LymphaticImmuneSystem
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Phagocytosis is the process by which phagocytes ingest and digest foreign particles like bacteria. Phagocytes are immune cells that engulf pathogens and cellular debris. Hodgkin's lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that originates from lymphocytes in lymph nodes. Common symptoms include enlarged lymph nodes and fatigue. Treatment depends on disease stage and may include radiation, chemotherapy, or stem cell transplantation. Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown cause that forms lesions in lymph nodes and organs like the lungs. It can improve spontaneously and treatments include corticosteroids.
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The document discusses three conditions: phagocytosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and sarcoidosis. Phagocytosis is the process by which the immune system uses phagocytes to engulf and destroy pathogens. Hodgkin's lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that causes abnormal cell growth and spreads. Sarcoidosis causes inflammatory granulomas to form in tissues, often affecting the lungs. It has no known cause but may be genetic or due to an immune response.
Toxemia
Toxemia is defined as the accumulation of toxins in the blood due to the body being unable to eliminate waste as fast as it is produced. This can occur due to physical causes, mental excitement, or bad habits which enervate the body. The buildup of toxins will continue until vital energy is restored by removing the causes of the accumulation. All diseases are considered crises where the body attempts to eliminate toxins from the blood. According to Dr. J.H. Tilden, toxemia progresses through seven stages - from enervation to fungation - which can lead to chronic disease if not addressed.
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Gas gangrene is an infective gangrene caused by clostridial organisms like Clostridium perfringens that mainly affects skeletal muscle. It occurs when these anaerobic bacteria infect wounds in oxygen-deprived tissues, producing toxins that cause tissue death. Symptoms include fever, tachycardia, skin discoloration, foul wound discharge, and muscle necrosis with gas formation. Diagnosis is based on clinical features but can be supported by investigations. Aggressive treatment requires antibiotics, surgery to debride dead tissue, and sometimes amputation or hyperbaric oxygen to prevent fatal spread of infection. Proper wound care and prompt treatment are important to prevent gas gangrene.
Lymphadenopathy & splenomegaly & hepatomegaly
Lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly refer to enlarged lymph nodes and spleen respectively. Lymph nodes filter lymph and activate immune responses. The spleen filters blood and mounts immune responses. Enlargement can occur due to infection, inflammation, malignancy, or infiltration. Evaluation involves examining node/spleen characteristics and investigating for underlying causes. Treatment focuses on the specific condition causing enlargement. Hepatomegaly has many potential causes like infection, congestion, or infiltration. Evaluation involves history, exam, blood tests and imaging to identify the underlying liver problem.
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Lymphadenitis is an infection of the lymph nodes that causes swelling. It is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi near the site of infection. Symptoms include swollen and tender lymph nodes. Treatment involves antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, or pain medication. Hodgkin's disease is a cancer of the lymphatic system where cells grow abnormally. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes and weight loss. Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation, or stem cell transplant. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma occurs when lymphocytes overproduce, forming tumors. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, and night sweats.
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The document discusses three conditions: phagocytosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and sarcoidosis. Phagocytosis is the process by which the immune system uses phagocytes to engulf and destroy pathogens. Hodgkin's lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that causes abnormal cell growth and spreads. Sarcoidosis causes inflammatory granulomas to form in tissues, often affecting the lungs. It has no known cause but may be genetic or due to an immune response.
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Toxemia is defined as the accumulation of toxins in the blood due to the body being unable to eliminate waste as fast as it is produced. This can occur due to physical causes, mental excitement, or bad habits which enervate the body. The buildup of toxins will continue until vital energy is restored by removing the causes of the accumulation. All diseases are considered crises where the body attempts to eliminate toxins from the blood. According to Dr. J.H. Tilden, toxemia progresses through seven stages - from enervation to fungation - which can lead to chronic disease if not addressed.
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Gas gangrene is an infective gangrene caused by clostridial organisms like Clostridium perfringens that mainly affects skeletal muscle. It occurs when these anaerobic bacteria infect wounds in oxygen-deprived tissues, producing toxins that cause tissue death. Symptoms include fever, tachycardia, skin discoloration, foul wound discharge, and muscle necrosis with gas formation. Diagnosis is based on clinical features but can be supported by investigations. Aggressive treatment requires antibiotics, surgery to debride dead tissue, and sometimes amputation or hyperbaric oxygen to prevent fatal spread of infection. Proper wound care and prompt treatment are important to prevent gas gangrene.
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Lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly refer to enlarged lymph nodes and spleen respectively. Lymph nodes filter lymph and activate immune responses. The spleen filters blood and mounts immune responses. Enlargement can occur due to infection, inflammation, malignancy, or infiltration. Evaluation involves examining node/spleen characteristics and investigating for underlying causes. Treatment focuses on the specific condition causing enlargement. Hepatomegaly has many potential causes like infection, congestion, or infiltration. Evaluation involves history, exam, blood tests and imaging to identify the underlying liver problem.
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Lymphadenitis is an infection of the lymph nodes that causes swelling. It is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi near the site of infection. Symptoms include swollen and tender lymph nodes. Treatment involves antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, or pain medication. Hodgkin's disease is a cancer of the lymphatic system where cells grow abnormally. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes and weight loss. Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation, or stem cell transplant. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma occurs when lymphocytes overproduce, forming tumors. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, and night sweats.
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1) Peptic ulcer disease seen as a round to oval ulcer in the stomach's antrum with surrounding inflammation and fibrosis. Chronic ulcers can lead to hemorrhage, stenosis, or penetration.
2) Renal cell carcinoma appearing as a large, circumscribed, yellow-white mass in the kidney's upper lobe microscopically showing clear or granular cells forming sheets or cords.
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This document discusses lymphatic disorders and lymphoedema. It begins with an introduction to the lymphatic system and its functions. It then discusses causes of lymphatic swelling including acute lymphangitis, filariasis, and elephantiasis. It defines primary and secondary lymphoedema and covers the clinical features, investigations and treatments for lymphoedema including manual lymphatic drainage, compression garments, and surgery. Surgical procedures for lymphoedema including bypass operations, liposuction, and limb reduction techniques are described. The document concludes by discussing chylous ascites, chylothorax, and chyluria.
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Sarcoidosis is a disease characterized by inflammation in the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, eyes, skin or other tissues. It has genetic and environmental causes and is more common in African Americans. Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of cancer affecting the lymph tissue in the lymph nodes, liver, spleen and bone marrow. Doctors can diagnose sarcoidosis through a biopsy showing symptoms like itchy skin, weight loss, loss of appetite, and fever. Phagocytosis is a process where cells engulf solid particles through the cell membrane to form an internal compartment, and is important in the immune response against bacteria and other particles.
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Lymphatic and immune system.pptx presention 6
The lymphatic and immune system consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland and tonsils that collect excess fluid, transport substances around the body, and serve as the primary defense against pathogens. Hodgkin's disease is a type of lymphoma originating in lymphocytes that is characterized by orderly spread between lymph node groups and associated symptoms. It is treated with radiation and chemotherapy depending on factors like age and sex, and has a high survival rate if detected early. Kaposi's sarcoma is a tumor caused by the human herpes virus 8 that presents as lesions on the skin and other areas, and its transmission can be prevented through safe sexual practices and screening of organs before transplantation.
Lymphatic and immune system.pptx presention 6
The lymphatic and immune system consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland and tonsils that collect excess fluid, transport substances around the body, and serve as the primary defense against pathogens. Hodgkin's disease is a type of lymphoma originating in lymphocytes, characterized by orderly spread between lymph node groups and common symptoms. It is treated with radiation and chemotherapy depending on factors like age and sex, and has a high survival rate if detected early. Sarcoidosis causes swelling in lymph nodes and organs like the lungs and liver, with symptoms varying by affected areas. It has no known cause but may be due to environmental or genetic factors, and treatments include steroids, immunosuppressants,
Necrosis and apoptosis
This document discusses necrosis and apoptosis. It defines necrosis as the premature death of cells in living tissue due to irreversible injury. Necrosis can be caused by ischemia, physical agents, chemicals, or immunological injury. There are several types of necrosis including coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, and gangrenous necrosis. Treatment involves debridement and excision of dead tissue. Apoptosis is programmed cell death that occurs as part of normal development and tissue homeostasis. It is mediated by caspases and involves cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and fragmentation into apoptotic bodies that are phagocytosed. Dysregulation of apoptosis can contribute to diseases.
Leg Ulcer
Leg ulcers are a common chronic condition affecting around 1% of the population. Treatment costs the UK around £600 million annually and prevalence is increasing with obesity and other comorbidities. Leg ulcers are classified based on their underlying cause, such as venous insufficiency, arterial disease, or neuropathy, and treatment depends on classification. Diagnosis involves patient history, clinical examination, and potential investigations. General management includes controlling risk factors, dressings, antibiotics, and correcting underlying issues. Specific treatments target the cause, such as compression therapy for venous ulcers. Management can be a long process due to the relapsing nature of leg ulcers.
Various rheumatological diseases
Rheumatological diseases can affect the joints, skin, and internal organs. Some common types include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, lupus, Sjogren's syndrome, and spondyloarthropathies like ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatoid arthritis causes chronic inflammation of the synovium and can lead to joint deformity. Osteoarthritis is characterized by cartilage loss within a joint and associated bone changes. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multi-system autoimmune disease affecting many organs, with a variety of potential manifestations.
Chapter 6
Hodgkin's disease is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. It usually affects the lymph nodes, spleen, liver and bone marrow. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats and weight loss. It is diagnosed through biopsies of swollen lymph nodes and imaging tests. Stages range from stage I involving one lymph node to stage IV involving multiple organs. Treatments include chemotherapy, radiation and stem cell transplants.
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