The enricher component is used to enrich Mule messages by adding additional data from external systems or transformations. It extracts information from the payload and saves it to variables without modifying the original payload. For example, an enricher could call a database to lookup a state code based on a zip code in the payload and add the state to a new variable for the target system. The enricher supports more complex use cases by allowing parts of the external system response to enrich specific fields rather than the full payload.