tolerant to wide range of soil types; full sun.
Armeria maritima - Sea Pink zone 4 water 2
Evergreen leaves in clumps with pink or white flowers; leaves 3"-4" with flowers to
12" tall. Blooms in mid to late spring. Full sun; dry soils. Very salt tolerant; use for
edges and rock gardens.
Artemisia frigida - Fringed Sage zone 3 water 0
Native; gray foliage with inconspicuous flowers; height 16"; used for foliage effects.
Tolerant to various soil types; full sun. Requires trimming.
Artemisia schmidtiana - Silver Mound zone 3 water 0
Gray foliage with inconspicuous flowers; height 12"; used for foliage and as a border.
Requires well-drained soils and full sun. Susceptible to rust; can become rather rank
growing.
Asclepias tuberosa - Butterfly Weed zone 3 water 1
Native; multiple flower colors with green foliage; blooms mid to late season; height
24"-36"; used for border or naturalized areas. Tolerant to most soils; full sun. Pest free.
Aubrieta deltoidea - Purple Rock Cress zone 4 water 1
Purple flowers; blooms early to mid-season; height 6"; use in bed, edging or rock
garden. Use in full sun with well-drained soil. Should be trimmed to maintain compact
form. No serious diseases or insects.
Aurinia saxatile compactum - Dwarf Basket of Gold zone 4 water 2
Yellow blooms with gray foliage; early season bloomer; height 4"-6"; best use is for
rock gardens. Requires a well-drained soil and full sun.
Baptisia australis - Blue False Indigo zone 4 water 2
Blue flowers. Good as a border plant. Full sun, well-drained soil. A member of the
legume family. Easy to grow and pest free.
Callirhoe involucrata - Poppy Mallow zone 3 water 0
White or purple blooms with green foliage; blooms all season long; height 6"-12"; use
in border or rock garden. Tolerant of soil extremes; full sun.
Campanula rotundifolia - Bluebells of Scotland zone 3 water 3
Bright blue 1-inch flowers in early to late summer; self seeding. Grows 1'-2' high;
requires well drained soils and full sun.
Centaurea montana - Bachelor Button zone 3 water 1
Blue or white flowers with green to gray foliage; blooms early to mid-season; height
12"-18"; use for border. Requires well-drained soil; partial shade to full sun. Invasive.
Centranthus ruber - Jupiter's Beard zone 4 water 1
Pink, white, or red flowers with green foliage; blooms in mid-season; height 24"-36",
used for borders and naturalized areas. Requires well drained soils, tolerant to high pH;
partial shade to full sun.
Cerastium tomentosum - Snow-in-Summer zone 3 water 2
White blooms on green to gray foliage; blooms early to mid-season; height 3"-10";
used for borders, rock gardens and as a ground cover. Requires well drained soils and
full sun.
14
15. Dianthus barbatus - Sweet William zone 2 water 2
A self-sowing biennial, 6"-10" tall, with a flat cluster of flowers. Used in borders or
rock gardens. No scent.
Dianthus ‘Zing Rose’ - Zing Rose Dianthus zone 2 water 2
Grows to 6" tall, blooms from June to summer with rose red flowers. Dense green
foliage.
Dicentra eximia - Fringed Bleeding-heart zone 3 water 3
Finely dissected gray-blue evergreen leaves, 12"-18" tall with pink to purple flowers.
Partial shade with well-drained soil. Excellent for borders and rock gardens.
Dicentra spectabilis - Bleeding-heart zone 2 water 3
Pink, white, and red flowers with green foliage; blooms in mid-season; height 6"-36".
Used for borders, requires well drained loam, partial shade. Suscept to stem rot.
Echinacea purpurea - Purple Coneflower zone 3 water 0
Purple flowers with green foliage; blooms in mid- to late season; height 30"-40"; use in
borders or naturalized areas. Requires a well-drained soil; full sun. Leaf spot disease.
Gaillardia aristata - Indian Blanket Flower zone 3 water 0
Native; flowers are a mix of orange, red, and yellow; blooms mid- to late season; height
12"-30"; use for cutting, border or naturalized areas. Tolerant to most soils; full sun.
Few serious problems.
Hemerocallis Hybrids - Daylily zone 3 water 1
Multiple flower colors with green, grassy foliage; blooms mid- late season; height 15"-
30"; use for borders or naturalized areas. Tolerant to most soils; partial shade to full
sun. Very few problems.
Iberis sempervirens - Candytuft zone 3 water 2
Forms a mound 6"-12" by 24" with linear, evergreen leaves. White flowers in spring
cover the whole plant. Needs full sun and well-drained soils. Best for rock gardens and
edging. Should be cut back after blooming to keep full.
Iris Hybrids - Iris zone 3 water 1
Multiple flower colors with green, grassy foliage; early blooming; height 6"-48"; use
for borders and cut flowers. Tolerant to most soils, should be well-drained; full sun.
Can be minor problems with borers and rots.
Linum perenne - Flax zone 3 water 0
Blue or white flowers with green foliage; blooms in mid- late season; height 12"-24";
use for naturalized areas or borders. Well drained soils, no serious problems.
Lupinus 'Russell Hybrid' - Lupine zone 3 water 3
Multiple flower colors with green foliage; blooms in mid-season; height 18"-36"; use in
borders. Requires well-drained soils, quite tolerant to other soil factors; partial shade to
full sun.
Monarda didyma - Bee Balm zone 3 water 3
Multiple flower colors in white/red/purple; blooms in mid- late season; height 18"-42";
use in mass plantings and naturalized areas. Full sun to partial shade. Few pests, but
may be invasive.
Narcissus species - Daffodil zone 3 water 2
Flowers of white, orange, or yellow; blooms early; height 6"-24"; use in mass plantings
or naturalized areas. Loam soil; full sun. Best of spring flowering bulbs for
naturalizing.
Oenothera elata - Showy Primrose zone 2 water 2
Native primrose with yellow, orange, or red flowers; blooms from July to September;
height 24"-48"; use as a border or naturalized areas. Full sun.
15
16. Oenothera missourensis - Missouri Primrose zone 3 water 1
Yellow, 3"-4" wide blossoms that open in summer evenings. Tolerant of poor soils and
full sun. Works well in rock gardens, edges, and raised beds.
Papaver orientale - Oriental Poppy zone 3 water 2
Red, orange or pink flowers with green foliage; blooms early to mid-season; height
24"-48"; use as border or cut flowers. Needs well-drained soils and partial shade to full
sun.
Penstemon species - Penstemon zone 2 water 0
Native group of several species with a wide range of flower colors; blooms in mid-
season; height 12"-36"; use as border or naturalized. Requires well-drained soils; full
sun. Over irrigation causes root rot. Barbatus (Beardlip Penstemon) is an excellent
species.
Phlox subulata - Creeping Phlox zone 3 water 1
Purple, pink or white flowers with green foliage form a carpet-like mass of color in the
spring; blooms in mid-season; height 3"-9"; use as a rock garden plant or as a ground
cover. Needs well drained soils and full sun for best performance.
Physostegia virginiana - Obedient Plant zone 3 water 3
Rose-purple or white flowers on spikes to 2'-4' tall. Grows well in full sun or partial
shade; may require staking if in fertile soils. An aggressive spreader, it is good for back
grounds and cut flowers.
Ratibida columnifera - Prairie Coneflower zone 4 water 1
Native with yellow and purple flower and green foliage; blooms in mid- to late season;
height 12"-20" use in naturalized areas. Needs well-drained soils and full sun.
Rudbeckia hirta - Gloriosa Daisy zone 3 water 1
Flowers in shades of red/yellow with green foliage; blooms mid- to late season; height
24"-36"; use as a border plant. Tolerant of most soils; full sun to partial shade.
Susceptible to mildew and sawfly damage.
Saponaria ocymoides - Soap Wort zone 3 water 2
A 4"-10" trailing plant with a pink flower in late spring. Does well in full sun with well
drained, even poor quality soils. Good for rock gardens and stone walls. Should be cut
back annually.
Sedum species - Sedum zone 4 water 0
Multiple flower colors with succulent foliage in shades of green to red; blooms early;
height 8"-18"; use as ground cover or rock garden plant. Well drained soils and full
sun.
Solidago hybrids - Goldenrod zone 2 water 2
Native with yellow flowers and green foliage; height 36"-60"; use in borders or
naturalized areas. Requires well-drained soils and partial shade to full sun. Susceptible
to rust.
Stachys bysantia - Lamb's Ear zone 4 water 1
Lavendar blossom with gray foliage; blooms mid- late season; height 8"-24"; use in
border. Does best in well-drained soils and full sun. Used as a ground cover.
Thymus species - Thyme zone 3 water 3
Pink, red or white flowers with gray foliage; blooms in mid-season; height 3"-8"; use as
a rock garden plant. Tolerant to most soils; requires full sun.
Tulipa Hybrids - Tulip zone 2 water 1
Multiple flower colors and forms with green foliage; blooms early; height 8"-24"; use
naturalized or as a border plant. Must have well-drained soils and full sun for good
performance and prevention of bulb rots.
16
17. Veronica spicata - Spike Speedwell zone 3 water 1
Blue, pink, or red flowers; blooms early to mid-season; height 6"-24"; use in border or
rock gardens. Best performance in well-drained loams with partial shade to full sun.
Vinca minor - Periwinkle zone 4 water 3
Evergreen groundcover with blue blossoms; blooms early; height 6"-8"; use as a
ground cover in full sun to full shade.
REFERENCES
Anonymous. 1990. Taylor’s Guide to Water Saving Gardening. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.
Ashcroft, G.L., D.T. Jensen and J.L. Brown 1992. Utah Climate. Utah Climate Center Utah
State University, Logan, Utah.
Albee, B.J., L.M. Shultz, and S. Goodrich. 1988. Atlas of the Vascular Plants of Utah. The
Utah Museum of Natural History, SLC, Utah.
Dirr, M.A. 1998. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identification, Ornamental
Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses. 5th Ed. Stipes Publishing Co.,
Champaign, Illinois.
Johnson, C.W., F.A. Baker, and W.S. Johnson. 1990. Urban and Community Forestry: A
Guide for the Interior Western United States. USDA Forest Service, Ogden, Utah.
Keane, T. 1993. Water Wise Landscaping. Utah State University Cooperative Extension
Bulletin HG 458.
Knopf, J.M. 1991. The Xeriscape Flower Gardener: A Waterwise Guide to the Rocky
Mountain Region. Johnson Books, Boulder, Colorado.
Kuehne, T. 1991. A Planting Guide to Moab: Evergreen Trees, Shrubs, and Small Trees.
Friends of Moab, Moab, Utah.
Kuhns, M. and L.A. Rupp. 1995. Selecting and Planting Landscape Trees. Utah State
University Extension Bulletin NR 460.
Kuhns, M. 1998. A Guide to the Trees of Utah and the Intermountain West. USU Press. 341pp.
Nelson, R.A. 1976. Plants of Zion National Park. Deseret Press.
Rupp, L.A. DROUGHT: A Database of Irrigation Requirements for Woody Plants of Northern
Utah. Unpublished.
Still, S.M. 1988. Manual of Herbaceous Ornamental Plants. Stipes Publishing Co., Champaign,
Illinois.
Sutton, R. And C.W. Johnson. 1974. Landscape Plants from Utah’s Mountains. Utah State
University Extension Circular 368.
Valleau, J.M. 1995. Perennial Gardening Guide, 2nd Ed. Valleybrook Gardens Ltd.
Abbotsford, BC, Canada.
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cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Jack M. Payne, Vice President and Director, Cooperative Extension
Service, Utah State University. (EP/DF/12-2002)
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