LYMPHOID ORGANS,DEFINITION-The organs concerned with the production, maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes are called as lymphoid organs.1°(central) lymphoid organs,thymus and bone marrow.
Immune system consists of two organs primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
1-Primary (Central) lymphoid organs.
2-Secondary (Peripheral) lymphoid organs.
1-Thymus Gland.
2-Bone Marrow.
They consist of ….
Spleen.
Lymph nodes.
Mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue.
The sites of immune cell birth and the locations where they mature are considered primary lymphatic organs.
Locations in the body where immune cells become activated, reside, or carry out their functions are called secondary lymphatic organs
This presentation gives you the detailed description of various cells & organs of immune systems that participates (particularly, in combination), make communication between themselves to regulate the whole immune system very precisely.
Immune system consists of two organs primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
1-Primary (Central) lymphoid organs.
2-Secondary (Peripheral) lymphoid organs.
1-Thymus Gland.
2-Bone Marrow.
They consist of ….
Spleen.
Lymph nodes.
Mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue.
The sites of immune cell birth and the locations where they mature are considered primary lymphatic organs.
Locations in the body where immune cells become activated, reside, or carry out their functions are called secondary lymphatic organs
This presentation gives you the detailed description of various cells & organs of immune systems that participates (particularly, in combination), make communication between themselves to regulate the whole immune system very precisely.
It is in these organs where the cells of the immune system do their actual job of fighting off germs and foreign substances.
Bone marrow. Bone marrow is a sponge-like tissue found inside the bones. ...
Thymus. The thymus is located behind the breastbone above the heart. ...
Lymph nodes. ...
Spleen. ...
Tonsils. ...
Mucous membranes.
Lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the immune system of jawed vertebrate. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells (which function in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity), T cells (for cell-mediated, cytotoxic adaptive immunity), and B cells (for humoral, antibody-driven adaptive immunity). They are the main type of cell found in lymph, which prompted the name "lymphocyte". Th all myeloid and lymphoid cells develop from one type of stem cell called as Hematopoietic stem cell is a undifferentiated cell give rise to further diffetentiation of all the immune cell as well as blood cells include the T- cell and B-cell. The B-cell is synthesis and matured in the Bone Marrow and T- cell is synthesis in Bone marrow but matured in the thymus. In this topic will be discussed how the B-cell and T-cell are developed
T cells are one of the important white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response and are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on their cell surface.
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system.. B cells produce antibody molecules.
In mammals, B cells mature in the bone marrow, which is at the core of most bones. In birds, B cells mature in the bursa of Fabricus.
B cells present antigens (they are also classified as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)) and secrete cytokines.
A number of morphologically and functionally diverse organs and tissue organs and tissue contribute to the development of immune responses .
These organs can be distinguished by function as the primary and secondary lymphoid organs .
It is in these organs where the cells of the immune system do their actual job of fighting off germs and foreign substances.
Bone marrow. Bone marrow is a sponge-like tissue found inside the bones. ...
Thymus. The thymus is located behind the breastbone above the heart. ...
Lymph nodes. ...
Spleen. ...
Tonsils. ...
Mucous membranes.
Lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the immune system of jawed vertebrate. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells (which function in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity), T cells (for cell-mediated, cytotoxic adaptive immunity), and B cells (for humoral, antibody-driven adaptive immunity). They are the main type of cell found in lymph, which prompted the name "lymphocyte". Th all myeloid and lymphoid cells develop from one type of stem cell called as Hematopoietic stem cell is a undifferentiated cell give rise to further diffetentiation of all the immune cell as well as blood cells include the T- cell and B-cell. The B-cell is synthesis and matured in the Bone Marrow and T- cell is synthesis in Bone marrow but matured in the thymus. In this topic will be discussed how the B-cell and T-cell are developed
T cells are one of the important white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response and are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on their cell surface.
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system.. B cells produce antibody molecules.
In mammals, B cells mature in the bone marrow, which is at the core of most bones. In birds, B cells mature in the bursa of Fabricus.
B cells present antigens (they are also classified as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)) and secrete cytokines.
A number of morphologically and functionally diverse organs and tissue organs and tissue contribute to the development of immune responses .
These organs can be distinguished by function as the primary and secondary lymphoid organs .
This Power Point provides quality information about the cells and organs of the human immune system and how these cell and organs work and coordinate with other organ-system in the body.
LYMPHOID ORGANS DEFINITION:The organs concerned with the production, maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes are called as lymphoid organs.Types of Lymphoid organsPrimary or central lymphoid organs
and
Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs, Thymus, THYMUS-CORTEX,CORTICOMEDULLARY JUNCTION,Thymus- Medulla,Functions of Thymus,Thymectomy,Bone marrow (BM),FUNCTIONS OF BONE MARROW,BM functions as both primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
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Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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3. Types of Lymphoid organs
There are two types of lymphoid organs:
Primary or central lymphoid organs
and
Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs.
4. 1°(central) lymphoid organs
These are the major site for the formation of lymphocytes.
Here, the T lymphocytes and В lymphocytes mature into
immunocompetent cells by acquiring their antigen-specific receptors
(in the absence of any antigenic stimulation). After maturation, the
lymphocytes migrate to secondary lymphoid organs through blood and
lymph.
Primary lymphoid organs include thymus and bone marrow.
T cells mature in thymus and B cells in bone marrow.
5. 2° or peripheral lymphoid organ
These organs are those where antigen is concentrated and
allowed to interact with immune cells for proper immune
response.
These include spleen, lymph node and MALT that includes
NALT, GALT, BALT and genitourinary system.
In addition, there are 3° lymphoid organ that consists of loose
aggregates of lymphocytes often found in connective tissue.
The most important 3° lymphoid tissues are the cutaneous-
associated lymphoid tissues.
6. Thymus
Thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the
immune system. Within the thymus, T cells mature.
It resembles a thyme leaf and hence the name.
It is situated below the thyroid gland and above the heart in the thorax region
as a derivative of pharynx.
It begins its development on the 6th week of gestation.
It is quite large in size at the time of birth but keeps reducing with age.
It is a bilobed structure and the two lobes are covered by a fibrous capsule.
Each lobe is organised into lobules which are separated from one another by
septae called as trabeculae.
7. THYMUS-CORTEX
Each lobule is organized into 2 compartments - outer cortex and inner medulla criss -crossed
by the network of stroma.
The cortex consists of immature T lymphocytes (thymocytes), reticular epithelial cells and
macrophages.
As the T cells mature, they move from cortex to medulla.
The reticular cells form a three dimensional network and in the meshes of which the
lymphocytes are found. These reticular cells are also called as ‘nurse cells’.
In thymus, thymocytes undergo rapid proliferation.
Rapid cell division is coupled with a high rate of cell death so that finally a very small subset
of thymocytes migrate from cortex to medulla after thymic education.
On the way to medulla, thymocytes begins to express receptors for Ags and surface markers.
8. THYMUS - CORTICOMEDULLARY JUNCTION
It is the site where the selection of right T-cells occurs. T cells
undergo thymic education through positive and negative
selection.
T cells either self- reactive or do not recognize foreign Ag
displayed on self MHC are deleted (negative selection).
Only the T cells whose receptor recognizes a foreign Ag plus
self- MHC molecule are allowed to mature and enter the medulla
(positive selection).
10. Thymus- Medulla
The medulla consists of vascular structure, more reticular
epithelial cells and scattered mature T lymphocytes.
There are also some interdigitating cells associated with the
epithelial network and these cells are rich in MHC class II
antigens.
Hassall’s corpuscles - the whorls of epithelial cells around a
central core of degenerating epithelial cells with unknown
functions are also present.
11. Thymus… contd…
The T lymphocytes are mature but nonfunctional or naive when they are
inside the thymus, as they do not come in contact with the antigens. This is
mainly because of the presence of epithelial barrier which prevents the
antigens of the blood to contact the lymphocytes of the thymus.
These non-functional T lymphocytes travel through blood and lymph
circulation and finally reach the thymus dependent areas of the secondary
lymphoid organs (spleen) and get colonized there.
In the secondary lymphoid organs, these T cells become functional by
antigenic stimulation.
12. Functions of Thymus
Thymus is the site for T cell maturation and proliferation.
It brings about cell mediated immunity.
It is responsible for graft rejection.
13. Thymectomy
Removal of thymus in mice results in
Impairment of cell mediated immunity
drastic change in allograft rejection
delayed type hypersensitivity reaction
Wasting syndrome (hunched appearance, ruffled fur and
diarrhoea.)
Immunodeficiency
In humans,
Congenital Birth Defect- Di George Syndrome (delays in learning
to walk or talk and other developmental and learning delays).
14. Bone marrow (BM)
BM is a major haematopoietic cellular connective
tissue within the bone that produces all immune
cells and delivers them into the circulation.
There are 3 types of bone marrow tissues:
Red Marrow
White Marrow
Stroma
BM is richly supplied with blood vessels and
capillaries but it lacks lymphatic vessels.
15. Bone marrow…contd…
Red marrow-red because of the presence of RBC and its precursors.
- Site of active haematopoiesis found in the flat bones.
- At birth all bone marrow are red. With increasing age almost half of it is
converted into yellow marrow.
Yellow marrow- yellow because of the presence of fat cells found in the
interior of long bones.
- Reduced haematopoiesis.
- These two forms are interconvertible as demands change.
Stroma- tissue of BM provides microenvironment for haematopoiesis.
Cytokines and growth factors are produced. Supply ion to RBC.
16. FUNCTIONS OF BONE MARROW
Site of stem (blood) cell formation.
Functions both as primary and secondary lymphoid organs
B cells origin and mature
Selection process occurs that deletes those B cells which are self – reactive
Mature B cells exit via vascular sinuses and enter the blood stream
Some of the lymphoid stem cells migrate to thymus for their maturation into T cells.
Cytokines and growth factors are secreted by stroma of bone marrow.
Bone marrow is also a source of antibody synthesis
17. BM functions as both primary and
secondary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow functions as primary lymphoid organ as the B cells are
developed and differentiated into immunocompetent B cells in it.
In mammals, few days after secondary response, activated memory B
cells migrate into bone marrow where they mature into plasma cells. By
producing specific antibodies to antigens, the bone marrow acts as a
secondary lymphoid organ.