This document provides guidance on organizing a workshop to promote rainwater harvesting with cisterns for landscape irrigation. It was developed through a collaborative initiative between the University of Florida, University of South Florida, Tampa Bay Water, and the Florida Irrigation Society. The workshop is intended to educate the public on cisterns and connect interested parties with contractors. It provides information on identifying sponsors, developing an agenda, obtaining presentation materials, and coordinating with the Florida Rainwater Harvesting Initiative going forward.
The focus groups provided feedback from six locations on opportunities to improve the Boots to Business program. Key issues identified included: needing more case studies and real-life examples in the curriculum; incorporating tools to help participants decide if business ownership is right for them; and adding more material on franchises and developing financial projections. Participants wanted a more interactive class with practical exercises. Instructors noted multiple presenters kept participants engaged. Updating videos and following a clear roadmap for starting a business were also suggested. Addressing these curriculum and engagement issues could help strengthen the program.
Is Your Home Waterwise, It's Easy to Find Out - Redwood City, CaliforniaFarica46m
The document provides information about Redwood City's water supply and conservation efforts. It offers free home water use assessments to evaluate indoor and outdoor water fixtures and irrigation systems. Residents can receive a free watering schedule, conservation tips, and a water moisture meter. The document also provides a sample fall watering schedule for lawns that recommends watering turf for only 5 minutes, 2 days a week using multiple start times to avoid runoff. Additional resources include a free Water Wise gardening CD and speakers on water conservation topics for community groups.
Rainwater tanks can provide a renewable source of soft, clear water that can be used for activities like washing cars, bathing, cleaning, flushing toilets, and gardening. However, if the tank is connected to town water and fills from it, water restrictions apply. Queensland provides rebates to help purchase rainwater tanks, but restrictions still apply if the tank uses a trickle top-up system but not if it uses an automatic switching valve.
1) A group of students worked with a graduate student on a prairie restoration project in Ames, Iowa to help restore the native tallgrass prairie that once covered 85% of the state but is now down to 1%.
2) The group helped spread seeds and tamp down the soil on a six acre plot that had been donated for the restoration project.
3) The prairie restoration project has multiple purposes including studying the effects of small animals on prairie growth, examining root structures of different prairie grasses, and assessing the impacts of modern farming practices on soil.
This document provides information on planting wetland, native, and moisture-loving plants. It discusses where these types of plants should be planted, including regulated wetlands, disturbed wetlands and sites, constructed wetlands, and more. It also discusses why someone might plant these types of plants, such as for mitigation required by law, restoration, aesthetic enhancement, wildlife habitat improvement, and reducing pesticides. The document then lists specific plant types categorized by their soil/moisture needs and indicator status. It provides examples of plants suitable for a variety of wetland environments like marshes, lakes, ponds, and rain gardens.
Moline 110428 water contamination sit_man_presentation_ttx_toolrlsmmartin
This document outlines the agenda and objectives for a tabletop exercise on responding to a water contamination scenario. The exercise will involve reviewing scenario materials, facilitated discussion of response and coordination, and an action planning session to identify follow-up tasks. The objectives are to define roles in responding to water incidents, build relationships between utilities and stakeholders, identify capabilities and needs, and find areas to improve preparedness.
OP3: Alliance for Innovation-Transforming Local Government Conference: June 1...Fairfax County
Fairfax County's Office of Public Private Partnerships (OP3) aims to exponentially increase the value of public-private partnerships. The presentation provides an overview of OP3's mission to promote partnership opportunities and leverage new resources. It highlights the Fairfax County Restoration Project as an example of a successful partnership between public agencies, non-profits, and businesses to support environmental restoration and education in the county. The presentation concludes by emphasizing the importance of sustaining partnerships over time through ongoing communication, feedback, and celebration of outcomes.
The focus groups provided feedback from six locations on opportunities to improve the Boots to Business program. Key issues identified included: needing more case studies and real-life examples in the curriculum; incorporating tools to help participants decide if business ownership is right for them; and adding more material on franchises and developing financial projections. Participants wanted a more interactive class with practical exercises. Instructors noted multiple presenters kept participants engaged. Updating videos and following a clear roadmap for starting a business were also suggested. Addressing these curriculum and engagement issues could help strengthen the program.
Is Your Home Waterwise, It's Easy to Find Out - Redwood City, CaliforniaFarica46m
The document provides information about Redwood City's water supply and conservation efforts. It offers free home water use assessments to evaluate indoor and outdoor water fixtures and irrigation systems. Residents can receive a free watering schedule, conservation tips, and a water moisture meter. The document also provides a sample fall watering schedule for lawns that recommends watering turf for only 5 minutes, 2 days a week using multiple start times to avoid runoff. Additional resources include a free Water Wise gardening CD and speakers on water conservation topics for community groups.
Rainwater tanks can provide a renewable source of soft, clear water that can be used for activities like washing cars, bathing, cleaning, flushing toilets, and gardening. However, if the tank is connected to town water and fills from it, water restrictions apply. Queensland provides rebates to help purchase rainwater tanks, but restrictions still apply if the tank uses a trickle top-up system but not if it uses an automatic switching valve.
1) A group of students worked with a graduate student on a prairie restoration project in Ames, Iowa to help restore the native tallgrass prairie that once covered 85% of the state but is now down to 1%.
2) The group helped spread seeds and tamp down the soil on a six acre plot that had been donated for the restoration project.
3) The prairie restoration project has multiple purposes including studying the effects of small animals on prairie growth, examining root structures of different prairie grasses, and assessing the impacts of modern farming practices on soil.
This document provides information on planting wetland, native, and moisture-loving plants. It discusses where these types of plants should be planted, including regulated wetlands, disturbed wetlands and sites, constructed wetlands, and more. It also discusses why someone might plant these types of plants, such as for mitigation required by law, restoration, aesthetic enhancement, wildlife habitat improvement, and reducing pesticides. The document then lists specific plant types categorized by their soil/moisture needs and indicator status. It provides examples of plants suitable for a variety of wetland environments like marshes, lakes, ponds, and rain gardens.
Moline 110428 water contamination sit_man_presentation_ttx_toolrlsmmartin
This document outlines the agenda and objectives for a tabletop exercise on responding to a water contamination scenario. The exercise will involve reviewing scenario materials, facilitated discussion of response and coordination, and an action planning session to identify follow-up tasks. The objectives are to define roles in responding to water incidents, build relationships between utilities and stakeholders, identify capabilities and needs, and find areas to improve preparedness.
OP3: Alliance for Innovation-Transforming Local Government Conference: June 1...Fairfax County
Fairfax County's Office of Public Private Partnerships (OP3) aims to exponentially increase the value of public-private partnerships. The presentation provides an overview of OP3's mission to promote partnership opportunities and leverage new resources. It highlights the Fairfax County Restoration Project as an example of a successful partnership between public agencies, non-profits, and businesses to support environmental restoration and education in the county. The presentation concludes by emphasizing the importance of sustaining partnerships over time through ongoing communication, feedback, and celebration of outcomes.
Clean, consistent water supply — it's essential for businesses to operate—and investors, consumers, and other stakeholders know it. They’re demanding more information on how companies are using—and conserving-- this critical resource, which presents both challenges and opportunities to companies. The UN Global Compact’s CEO Water Mandate initiative has released the finalized Corporate Water Disclosure Guidelines – a common approach for companies to effectively and intelligibly disclose the many elements of their corporate water management practice to key stakeholders.
Brett Boston is an experienced mediator and facilitator of environmental projects with nearly 30 years of experience. He is the founder and president of Group Solutions, which provides facilitation, process design, and decision support tools for stakeholder engagement. Some of his areas of expertise include mediation, consensus building, facilitation, stakeholder relationship management, and strategic planning. He has significant experience facilitating collaboration on complex environmental and natural resource issues with diverse stakeholder groups.
Needs and gaps Climate Change Study for SITWA_nirasSITWA-ANBO-RAOB
Needs and Gaps & Proposed Services
“Climate change vulnerability, adaptation and development agendas in the African RBOs” by NIRAS Natura AB International Consulting
Fragility, Conflict and Migration (FCM) & National Policies and Strategies (N...Omobolanle3
1) The document discusses a decision support system for strengthening landscape resilience planning and investment in Nigeria. It describes challenges like conflict, flooding, and displacement in the lower Benue River Basin.
2) It proposes a decision support system that provides data on water resources to stakeholders to facilitate informed decision making. Examples of decision support systems from IWMI are described.
3) The document outlines two objectives: 1) provide a decision support system and knowledge base for stakeholders, and 2) catalyze the scaling of climate-smart innovations and practices. Early warning systems are discussed as an example.
Leveraging Resources for Local Brownfields Revitalization nado-web
Brownfields (vacant, underutilized, or contaminated properties) depress local economies and reduce local tax revenues and threaten human and environmental health. Localities across the country have employed a broad array of funding strategies and tools to make their communities more resilient and sustainable. This session will focus on funding opportunities for public/private projects that the “brownfields” designation makes possible. It will include funding strategies as well as specific public and private sources, and suggestions for identifying who, where, and how to competitively seek funding.
Eugene Goldfarb, Technical Assistance Provider, Center for Hazardous Substance Research, Manhattan, KS
Margaret Renas, Lead, Community and Brownfield Redevelopment, Delta Institute, Chicago, IL
Matt Ward, CEO, Sustainable Strategies DC, Washington, DC
Evaluation of Community Gardens
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
This document discusses using cost-benefit analyses to assist drinking water utilities in drought management. It provides an overview of drought impacts on water supplies, infrastructure, quality and reliability. It then discusses leading drought management practices and their costs, including demand management like conservation and supply management like new sources. Case studies from utilities in California, Georgia and Colorado demonstrate drought responses and costs of mitigation. The document concludes cost-benefit analyses can help utilities evaluate strategies and assess avoided costs and triple bottom line benefits of drought management.
This document discusses strategies for achieving large-scale watershed management. It outlines the challenges of reaching nutrient reduction goals across large areas. The authors propose a theory of change involving defining scalable watershed units and developing necessary elements like human capital, social capital, watershed policies, and financing. Specific proposals include establishing watershed coordinators, building social networks, aligning goals with science, and ensuring diverse and stable funding. The document argues this framework could help watershed efforts scale up practices to significantly improve water quality.
Thomas R. Karl discusses the need for a NOAA Climate Service to better meet the growing demand for reliable climate information. He outlines NOAA's vision to create a new framework that connects users to climate products and services, transforms science into usable information, and engages users in development. The proposed NOAA Climate Service would consolidate climate efforts and be optimized for service delivery while maintaining NOAA's leadership in climate science.
This document outlines the purpose and benefits of conducting a tabletop exercise (TTE) for water utilities and stakeholders. A TTE involves placing participants in a simulated emergency situation to test response plans and capabilities. The document describes a sample water contamination scenario that was used in a TTE involving a water agency and member utilities. Key lessons from the exercise included the need to update emergency response plans and involve additional stakeholders like health departments. The exercise highlighted the importance of planning and preparedness through collaborative training opportunities like TTEs.
This document discusses opportunities for collaboration between watershed groups and local governments in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania to help meet MS4 permit requirements. It outlines the roles of the Allegheny County Conservation District, Allegheny Watershed Alliance, and watershed groups. Watershed groups can help municipalities with public education, involvement in restoration projects, and meeting requirements under the MS4 permit, including implementing riparian buffers. The partnerships provide benefits like increased capacity, volunteers, cost-sharing, and extending the reach of education and outreach. Overall, collaborating can help both watershed groups and municipalities further their goals.
Part 2 Complete the worksheet below.Each element has a uniq.docxherbertwilson5999
Part 2: Complete the worksheet below.
Each element has a unique atomic number, which is listed on the periodic table above the chemical symbol for the element. The atomic number is equal to the charge on the nucleus. The atomic number also equals the number of protons in the nucleus and the number of electrons in the neutral atom of the element.
For example, Fluorine (F) has the atomic number 9, which means that its atoms contain 9 protons and 9 electrons. Zinc (Zn) has the atomic number 30; its atoms contain 30 protons and 30 electrons.
1. Fill in the missing information in the table below. Use information from the periodic table to assist you, along with your text.
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Isotope Symbol
76
124
21
24
21
2. Give the atomic number and mass number of the following:
Atomic number
Mass number
An aluminum atom with 12 neutrons
An atom with 17 protons and 20 neutrons
3. Cytoxan, also known as cyclophosphamide, is widely used alone or in combination in the treatment of certain kinds of cancer. It interferes with protein synthesis and in the process kills rapidly replicating cells, particularly malignant ones. Cytoxan has the molecular formula C7H15O2N2PCl2.
a. How many atoms are in one molecule of Cytoxan?
b. What elements are present in Cytoxan?
c. What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to nitrogen atoms in Cytoxan?
4. How many valence electrons do each of the following elements have?
Element
Number of valence electrons
Carbon (C)
Potassium (K)
Beryllium (Be)
Fluorine (F)
Argon (Ar)
5. What is the relationship between the group number of an element and the number of valence electrons it contains?
For more help, visit the Extra! Extra! section of this unit for helpful resources on writing a thesis statement and solid introductory and conclusion paragraphs. Examples of effective strategies used in introductions and conclusions are provided to help you write a strong Assignment.
Description of Assignment:
This assignment is intended to assess your ability to examine company accounts afresh and decide whether profits
are genuine and how strong company’s finance really are.
You will be given an actual company report and accounts, which may contain some camouflage of creative
accounting. You will have to detect if the company profits are real or are generated from manipulation by creative
accounting.
Quality Indicators (how will it be graded; what constitutes a good assignment):
The accounting assessment should involve an analysis of both the general IFRS framework (fair presentation) and
the techniques of accounting and financial engineering which have proved most frequent and pernicious. If
detected the use of flexibility within accounting to manage the measurement and presentation of the accounts so
that they serve the interests of preparers should be reported.
The report should not exceed the 2000 words and should be done in a professional way taking into consideration
the tim.
From the 2020 NACD Annual Meeting.
Learn how the North Carolina Association of Soil and Water Conservation Districts has partnered with the North Carolina Foundation for Soil and Water Conservation to develop a vision for the future of conservation delivery in the state.
USBR-WWF FINAL REPORT 2010-2014 (FINAL COPY 10-30-14)Benita Horn
The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California's World Water Forum College Grant Program provided $532,250 over four years to fund innovative student water projects at 15 Southern California colleges. The program funded research on technologies and strategies to advance water conservation, supply, and communications. It supported local and global projects involving over 400 students. The program helped identify strategies aligned with Metropolitan's goal of a diversified resource portfolio and 1.9 million acre-feet of cumulative savings from conservation initiatives.
Pittcon Presentation on Workforce developmentrkpegg
The document discusses the Florida State College Institute for Food Safety (IFS), a public-private partnership aimed at training students for jobs in food safety testing and regulation. It provides an overview of IFS's origins, operations, funding models, lessons learned, and support from industry and government advisory boards. IFS aims to establish a standardized facility for local food testing, training, and acting as a liaison between industry and regulatory bodies. It has faced challenges in securing stable funding and facilities but is working towards a new interim facility in 2020 focused on microbial testing, education, and industry partnerships.
The Water Research Foundation is an internationally recognized non-profit organization that sponsors water-related research. It has funded nearly 1,500 research projects to support the water community in managing water resources. WRF's research provides solutions to critical challenges and is guided by input from its over 1,000 subscribing organizations. The document provides information on WRF staff, research programs and processes, knowledge areas, and upcoming events and resources.
Natural resource planning is becoming increasingly important for utilities. In addition to social pressures for more sustainable business practices, it is an essential element of obtaining licenses for electric, hydroelectric, and transmission operations.
Proactive natural resource planning helps address a number of challenges facing utilities today including: increased environmental pressures, licensing requirements, relationships with external stakeholders, costs, and public goodwill. In this document, ScottMadden presents a brief overview of creating a natural resource plan using a structured process, standardized tools, defined decision rights, specific criteria, and analysis so companies can stay ahead of the curve.
Session 6: Guidelines for rapporteurs and conveners FAO
Guidelines for rapporteurs and conveners - Session 6: Making research and science reach farmers and end users, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
Plants for Every Reason - Nevada County, CaliforniaFinola87v
This document provides information on various plant species that can be planted to attract wildlife, resist deer browsing, be native to California, resist fire, and some that are poisonous. It discusses plants that can create habitat for butterflies, birds, quail, and other animals. Fire resistant plants and those deer typically avoid are listed. Native plant species for different conditions are outlined. Finally, some common poisonous plants are described. The document aims to educate homeowners on planting options that benefit the environment and local wildlife.
Plants for Gardening in Wet and Wooded Areas - ConnecticutFinola87v
This document provides guidance for choosing native plant species suitable for wet and wooded areas around homes. It discusses how native plantings can enhance conservation while reducing maintenance costs. Several shrub and groundcover species are described that thrive in wet conditions and provide benefits like wildlife habitat and erosion control. Homeowners are encouraged to plant native species and maintain naturalized vegetation near wetlands and waterways to protect water quality and local ecosystems.
More Related Content
Similar to Rainwater Harvesting with Cisterns for Landscape Irrigation - Tampa Bay Water
Clean, consistent water supply — it's essential for businesses to operate—and investors, consumers, and other stakeholders know it. They’re demanding more information on how companies are using—and conserving-- this critical resource, which presents both challenges and opportunities to companies. The UN Global Compact’s CEO Water Mandate initiative has released the finalized Corporate Water Disclosure Guidelines – a common approach for companies to effectively and intelligibly disclose the many elements of their corporate water management practice to key stakeholders.
Brett Boston is an experienced mediator and facilitator of environmental projects with nearly 30 years of experience. He is the founder and president of Group Solutions, which provides facilitation, process design, and decision support tools for stakeholder engagement. Some of his areas of expertise include mediation, consensus building, facilitation, stakeholder relationship management, and strategic planning. He has significant experience facilitating collaboration on complex environmental and natural resource issues with diverse stakeholder groups.
Needs and gaps Climate Change Study for SITWA_nirasSITWA-ANBO-RAOB
Needs and Gaps & Proposed Services
“Climate change vulnerability, adaptation and development agendas in the African RBOs” by NIRAS Natura AB International Consulting
Fragility, Conflict and Migration (FCM) & National Policies and Strategies (N...Omobolanle3
1) The document discusses a decision support system for strengthening landscape resilience planning and investment in Nigeria. It describes challenges like conflict, flooding, and displacement in the lower Benue River Basin.
2) It proposes a decision support system that provides data on water resources to stakeholders to facilitate informed decision making. Examples of decision support systems from IWMI are described.
3) The document outlines two objectives: 1) provide a decision support system and knowledge base for stakeholders, and 2) catalyze the scaling of climate-smart innovations and practices. Early warning systems are discussed as an example.
Leveraging Resources for Local Brownfields Revitalization nado-web
Brownfields (vacant, underutilized, or contaminated properties) depress local economies and reduce local tax revenues and threaten human and environmental health. Localities across the country have employed a broad array of funding strategies and tools to make their communities more resilient and sustainable. This session will focus on funding opportunities for public/private projects that the “brownfields” designation makes possible. It will include funding strategies as well as specific public and private sources, and suggestions for identifying who, where, and how to competitively seek funding.
Eugene Goldfarb, Technical Assistance Provider, Center for Hazardous Substance Research, Manhattan, KS
Margaret Renas, Lead, Community and Brownfield Redevelopment, Delta Institute, Chicago, IL
Matt Ward, CEO, Sustainable Strategies DC, Washington, DC
Evaluation of Community Gardens
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
This document discusses using cost-benefit analyses to assist drinking water utilities in drought management. It provides an overview of drought impacts on water supplies, infrastructure, quality and reliability. It then discusses leading drought management practices and their costs, including demand management like conservation and supply management like new sources. Case studies from utilities in California, Georgia and Colorado demonstrate drought responses and costs of mitigation. The document concludes cost-benefit analyses can help utilities evaluate strategies and assess avoided costs and triple bottom line benefits of drought management.
This document discusses strategies for achieving large-scale watershed management. It outlines the challenges of reaching nutrient reduction goals across large areas. The authors propose a theory of change involving defining scalable watershed units and developing necessary elements like human capital, social capital, watershed policies, and financing. Specific proposals include establishing watershed coordinators, building social networks, aligning goals with science, and ensuring diverse and stable funding. The document argues this framework could help watershed efforts scale up practices to significantly improve water quality.
Thomas R. Karl discusses the need for a NOAA Climate Service to better meet the growing demand for reliable climate information. He outlines NOAA's vision to create a new framework that connects users to climate products and services, transforms science into usable information, and engages users in development. The proposed NOAA Climate Service would consolidate climate efforts and be optimized for service delivery while maintaining NOAA's leadership in climate science.
This document outlines the purpose and benefits of conducting a tabletop exercise (TTE) for water utilities and stakeholders. A TTE involves placing participants in a simulated emergency situation to test response plans and capabilities. The document describes a sample water contamination scenario that was used in a TTE involving a water agency and member utilities. Key lessons from the exercise included the need to update emergency response plans and involve additional stakeholders like health departments. The exercise highlighted the importance of planning and preparedness through collaborative training opportunities like TTEs.
This document discusses opportunities for collaboration between watershed groups and local governments in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania to help meet MS4 permit requirements. It outlines the roles of the Allegheny County Conservation District, Allegheny Watershed Alliance, and watershed groups. Watershed groups can help municipalities with public education, involvement in restoration projects, and meeting requirements under the MS4 permit, including implementing riparian buffers. The partnerships provide benefits like increased capacity, volunteers, cost-sharing, and extending the reach of education and outreach. Overall, collaborating can help both watershed groups and municipalities further their goals.
Part 2 Complete the worksheet below.Each element has a uniq.docxherbertwilson5999
Part 2: Complete the worksheet below.
Each element has a unique atomic number, which is listed on the periodic table above the chemical symbol for the element. The atomic number is equal to the charge on the nucleus. The atomic number also equals the number of protons in the nucleus and the number of electrons in the neutral atom of the element.
For example, Fluorine (F) has the atomic number 9, which means that its atoms contain 9 protons and 9 electrons. Zinc (Zn) has the atomic number 30; its atoms contain 30 protons and 30 electrons.
1. Fill in the missing information in the table below. Use information from the periodic table to assist you, along with your text.
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Isotope Symbol
76
124
21
24
21
2. Give the atomic number and mass number of the following:
Atomic number
Mass number
An aluminum atom with 12 neutrons
An atom with 17 protons and 20 neutrons
3. Cytoxan, also known as cyclophosphamide, is widely used alone or in combination in the treatment of certain kinds of cancer. It interferes with protein synthesis and in the process kills rapidly replicating cells, particularly malignant ones. Cytoxan has the molecular formula C7H15O2N2PCl2.
a. How many atoms are in one molecule of Cytoxan?
b. What elements are present in Cytoxan?
c. What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to nitrogen atoms in Cytoxan?
4. How many valence electrons do each of the following elements have?
Element
Number of valence electrons
Carbon (C)
Potassium (K)
Beryllium (Be)
Fluorine (F)
Argon (Ar)
5. What is the relationship between the group number of an element and the number of valence electrons it contains?
For more help, visit the Extra! Extra! section of this unit for helpful resources on writing a thesis statement and solid introductory and conclusion paragraphs. Examples of effective strategies used in introductions and conclusions are provided to help you write a strong Assignment.
Description of Assignment:
This assignment is intended to assess your ability to examine company accounts afresh and decide whether profits
are genuine and how strong company’s finance really are.
You will be given an actual company report and accounts, which may contain some camouflage of creative
accounting. You will have to detect if the company profits are real or are generated from manipulation by creative
accounting.
Quality Indicators (how will it be graded; what constitutes a good assignment):
The accounting assessment should involve an analysis of both the general IFRS framework (fair presentation) and
the techniques of accounting and financial engineering which have proved most frequent and pernicious. If
detected the use of flexibility within accounting to manage the measurement and presentation of the accounts so
that they serve the interests of preparers should be reported.
The report should not exceed the 2000 words and should be done in a professional way taking into consideration
the tim.
From the 2020 NACD Annual Meeting.
Learn how the North Carolina Association of Soil and Water Conservation Districts has partnered with the North Carolina Foundation for Soil and Water Conservation to develop a vision for the future of conservation delivery in the state.
USBR-WWF FINAL REPORT 2010-2014 (FINAL COPY 10-30-14)Benita Horn
The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California's World Water Forum College Grant Program provided $532,250 over four years to fund innovative student water projects at 15 Southern California colleges. The program funded research on technologies and strategies to advance water conservation, supply, and communications. It supported local and global projects involving over 400 students. The program helped identify strategies aligned with Metropolitan's goal of a diversified resource portfolio and 1.9 million acre-feet of cumulative savings from conservation initiatives.
Pittcon Presentation on Workforce developmentrkpegg
The document discusses the Florida State College Institute for Food Safety (IFS), a public-private partnership aimed at training students for jobs in food safety testing and regulation. It provides an overview of IFS's origins, operations, funding models, lessons learned, and support from industry and government advisory boards. IFS aims to establish a standardized facility for local food testing, training, and acting as a liaison between industry and regulatory bodies. It has faced challenges in securing stable funding and facilities but is working towards a new interim facility in 2020 focused on microbial testing, education, and industry partnerships.
The Water Research Foundation is an internationally recognized non-profit organization that sponsors water-related research. It has funded nearly 1,500 research projects to support the water community in managing water resources. WRF's research provides solutions to critical challenges and is guided by input from its over 1,000 subscribing organizations. The document provides information on WRF staff, research programs and processes, knowledge areas, and upcoming events and resources.
Natural resource planning is becoming increasingly important for utilities. In addition to social pressures for more sustainable business practices, it is an essential element of obtaining licenses for electric, hydroelectric, and transmission operations.
Proactive natural resource planning helps address a number of challenges facing utilities today including: increased environmental pressures, licensing requirements, relationships with external stakeholders, costs, and public goodwill. In this document, ScottMadden presents a brief overview of creating a natural resource plan using a structured process, standardized tools, defined decision rights, specific criteria, and analysis so companies can stay ahead of the curve.
Session 6: Guidelines for rapporteurs and conveners FAO
Guidelines for rapporteurs and conveners - Session 6: Making research and science reach farmers and end users, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
Plants for Every Reason - Nevada County, CaliforniaFinola87v
This document provides information on various plant species that can be planted to attract wildlife, resist deer browsing, be native to California, resist fire, and some that are poisonous. It discusses plants that can create habitat for butterflies, birds, quail, and other animals. Fire resistant plants and those deer typically avoid are listed. Native plant species for different conditions are outlined. Finally, some common poisonous plants are described. The document aims to educate homeowners on planting options that benefit the environment and local wildlife.
Plants for Gardening in Wet and Wooded Areas - ConnecticutFinola87v
This document provides guidance for choosing native plant species suitable for wet and wooded areas around homes. It discusses how native plantings can enhance conservation while reducing maintenance costs. Several shrub and groundcover species are described that thrive in wet conditions and provide benefits like wildlife habitat and erosion control. Homeowners are encouraged to plant native species and maintain naturalized vegetation near wetlands and waterways to protect water quality and local ecosystems.
Proper Planting Results in Healthy, Water-Efficient Plants: Make Every Drop C...Finola87v
1) Proper planting techniques such as incorporating organic amendments, using mulch, planting in fall, and watering thoroughly before planting can help newly planted plants establish strong root systems and reduce water needs.
2) Good drainage and adequate organic matter in the soil supports plant growth by improving water retention and nutrient availability while allowing for oxygen movement to the roots.
3) Amendments like compost and manure should be incorporated throughout the soil to improve structure, while inorganic amendments can be used to improve drainage in poorly drained soils.
Queensland Guideline for Efficient Irrigation for Water Conservation Finola87v
This document provides guidelines for efficient irrigation to conserve water. It recommends using irrigation systems with emitters that discharge less than 9 litres per minute. Efficient irrigation systems must be fitted with a timer and soil moisture or rain sensors to prevent watering when not needed. Sprinklers used must have a maximum output of 9 litres per minute and be connected to a timer. The document provides tips for calculating irrigation needs and choosing water efficient gardening practices to meet water usage targets.
Rainwater Harvesting: a Lifeline for Human Well-BeingFinola87v
The document discusses how rainwater harvesting can support both ecosystem services and human well-being by collecting and storing rainfall, which increases water retention in landscapes and enables management of water for multiple purposes. It notes that increasing demands are putting pressure on water resources while maintaining healthy ecosystems, so innovative opportunities are needed that allow development without undermining ecosystem services, of which rainwater harvesting may be one.
Recommendations for a Drought Resistant FloridaFinola87v
The document provides recommendations for improving drought resilience in Florida. It summarizes ideas from six work groups on topics like agricultural irrigation, landscape irrigation, water pricing, indoor water use, and more. Some key recommendations include having the state require water audits and conservation plans for its facilities, forming a working group between water management districts to improve drought responses, and expanding programs to replace inefficient toilets and appliances to save indoor water. Implementing the recommendations would help reduce water usage and make the state better prepared for future droughts.
Recommended Southwestern Native Plants for the El PasoFinola87v
This document provides a list of over 100 native plant species recommended for landscaping in the El Paso/Las Cruces area of the Chihuahuan Desert region. It includes trees, shrubs, perennials, annuals/biennials, grasses, and succulents. For each plant, it provides the scientific and common names, notes on foliage, flowers, drought tolerance, and availability. The introduction explains that the lists are meant to recommend low-water plants suitable for the local climate and that have benefits like attracting wildlife or providing shade/foliage.
Recommended Vegetable Varieties for North Dakota GardensFinola87v
This document provides recommendations for superior vegetable varieties to grow in North Dakota gardens. It lists recommended varieties for asparagus, beans, beets, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, corn, cucumbers, eggplant, garlic, greens, kale, kohlrabi, lettuce, melons, okra, onions, peas, peppers, potatoes, pumpkins, radishes, rutabagas, spinach, summer and winter squash, sweet potatoes, Swiss chard, tomatoes, turnips, and watermelons that have performed well in trials conducted in North Dakota and surrounding states. It also lists several popular seed companies gardeners can purchase seeds from.
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Hillsborough County Extension provides resources to residents on Florida-friendly landscaping practices through their Residential Environmental Horticulture program. They offer workshops on topics like composting, irrigation, and landscape design. The Extension office has demonstration gardens showing concepts like using native plants. Master Gardener volunteers also give presentations throughout the county. Residents can contact the Extension for soil tests, questions, and information on various gardening topics.
This document provides an introduction and overview of passive rainwater harvesting techniques for residential properties in Flagstaff, Arizona. It notes that the city requires new single family homes to direct roof and driveway runoff into landscaped or natural areas rather than allowing it to drain directly to streets or property lines. The introduction discusses how harvesting stormwater supports plant life, groundwater recharge, and prevents flooding and erosion, which is important in the arid Southwest climate where rainfall soaks into the ground close to where it falls.
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Retrofitting An In-Ground Irrigation System Into Microirrigation - University...Finola87v
This document provides information on retrofitting an in-ground irrigation system into a microirrigation system. Retrofitting involves replacing sprinkler heads with adapters, tubing, and low-volume emitters to convert entire irrigation zones to microirrigation and conserve water. The process involves locating sprinkler heads, removing and replacing them with appropriate fittings and tubing, and installing emitters. Regular maintenance like checking for clogs and cleaning filters is needed. Retrofitting is recommended to conserve water compared to traditional sprinkler systems.
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This document provides guidance for designing a water-wise garden through proper planning and maintenance. It recommends mapping your garden site to identify sun/shade patterns, slopes, drainage issues, and wind exposure. Gardens should be planned according to water-use zones - high, moderate, low, and no water areas. Lawns should only be placed in areas of heavy use near the house. Alternative low-water groundcovers are suggested over lawns when possible. Proper soil preparation and choosing appropriate plants for each zone are key to a water-efficient garden.
This document provides a list of native plant species suitable for gardens in San Francisco, organized by plant type (trees, shrubs, etc.). It includes the common and Latin name of each plant, notes preferred sunlight conditions (full sun, filtered sun, shade), soil types (chert rock, sand), and brief descriptions. A total of 51 different plant species are listed.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Rainwater Harvesting with Cisterns for Landscape Irrigation - Tampa Bay Water
1. Rainwater Harvesting
with Cisterns
for Landscape Irrigation
Workshop/Presentation
Manual
First Edition
October 2009
2. Acknowledgements
The Rainwater Harvesting Initiative would like to thank everyone that cooperated in
assisting with this effort:
Developers
Ms. Pacia Hernandez, University of South Florida
Dr. Daniel Yeh, University of South Florida
Dr. Thomas Ruppert, University of Florida
Mr. Skip Wright, Florida Irrigation Society
Mr. Dave Bracciano, Tampa Bay Water
Reviewers
Ms. Esen Momul, University of Florida Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences (IFAS)
Ms. Kathy Malone, University of Florida IFAS
Mr. Jeffrey Harris, Pasco County Utilities
Ms. Chris Claus, City of St. Petersburg Water Resources
Mr. Norman Davis, Hillsborough County Water Resources
Mr. Bob Peacock, Pinellas County Utilities
Ms. Jeannie Hayes, Pasco County Extension Florida Yards and Neighborhoods (FYN)
Ms. Wilma J. Holley, Pinellas County Extension FYN
Mr. Chris Dewey, Pasco County Extension FYN
Ms. Lynn Barber, Hillsborough County Extension FYN
Mr. Dale Armstrong, Pinellas County Extension FYN
Ms. Doris Heitzmann, Pinellas County Extension FYN
Ms. Dierdre Irwin, St. Johns River Water Management District
Ms. Melissa Roe, Southwest Florida Water Management District
Mr. Brent White, Southwest Florida Water Management District
2
4. Table of Contents
1 Project Background and Definition
Defining the need………………………………………………………………………..1
Parties involved through initiative……………………………………………………..1
What elements were being developed by whom…………………………………….1
Drafting of materials…………………………………………………………...………..2
Review mechanisms…………………………………………………………………....3
How the program can be used………………………………………………………..3
2 How to Put on a Workshop
Florida Rainwater Harvesting Initiative linkage ……………………………………..4
Sponsor levels and charges…………………………………………………..…...…..4
What do the Sponsors receive in return for Sponsorship………………….……….5
Identifying a Minimum Number of participants……………………………..………..5
Workshop Agenda……………………………………………………………...……....6
Use of Workshop Presentation ………………………………………………………..6
Obtaining the Workshop Powerpoint Presentation…...……………………………..6
Revising Presentation Materials…………………………..…………………………..6
3 The Florida Rainwater Harvesting Initiative……………………………..…..7
4 Additional Future Coordination/Development Efforts……………………..8
Standard Cistern Presentation for Other Water Use Opportunities
Identifying Technical Research Needs
Identifying Legal and Code-related Research and Development Needs
Other
5. Appendices
Appendix A Workshop Presentation Notes Pages-
Appendix B University of South Florida Technical Report
Appendix C University of Florida Research Results
Appendix D Workshop Handout
ii
7. 1 Project Background and Definition
Defining the need
In early 2009, Tampa Bay Water, a regional water supply Authority, began work
developing a Standardized Cistern Program Agenda, workshop structure and
presentation materials. The overarching goal of this effort is to eliminate barriers to
successful promotion of cistern systems for irrigation use in Florida and to link public
and private efforts.
The Tampa Bay region endured water supply shortage conditions over the three year
2006-2009 period. As a funding agency of the Florida Yards and Neighborhoods (FYN)
program in their tri-county area since 1994, they have witnessed the public’s interest in
installation of rain barrels and FYN’s rain barrel workshop program success. This is
also occurring through the 48 counties in Florida where the FYN programs are
instituted.
Parties involved through initiative
Tampa Bay Water provided funding to University of Florida and the University South
Florida to address these barriers and create a program that links the public to public
agencies and private industry. They also worked with Florida Irrigation Society staff on
this project.
What elements were being developed by whom
As part of Tampa Bay Water’s effort to conserve water, the agency worked with the
University of Florida, University of South Florida, the Florida Irrigation Society and
various cistern manufacturers and installers to develop a standard workshop for citizens
to promote installation and use of cisterns in the Tampa Bay region and across the state
so stored water can be used for irrigation, thus saving potable water.
The University of Florida was specifically tasked to determine what legal and code
analysis is required to adequately preclude program presenters from being liable for all
8. or portions of the workshop output. Local health departments were contacted
throughout the state in order to gage their reaction to the installation outdoor cisterns for
irrigation use. State and local ordinances were reviewed that may/may not deal with
cisterns.
The University of South Florida was tasked with helping to analyze technical and
engineering aspects of rainwater harvesting with cisterns. These included:
• Water quality considerations and issues associated with rainwater harvesting with
cisterns
• Engineering designs on sizing, storage and treatment to enable the appropriate and
reliable use of cistern water for intended applications
• Relevant operation and maintenance considerations for successful cistern use
• How rainwater harvesting with cisterns can be successfully integrated into an
existing water supply infrastructure
• Economic considerations for cistern strategies
The Florida Irrigation Society (FIS) assisted in the development of water use
requirements and sizing of cistern systems, while manufacturers and installers were a
part of the process of including a full-scale workshop with presentations, sponsors, and
links to actual product.
Drafting of materials
The University of South Florida coordinated with the University of Florida IFAS, FIS and
Tampa Bay Water in the elaboration of workshop materials that were to be used.
Specific issues and topics were identified as the most appropriate to present to the
public. Once a draft presentation was completed, dry-run workshops with members
from local governments, FYN (local and statewide), water management districts and
experienced cistern installers (invited) took place to collect further feedback on content
of presentation and workshop length.
2
9. Review mechanisms
Once the final workshop presentation is issued, further review, update and edit may be
necessary. Errata and modifications may to be submitted to the presentation steward
(Dave Bracciano, Tampa Bay Water) by email (dbracciano@tampabaywater.org) or in
writing.
How the program can be used
The workshop will be delivered as a package to the Florida Yards and Neighborhoods
(FYN) program throughout the region and state and would be part of FYN’s workshop
on rain barrels or a stand-alone workshop. In addition to educating citizens about
cisterns, the program would seek to connect interested parties with contractors and
businesses that can assist in designing and installing cistern systems.
3
10. 2 How to Put on a Workshop
Florida Rainwater Harvest Initiative Linkage
The Florida Rainwater Harvest Initiative (FRHI) initial goal is to add private industry
groups/associations that can use the workshop format to promote their industry and to
help insure that expertise is funneled back and forth between educators and workshop
attendees. It is not designed to circumvent training programs, continuing education unit
development, or modify standards developed by others.
This will allow individual workshop developers to contact these entities for potential
sponsors and potential business opportunities. It provides value to these private entities
by linking the public with association membership at workshops.
About a month before the workshop is to occur, the workshop developer should contact
either or both organizations to determine if they have members that would be interested
in sponsoring the upcoming rainwater harvest workshop.
Current representative organizations and contacts are;
American Rainwater Catchment Systems Association
Florida Representative: John Hammerstrom
johnhammer@bellsouth.net
Phone Number: (305)852-8722
http://www.arcsa.org
919 Congress Ave., Ste. 460
Austin, TX 78701
Florida Irrigation Society
www.fisstate.org
Jennifer Amarosa, Executive Administrator
administration@fisstate.org
Phone Number: (800) 441-5341/(813) 839-4601 Fax Number: (813) 839-4759
Address: P.O. Box 13502, Tampa, FL 33681
4
11. Sponsor levels and charges
Since it is anticipated workshops will be put on by Florida yards and Neighborhoods,
along with the potential for other government entity use, creating a sponsorhip process
that is consistent between FRHI entities is important Although public entities have
specific funding constraints through budgeting and oversight processes, monies are
generally needed to continue and expand programs.
Having workshop sponsors is a legitimate means to promote workshops and also
recoup costs for establishing them. In some instances, workshops may be located at
facilities that require cost recovery.
Workshop implementers have two means of sponsorship; funding provided directly the
entity in the way of a check or sponsoring a giveaway between all the sponsors at the
event (no exchange of funds with the government entity). It is generally recommended
that sponsorship levels be at least in the $50 range for 25-50 participants and at least
$100 for over 50 participants. Sponsorship should be based on available space for
sponsors to advertise along the side and/or back of the workshop location.
Workshop developers should decide which process works well for their entity before
sending out request for sponsors.
What do the Sponsors receive in return for Sponsorship
Sponsors get recognized during the workshop and thanked for their efforts.
During breaks and at the end of the workshop, the public will directly interact with
sponsors to determine if there is additional interest in pursuing installation of rainwater
harvesting systems. Materials provided during the workshop will give participants a
general checklist of items that are required for successful rainwater harvesting system
installation and linkage to irrigation systems.
5
12. Identifying a Minimum Number of participants
Based on discussion with Florida Yards and Neighborhoods coordinators in the Tampa
Bay region, it is expected that at least 25 participants should be signed up for the
workshop so sponsor levels can be secured as identified above. If less than 25
participants are expected, sponsors should be alerted prior to securing funding to insure
good will between the sponsors and workshop promoters.
In some cases, rain barrel workshops have had in excess of 100 people in attendance.
It’s generally recommended that workshops be kept to less than 100 people, unless
workshop presenters have experience dealing with large groups.
Workshop Agenda
A standardized agenda has been developed for the workshop. Modifications to the
agenda can be made but note the presentation is locked in presentation mode to insure
material and content integrity. Modifications to the agenda will generally not coincide
with material presented.
To suggest modifications to the agenda or presentation materials see Revising
Presentation Materials below.
Use of Workshop Presentation
The workshop presentation, located at
http://reservoir.tampabaywater.org/sites/frhi/default.aspx is locked in the presentation
mode. The cover slide is not locked so it can be modified to coincide with the
presentation date and location. Additionally, a slide with the workshop sponsors should
be provided. If entities have a logo, it is suggested you request an electronic version,
and use it in your presentation.
Obtaining the Workshop Powerpoint Presentation
The entire document will also be distributed through members of the Florida Rainwater
Harvest Initiative and can be requested by emailing Dave Bracciano, Tampa Bay Water,
6
13. at dbracciano@tampabaywater.org. All organizations that are distributing this
document are required to provide a master list of requesting entities, along with
pertinent contact information. This information will be used to determine actual
penetration rates for program implementation on an annual basis.
Revising Presentation Materials
On a quarterly basis, materials will be reviewed for modifications based on feedback to
dbracciano@tampabaywater.org. All comments specific to the presentation will be
addressed by the next quarter.
7
14. 3 The Florida Rainwater Harvesting Initiative
8
15. 4 Additional Future
Coordination/Development Efforts
Standard Cistern Presentations for Other Water Use Opportunities
Identifying Technical Research Needs
Identifying Legal and Code-related Research and Development Needs
Other
9
47. Q: Does it matter what kind of roof I have?
A: No.
For irrigation purposes, roof surface is not an issue. For potable applications, this
For irrigation purposes roof surface is not an issue For potable applications this
becomes more of an issue. However, we aren’t addressing potable applications in this
workshop, …only irrigation applications.
However, the smoother the surface, the better for collection. For example, rain runs off
quicker and thus, ‘washes’ off any unwanted particles with less rain than other roof
types. Also, roof slopes affect how quickly roof surfaces get washed: steeper slopes are
‘washed’ quicker.
washed quicker
31
66. You will notice that cisterns have a lot pipes going in and out of them. This configuration can vary, but
generally there will be an inlet, an outlet, an overflow and drain valve.
A manway is also necessary for maintenance/cleaning. Never go inside alone or without a plan on how to
get out.
Inlet, outlet and overflow are self explanatory. Trainer should call these out.
Inlet, outlet and overflow are self explanatory. Trainer should call these out.
Overflow: Engineering drainage design may need to come into play here. Common sense dictates for
overflow to be directed away from tank/buildings where volume of water won’t cause erosion, flooding,
carry organic material (especially if animals are present) into wells or water sources, cause standing water
for long periods (mosquito breeding), etc. Over flow can be directed towards in place drainage system or
can also be allowed to percolate into the ground via french drain, etc.
Overflow outlets can be configured in different ways. If the overflow outlet draws from the bottom, it
should be vented to prevent siphoning. Overflow outlets and vents should be equipped with a fine mesh
screen to prevent mosquito entry.
Anaerobic/Sediment zone is located in the bottom 6” or so of the tank. Here is where the ‘dirtier’ water
and sediment tends to collect. Avoid drawing water from this portion of the tank.
A hose bibb or drain valve is needed in order to drain the tank if needed. Bibb should be elevated 6” or
so. Solids tend to accumulate at the bottom so elevating will help avoid clogging.
The floating suction filter will allow water to be extracted in the cleaner area of the tank. Particles either
settle at the bottom of the tank or float on top. Thus, the filter on the end of the hose will filter the
remainder of the particles before sending the water to the irrigation system.
Important to make sure all openings are sealed properly to avoid (1) mosquito infestation (2) animal
intrusion and (3) children from entering the cistern.
Tank should be placed on a level, stable foundation. This may consist of gravel or concrete pad.
FACT: Water weighs 8.34 pounds per gallon. A 1000 gallon cistern can weigh up to 8340 gallons when
full. Imagine what would happen if an unstable tank tips over.
50
84. Demand Method ‐ Based purely on anticipated water needs
***************************************************************
Water balance method (1) Maintain a monthly balance, (2) Start with an assumed
Water balance method – (1) Maintain a monthly balance (2) Start with an assumed
volume (3) Add volume captured (4) Subtract monthly demand (5) Evaluate size and
affordability of storage capacity.
Major storm method – This method is used in order to capture every drop available at a
major storm event (or every available drop during wettest month).
major storm event (or every available drop during wettest month).
Provides
Pro‐ Minimum cistern volume needed to capture rainfall for this size storm
Con‐ Not based on water usage
What is the quick calculation method? A ‘quick and dirty’ way of calculating water
quantities.
ii
4
103. DRAFT 9/23/2009
This graph shows the amount of water (in inches) for irrigation for a St. Augustine lawn
per month (shown in green) and the average rainfall for our area (the blue line). As can
be seen, there are times during the year that there is more than sufficient rainfall for our
lawns (white space between blue line and green shading), but other times there isn’t
enough rain (shown where blue line dips into green shading).
enough rain (shown where blue line dips into green shading)
23
104. DRAFT 9/23/2009
During the last 3 years, we’ve been experiencing less than average rainfall.
In order to show this, the average yearly rainfall has been adjusted by 50%. The dashed
blue line shows this as the ‘adjusted’ yearly rainfall. This is just a conservative number
j y y j
(factor of safety of 2), assuming we only receive half of the average rainfall.
24
105. DRAFT 9/23/2009
At this point, it may seem that it is impossible to irrigate using rainwater exclusively.
If we were to consider the required amount of water to irrigate St. Augustine turfgrass
and contrast that with the adjusted rainfall, it would look something like this.
j , g
Click – It would seem that we now have a monthly rainfall deficit, every single month.
Relying totally on the rain for irrigation would not be sufficient.
However, what if we captured the same amount of inches of rainfall on our roofs using a
cistern? What would happen then?
cistern? What would happen then?
25
106. DRAFT 9/23/2009
What would happen is that we could actually capture the same number of inches of
rain…and store it until we needed it?
Suppose we had a 2000 sq. ft. catchment area and 500 sq. feet of St. Augustine turf to
pp q q g
irrigate. This graph shows how many gallons of rainwater can be collected and how
much is needed for irrigation.
Now we can clearly see parts of the year where there is a surplus and others where
there is a deficit – or need – of irrigation water. In this particular instance, a surplus
occurs between June and late September. A small Deficit occurs in March through late
May.
26
107. DRAFT 9/23/2009
What size cistern is needed?
Here, green represents the harvested rainwater used for irrigation and the blue, the
rainwater that is stored in the cistern.
The deficit that occurs in April and May, which accounts for about 600 gallons, should be
added to total amount needed in April. The minimum capacity required during April is
1,915 gallons (1,308 + 407 + 200) to make it through the ‘dry period’ of April and May.
This happens to be the maximum amount of volume stored throughout the year, as no
other month requires this much volume. For this particular case, an adequately sized
cistern is one whose capacity is approximately 2,000 gallons.
27
116. How much treatment is needed?
Non‐potable uses
Minimal treatment
Filter remove sediments, etc. runoff from roof (as mentioned earlier)
Filter – remove sediments etc runoff from roof (as mentioned earlier)
Potable (not addressed here)
Significant treatment
Filtering
*******************************************
When the water is to be used just for landscape irrigation, only sediment filtration is
typically required. Sustainable Construction Green Building Design and Delivery
typically required. – Sustainable Construction – Green Building Design and Delivery –
Charles J. Kibert
36
131. Rainwater Harvesting With Cisterns for
Landscape Irrigation
Pacia Hernandez*
University of South Florida, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Tampa, FL, USA
*
Florida Rainwater Harvesting Initiative
David Bracciano*
Tampa Bay Water, Clearwater, FL, USA
Thomas Rupert*
University of Florida, Levin College of Law, Gainesville, FL, USA
Skip Wright*
Newberg Irrigation Inc., St. Petersburg, FL, USA
Daniel H. Yeh, Ph.D., P.E., LEED AP*
University of South Florida, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Tampa, FL, USA
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper is to present the technical content and sources reviewed in the
development of the Florida Rainwater Harvesting Initiative’s public training workshops. Said
workshops are to be presented by FYN (Florida Yards and Neighborhoods) program either as a
substitute or in conjunction with the Rain Barrel Workshops throughout Florida.
This paper describes the major parts of a rainwater harvesting system, the function of each, and
what components may be necessary specifically for landscape irrigation use. Estimating
irrigation demand and calculating cistern sizing based on demand are also considered.
INTRODUCTION frozen as ice and snow, or below ground.4 Not
An ample water supply meant the survival of only are fresh water sources limited, but drought
many ancient civilizations. The inhabitants of conditions, together with increasing population
the ancient middle- eastern city of Petra were and the lack of availability of potable water make
able to control their water supply by the use of it even more valuable. Several regions in the
dams, cisterns and water conduits. They United States, including the Tampa Bay area,
developed the ability to store water during are currently experiencing drought conditions
prolonged droughts. Their plentiful supply of that are expected to persist.
water put them on the map as a hub for the
east-west trade route.1 For the ancient Mayans In some parts of Florida, irrigation can account
living in the city of Sayil, water was quite scarce. for over 50% of a single family’s water use.
The water table lay 200 feet below ground which Therefore, a logical first step in solving the water
motivated them to discover how to collect and shortage problem is mitigating potable water use
store rainwater. Archaeologists have discovered for irrigation. This can be accomplished by
that each household had at least one educating citizens and businesses to reduce
underground cistern.2 Even below the streets of their use of potable water for irrigation and
the famous ancient city of Alexandria lies a substituting an alternative water source, such as
system of cisterns.3 rainwater. This strategy is gaining popularity in
the Tampa Bay region. For instance, local
Today, water’s scarcity is also making it a very citizens are on a waiting list in order to benefit
valuable resource. Only 2.5% of the world’s from Hillsborough County’s Extension Office free
water is freshwater. Of that 2.5%, 0.3% can be Rain Barrel Workshops.5
found in our lakes and rivers. The rest is either An important lesson that rain barrel users learn
in harvesting their own water is that the typical
55 gallon rain barrel captures only a fraction of
1
(The Jordan Tourism Board, 2008)
2 4
(NOVA, 2008) (United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP))
3 5
(Dunn) (University of Florida, 2008)
Rainwater Harvesting With Cisterns for Landscape Irrigation 1
132. the available rainwater that falls on their roof. • Homeowners have greater water
For example, (see Figure 1) a 2,000 square foot independence, a reliable source for
roof can capture almost 23,000 gallons per year, irrigation, decreased water bills, a capital
while a mere 700 is captured by rain barrel. improvement to their property
That is only 3% of the available rainwater; nearly • Developers can count on ‘diverted’ water
97% is lost. This is a motivating factor in moving from irrigation to be available for new
towards larger storage medium, such as residential or commercial development
cisterns.
Though the focus of this research is for the
Another indicator of the public’s acceptance of application of landscape irrigation (non-potable),
rainwater harvesting is the growing number of there are also many other uses for rainwater:
buildings that use cisterns. Rinker Hall at the outdoor applications, such as washing cars,
University of Florida in Gainesville has an 8,000 replenishing pools and fountains, indoor uses
gallon cistern to collect rainwater for toilet such as toilet flushing, clothes washing and
flushing. Similarly, Learning Gate Community showering, industrial processes, and, with
School in Lutz has a 10,000 gallon system for proper filtration and treatment, even for drinking.
toilet flushing. Cisterns are not only for schools, Different design criteria, regulations, costs and
or for toilet flushing. A residential home in St. health concerns will apply for systems other than
Petersburg, Florida stores 1,000 gallons of those intended strictly for landscape irrigation.
rainwater by cistern for landscape irrigation.
THE RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM
There are five main parts to a rainwater
harvesting system (see Figure 2):
• Catchment Area (roof)
• Conveyance (gutters/downspouts)
• Pretreatment (filters, first-flush)
• Storage (cistern)
Based on a 2,000 sq. ft. • Distribution (to irrigation system)
catchment area with adjusted
rainfall quantities.
Catchment Area
The catchment area can consist of mostly
anything. Island dwellers use tarps attached to
trees to capture rainwater. However, if
harvesting rainwater for use relative to a
building, using the existing roof surface makes
more sense.
Catchment surface material is not of primary
importance when the intended use is irrigation.
For potable applications, however, this becomes
more of an issue because of the possible
leaching of contaminants into the water that is
collected (such as from asphalt shingles).
Material is also an issue when considering how
much is to be captured (system efficiency), as
Figure 1 – Rainwater Capture by Rain Barrel
well as how quickly any given rain event
‘washes’ particles from the roof’s surface. In
BENEFITS AND USES OF RAINWATER other words, the slicker the material is, the
There are many benefits to harvesting rainwater:
quicker debris is washed off and the greater the
• Environmental reasons include reducing
quantity of clean water that can be captured.
stormwater runoff (by creating on-site
stormwater retention)
The size of the catchment area determines the
• Using less energy and reducing green harvesting potential for the intended application.
house gases from reduced potable water
This aspect is addressed under the topic of
system demand
System Sizing.
Rainwater Harvesting With Cisterns for Landscape Irrigation 2
133. regularly (like the filter in a clothes dryer - after
every cycle); others are virtually self-cleaning,
and require minimal maintenance. The self-
cleaning types have two drawbacks: they (1)
tend to lose water in the process and (2) are
more expensive.
Another level of filtration that is commonly used
is the ‘roof-washer’ or a first-flush device. Its
purpose is to capture the first part of a rain
event, with the intent of diverting the dirty or
contaminated water (e.g. bird dropping residue)
from entering the tank. In doing so, the stored
water will remain relatively free from
contamination and will minimize the frequency of
cleaning the interior of the tank. Since there are
many variables that can affect how quickly a roof
Figure 2 – Anatomy of the System is ‘washed’ with a rain event (e.g. intensity and
time since previous rain event, slope and
Conveyance porosity of catchment surface), there are
Conveyance consists of gutters and disagreements on how much should be flushed.
downspouts. This part of the system moves the Some sources say 10 gallons for 1000 square
captured water from the roof, through gutters feet of catchment surface6. Others say more.
and downspouts, down to the storage tank or Another school of thought subscribes to no
cistern. Various materials are used with the flushing at all. This method may be used where
most desirable being the aluminum seamless rain is scarce and collecting every possible drop
type. Seamless is desirable for two reasons (1) is more important than how clean the water is.
less water is lost if it is water tight and (2) less Water quality is improved post-storage, by
opportunity of mosquitoes to penetrate the adding a filtration system (a combination of a
system and infest the stored rainwater. As with series of filter cartridges with ultraviolet light or
standard gutter system design, the size and other treatment as needed and required by local
slope of the catchment surface determines the agencies) prior to use.
number of downspouts required and the location
of downspouts relative to the gutters. The One final level of filtration that is commonly used
distance from ridge to eave also determines the with cisterns for irrigation is one that is within the
size of the required downspouts and the tank itself: the floating suction filter. This filter is
frequency a downspout is needed. attached at the end of a hose which floats on the
water surface and collects the water near the top
A common issue with gutters is that leaves and of the tank. With very few particles floating on
twigs interrupt the flow of water, requiring the surface (most of the particles accumulate at
frequent cleaning. Gutter accessories minimize the bottom of the tank), suctioning water from
the frequency of maintenance, with the ultimate the top of the tank would provide the cleanest
goal being the collection of the cleanest water water possible.
possible for storage.
Storage
Pretreatment The cistern is the storage component of the
Pretreatment (or filtration) usually occurs rainwater harvesting system. It is available in an
between the downspout and the storage tank, infinite amount of colors, sizes, shapes and
removing impurities before they reach the tank. types of materials. If a pre-fabricated tank is
Debris and contaminants can consist of leaves, selected, it should be black, a dark color, or UV
twigs, dust or particles (from shingles or resistant, such that no light can penetrate it
pollution), and possibly bird droppings. (sunlight penetration encourages algae growth
within the tank). Both above and below ground
Pre-filtration screens are screened baskets that
hold back larger debris (such as leaves, twigs, 6
(Texas Water Development Board, Third Edition,
and pollen pods). Some must be cleaned 2005, p. 8)
Rainwater Harvesting With Cisterns for Landscape Irrigation 3
134. type cisterns are available. Underground tanks pump needs to kick on and build up pressure in
require excavation costs and more structurally the system for use. For the pump, this would
sound walls, which may be more expensive than mean short on-off cycles until demand is met,
installing a tank above ground. As far as costs and thus shortening the pump’s life. A pressure
are concerned, the cistern is usually the most tank system would provide water (under
expensive component of the rainwater pressure) between cycles, eliminating both the
harvesting system. constant cycling and wait times between cycles.
Consulting a plumbing professional is highly
Any given cistern (above or below ground) will recommended in selecting the best equipment
require an inlet, an outlet, an overflow and a for each application.
manway (see Figure 3). The overflow will be
positioned close to the top of the tank in case SYSTEM SIZING
collected rainwater exceeds the cistern’s There are several methods for sizing a cistern:
capacity. Overflow should be routed away from • Water Balance Method
the tank (either by piping or site grading) to a • Major Storm Event Method
location that can accommodate the overflow • Demand Method
volume and will not cause erosion or flooding. A
flap valve (or similar device) should be used at The water balance method is similar to
this opening to keep out unwanted animals or balancing a checkbook. Using the size of the
insects. The manway is essential to allow catchment area, the amount of potential
access to the inside for cleaning/servicing the rainwater capture would be calculated and
tank. It should be safely secured at all times to added as the amount coming ‘in’ to the system,
keep out animals and children. The cistern is subtracting monthly demand (amount needed for
considered a confined space; appropriate safety irrigation as amount coming ‘out’), and
procedures should be followed. evaluating the size and affordability of storage
capacity.
The major storm event method sizes the cistern
by assuming to collect all available rainwater
during the heaviest storm event. For example, if
the largest storm event has been measured to
be approximately 4 inches, then the catchment
area is multiplied by the conversion factor and
runoff coefficient. Said volume would be the
cistern size.
Since the Tampa Bay region does not
experience long periods of drought (it rains most
months), the most appropriate method is the
Figure 3 – Anatomy of a Cistern demand method. It would determine tank size
according to the amount of anticipated water
Some recommended options for the tank could demand. Rainfall capture potential is calculated
include a: by a simple formula:
• Hose bibb - for ease in emptying the tank
• Turbulence calming device - since particles Equation 1: A x R=G
and debris tends to settle at the bottom of
the tank, this would minimize mixing when Where
water enters the tank. A = Catchment area of building (in square feet)
R = Inches of Rainfall (inches)
Distribution G = Gallons of Rainwater collected (gallons)
Ultimately, the system will need to be connected
to the irrigation system. A pump is needed in
order to provide sufficient head for water to be Size of Catchment Area
distributed to the desired location. The down Step one would be to calculated the rainfall
side to a regular pump is that water is not potential for the catchment area available.
‘ready-to-go’ at a moment’s notice, but rather Calculating the area is as simple as multiplying
Rainwater Harvesting With Cisterns for Landscape Irrigation 4
135. the length times the width of the roof. The key is can vary from 0.7 – 0.958. Because of this,
in calculating the roof footprint, regardless of another rule of thumb is used:
how the roof is sloped.
Rule of Thumb
(which includes runoff coefficient for losses)
One inch of rain falling on one square
foot of catchment area = 0.5 gallons of
rainwater collected.
The above rule of thumb reflects a C-Coefficient
of 0.8. A more accurate estimate for capture
potential would be:
Equation 3: A x R x 0.5 = G
Figure 3 – Roof Footprint 7
2000 sq. ft. x 2 in x 0.5 = 2,000 gallons
Amount of Rainfall
There is a rule of thumb that is used to quickly Water Use Demand
calculate rainfall potential: The same general equation applies with regards
to water demand, with only one difference:
Rule of Thumb instead of rainfall, ET (evapotranspiration factor)
is used.
One inch of rain falling on one square
foot of catchment area = 0.623 gallons Equation 4: A x ET x 0.623 = G
of rainwater collected.
ET is the sum of evaporation and transpiration,
which is basically the amount of water a plant
needs. Each plant type requires different
We can think of a ‘slice’ or ‘chunk’ of rain that is amounts of water in order to survive. ET rates
one inch thick and one square foot in area also vary geographically and over time.
equaling 0.623 gallons. Basically, this number is A good source for ET rates for the Tampa Bay
a conversion factor that converts inches per region is http://www.floridaturf.com/ , which are
square foot to gallons. The equation now based on the Steward and Mills, 1967 study.
becomes The ET rates for the coveted St. Augustine turf
grass is shown in Figure 4.
Equation 2: A x R x 0.623 = G
Reliability of Rainwater
For a 2,000 square foot catchment area and 2 The reliability of rainwater for irrigation use
inches of rain, depends on several factors: sufficient quantity
of rainfall, efficiency of the system, and
2000 sq. ft. x 2 in x 0.623 = 2,492 gallons meticulousness of the harvester. The amount of
rain that falls on any given region varies from
However, 100% of the rain is not generally year to year9. Even though predictability is not
captured. There are factors, such as entirely possible, estimates can provide a good
evaporation, the over-running of gutters, water sense of how much rainwater to expect to
loss due to filtration and/or first-flush, which capture.
reduces the captured amount. The runoff
coefficients (C-Coefficients) for roof surfaces
7 8
(Texas Water Development Board, Third Edition, (Michael R. Lindeburg, 2001, pp. A-43)
9
2005) (NCDC, 2007)
Rainwater Harvesting With Cisterns for Landscape Irrigation 5
136. Water use for irrigating the St. Augustine turf. With the use
Month (inches) of a cistern, captured rainwater could facilitate
January 2 the use of rainwater whenever needed,
February 2.5 especially during periods when rain is scarce.
March 3.4
April 4.2 More than enough rain
May 5.2
June 4.3 Not enough rain
July 4.8 (typical)
August 4.8
September 3.9
October 3.4
November 2.5
December 1.9
Total 42.8
Means of five years'
observations of
evapotranspiration on St.
Augustinegrass turf, Plantation,
Florida (Stewart and Mills, 1967). Figure 6 – Turf Water Requirements and
Figure 4 – ET Rates Adjusted Yearly Rainfall
Immediately following is an analysis of rainwater During a drought period, the amount of rainfall
harvesting potential paired with irrigation can be significantly reduced. To illustrate, an
demand for a small plot of St. Augustine turf. ‘average’ rainfall year can be reduced by 50%.
This would produce a conservative ‘adjusted’
rainfall rate for calculating the anticipated rainfall
More than enough rain
amount (see Figure 6). Deficits would now exist
throughout the year.
Not enough rain
(typical) Consider a 2,000 square foot catchment area
that is to be used to irrigate 500 square feet of
St. Augustine turf (in Florida). Rainwater is to be
collected during a drought year in a cistern.
What is the minimum sized cistern that can
accommodate the required demand?
Figure 7 shows the irrigation demand and
collection potential relationship volumes. It
Figure 5 – Turf Water Requirements and
clearly depicts which times during the year
Average Yearly Rainfall
yields a surplus and where there is a deficit – or
need – for additional water. In this particular
Figure 5 shows the amount of water that is
instance, a surplus occurs between June and
required to irrigate a St. Augustine lawn per
late September. A small deficit occurs in April
month and the average rainfall for the Tampa
through May.
area10 . It is apparent that there are times during
the year that there is ample rainfall for a typical
St. Augustine lawn, while at other times there is
not. Deficits generally occur during March
through late May, and again during October and
November. It seems that the timing of rainfall
only rainwater could be captured (or harvested)
during the rainy season (June through
September), there would be sufficient rainwater
10
(NOAA Satelite and Information Service, 2008)
Rainwater Harvesting With Cisterns for Landscape Irrigation 6
137. More than enough rain
(typical)
Not enough
rain
Figure 9 – Average Cistern Costs by Material
Figure 7 – Yearly Rainwater Collection Type 11
Potential
Economic Considerations
In viewing how water is used and stored in the The most costly portion of the initial investment
cistern, the method for sizing a cistern becomes (including design, components and installation)
more obvious. Figure 8 depicts the same data is the cost of the cistern. Costs for the cistern
shown in Figure 7 only shown as water levels can vary depending on material type, above or
within the cistern. The deficit that occurs in April below ground (needs to be more structurally
and May, which accounts for about 600 gallons, sound) and relative distance between site and
should be added to total amount needed in April. manufacturer (shipping). The cistern:
The minimum capacity required during April is installation cost ratio is approximately 60:40 12.
1,915 gallons (1,308 + 407 + 200) to make it Therefore, a complete 2,000 rainwater
through the ‘dry period’ of April and May. This harvesting system (that would serve the
happens to be the maximum amount of volume example considered earlier) could cost between
stored throughout the year, as no other month $2,000 to $3,500 (see Figure 10). Costs can be
requires this much volume. For this particular reduced by taking other water conservation
case, an adequately sized cistern is one whose measures. Consider the size of tank and
capacity is approximately 2,000 gallons. material selection.
Figure 8 – Cistern Rainwater Levels Figure 10 – Estimated Costs for a 2,000
Gallon Rainwater Harvesting System13 14
As a side note, most months show a surplus that
is stored in the cistern for the following month. A
11
larger cistern or adding additional cisterns could (Texas Water Development Board, Third Edition,
2005, p. Table 6.1)
yield greater rainwater potential. 12
(Water Environment Research Foundation, 2009)
13
(Texas Water Development Board, Third Edition,
2005, p. Table 6.1)
Rainwater Harvesting With Cisterns for Landscape Irrigation 7
138. Irrigation Options rates have not been officially established and
There are other methods for irrigating that are therefore anticipating collection potential is
efficient. Passive Irrigation/Collection is a difficult. An approximate amount of condensate
rainwater collection technique that involves that can be collected can vary between 3-5
contouring the landscape in a manner in which gallons per day for every 1000 square feet. This
water is collected in depressions where trees or amount alone is not significant enough in
flower beds are located, eliminating the need for residential applications to be an alternative
manual or mechanical irrigation. Brad source.
Lancaster, a well known rainwater harvester
who lives in the Sonoran Desert, is an avid Component Reliability
promoter of this rainwater collection technique. The reliability of the equipment or components
A very informative video on this topic can be of the system depend mostly on regular
viewed at inspections and maintenance. Manufacturers
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k9Ku_xpyLK4 provide general information on average life and
&feature=related. recommended maintenance. Anticipated
replacement life for some system parts:
Retrofitting irrigation system to be of drip type
can also be a water saving option. The amount Filters
of water used is minimized and precious water is • Cartridges for potable systems: 3 to 6
applied at the roots rather than being sprayed months
into the air using traditional lawn sprinklers. • Roof washing types: (see manufacturer’s
specifications)
The application of Florida Friendly Landscaping
techniques can be most beneficial. Drought Pumps
tolerant plants can reduce the amount of turf and • Approximately 3 years (see manufacturer’s
irrigation required in order to keep a beautiful specifications)
landscape. Information can be found at
http://www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/yards/ . • With a pressure vessel: generally longer
Water Quality than pump alone (see manufacturer’s
The quality of collected rainwater has always specifications)
been a concern, as is how it would change over Tanks
time. Generally, rainwater is the ‘cleanest’ • Approximately 20 to 30 years, depending on
source of water. It does not come in contact material and environmental conditions (see
with the soil (as groundwater does), therefore it manufacturer’s specifications)
does not contain harmful bacteria, dissolved
salts or heavy metals that would need to be Operation and Maintenance
treated or removed. The quality of harvested Maintenance costs for a non-potable use system
rainwater would rely mostly on the level of care can be kept low, if the owner performs the
and meticulousness that the harvester maintains required maintenance.
in the system.
Some maintenance responsibilities include:
The end use of the water would determine the
applicable level of treatment that is required. • Check for debris in tank (tank should be
EPA’s “Managing Wet Weather with Green cleaned out about once a year)
Infrastructure Municipal Handbook, Rainwater
Harvesting Policies” (Table 3) suggests pre- • Inspect gutters and downspouts regularly
filtration and first-flush diverters as minimum (remove debris)
water quality treatment options for outdoor uses.
• First flush bypass (check drain holes are
An additional source of high quality water that is clear for proper function)
readily available during hot, humid summer
months is AC condensate. This water source is • Inspect downspout seals and entrances
of sufficiently high quality that it can be stored in (check for leaks)
the cistern along with rainwater. Production
14
(Water Environment Research Foundation, 2009)
Rainwater Harvesting With Cisterns for Landscape Irrigation 8
139. Barriers and Incentives Some suggestions would be to:
There are no rules currently in place that would
prohibit the installation rainwater harvesting • Research the topic. Educate yourself on the
systems in the Tampa Bay area. Non-potable subject.
rainwater applications have fewer code
requirements and associated costs than potable • Visit demonstration sites.
ones.
• Speak to vendors, irrigation/rainwater
Public agencies and organizations in the Tampa harvesting professionals.
Bay area do not currently offer any monetary
incentives for those wanting to install rainwater • Start small. Improvements and additions
harvesting systems in their homes. There are could always be made at a later time.
places in Florida where incentives are offered.
For instance, the Florida Keys Aqueduct SUGGESTED READING
Authority is currently offering monetary incentive Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting
to residents who convert their decommissioned
septic tanks into cisterns for rainwater EPA’s Managing Wet Weather with Green
harvesting. 15 Infrastructure Municipal Handbook Rainwater
Harvesting Policies
CONCLUSION
Using rainwater as an alternative water source Rainwater Harvesting for Drylands and Beyond
for irrigation is a very logical first step in by Brad Lancaster
conserving potable water. In educating the
public about harvesting rainwater, a second Rainwater Collection for the Mechanically
lesson is learned in practice: Rainwater users Challenged by Suzy Banks
learn to be more cautious with water usage.
Putting together a rainwater harvesting system
for irrigating landscapes is not rocket science.
The components are simple enough for
homeowners to put together on their own with
some education on the topic.
Systems can become complex depending on
system size, intended use, and location. An
excellent source of technical and professional
help in building or developing said systems is
ARCSA. ARCSA (the American Rainwater
Catchment Systems Association) provides
informal publications and networking for
rainwater users. Their website is at
www.arcsa.org.
Since the issue of conserving potable water and
using alternative water sources (such as
rainwater) is gaining momentum throughout the
country in recent months, there is ample
information at their reach: online sources,
irrigation/rainwater harvesting professionals, and
demonstration sites.
15
(United Press International, Inc., 2009)
Rainwater Harvesting With Cisterns for Landscape Irrigation 9
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E. W. Bob Boulware, P. (January 20, 2009).
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