Lung exambates
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The document provides a framework for assessing clinical conditions of the chest through percussion notes, adventitious sounds, tactile fremitus and transmitted voice sounds, and breath sounds. It compares these findings for normal lungs versus conditions such as chronic bronchitis, left-sided heart failure, consolidation, atelectasis, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. The table acts as a guide for how physical exam findings may change with different chest disorders and their locations and severity.
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Atelectais
This document discusses atelectasis, which is the loss of air in the alveoli. There are several types of atelectasis described, including absorption, relaxation, compression, adhesive, cicatricial, and round atelectasis. Signs of atelectasis on imaging include shifts of mediastinal structures, changes in fissure positions, loss of lung volumes, and compensatory hyperinflation of the remaining lung. Specific radiographic findings are outlined for different types of lobar and segmental atelectasis. CT further aids in characterization of atelectatic regions and any associated abnormalities.
Atelectasis
Atelectasis (at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis) is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung.
9.atelectasis
Atelectasis is defined as an area of collapsed or non-expanded lung. There are four major types of atelectasis: (1) obstruction/resorption atelectasis caused by obstruction distal to the lung, such as from aspiration or COPD; (2) compression atelectasis caused by fluid, air, blood or tumor in the pleural space; (3) contraction (scar) atelectasis caused by fibrosis and scarring of the lung; and (4) patchy atelectasis caused by a lack of surfactant as seen in neonates and ARDS patients. Atelectasis causes decreased oxygenation and an increased risk of infection, though most cases are reversible disorders.
Pulmonary atelectasis in anaesthesia
This document discusses pulmonary atelectasis, which is the collapse of lung tissue. It can occur during general anesthesia and in critically ill patients. During anesthesia, atelectasis is commonly caused by compression of the lungs or absorption of oxygen, while in critically ill patients it may be due to acute lung injury or surfactant depletion. The effects of atelectasis include decreased lung compliance and impaired oxygenation. Prevention techniques include positive pressure ventilation with PEEP and recruitment maneuvers. Treatment involves techniques to reopen collapsed lung regions.
Atelectasis
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of the lungs caused by the absence of air in parts of the lung. It develops when alveoli become airless and collapse. Common causes include obstruction of the airways, diminished lung expansion, retained secretions, altered breathing patterns during anesthesia or sedation, and compression of the lungs. Symptoms may include cough, difficulty breathing, and low oxygen levels. Treatment focuses on removing obstructions and secretions through techniques like suctioning, chest physiotherapy, and bronchodilators to reinflate the lungs. More severe cases may require procedures like bronchoscopy or mechanical ventilation.
Atelectasis 2021
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of the lungs caused by several factors such as obstruction of the airways, diminished lung expansion, abnormal breathing patterns, retained secretions, and compression of the lungs. It can be acute or chronic and is commonly seen post-operatively or in immobilized patients. Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray or pulse oximetry. Treatment focuses on improving ventilation through techniques such as deep breathing exercises, incentive spirometry, chest physiotherapy to clear secretions, and suctioning. Oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation may be needed for severe cases.
Imaging: Pneumomediastinum/pneumothorax/bullae
This document summarizes a clinical case of a 58-year-old woman admitted with sudden onset breathlessness and facial swelling. On examination, the facial swelling was found to be due to subcutaneous emphysema. Chest X-ray findings included subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, emphysematous bullae, and bronchiectasis. CT chest confirmed pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, emphysematous bullae. The document further describes typical radiological findings of pneumomediastinum on CXR and distinguishes findings of bullae versus pneumothorax.
Atelectasis
Atelectasis is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung. It occurs when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid.
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This document discusses atelectasis, which is the loss of air in the alveoli. There are several types of atelectasis described, including absorption, relaxation, compression, adhesive, cicatricial, and round atelectasis. Signs of atelectasis on imaging include shifts of mediastinal structures, changes in fissure positions, loss of lung volumes, and compensatory hyperinflation of the remaining lung. Specific radiographic findings are outlined for different types of lobar and segmental atelectasis. CT further aids in characterization of atelectatic regions and any associated abnormalities.
Atelectasis
Atelectasis (at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis) is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung.
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Atelectasis is defined as an area of collapsed or non-expanded lung. There are four major types of atelectasis: (1) obstruction/resorption atelectasis caused by obstruction distal to the lung, such as from aspiration or COPD; (2) compression atelectasis caused by fluid, air, blood or tumor in the pleural space; (3) contraction (scar) atelectasis caused by fibrosis and scarring of the lung; and (4) patchy atelectasis caused by a lack of surfactant as seen in neonates and ARDS patients. Atelectasis causes decreased oxygenation and an increased risk of infection, though most cases are reversible disorders.
Pulmonary atelectasis in anaesthesia
This document discusses pulmonary atelectasis, which is the collapse of lung tissue. It can occur during general anesthesia and in critically ill patients. During anesthesia, atelectasis is commonly caused by compression of the lungs or absorption of oxygen, while in critically ill patients it may be due to acute lung injury or surfactant depletion. The effects of atelectasis include decreased lung compliance and impaired oxygenation. Prevention techniques include positive pressure ventilation with PEEP and recruitment maneuvers. Treatment involves techniques to reopen collapsed lung regions.
Atelectasis
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of the lungs caused by the absence of air in parts of the lung. It develops when alveoli become airless and collapse. Common causes include obstruction of the airways, diminished lung expansion, retained secretions, altered breathing patterns during anesthesia or sedation, and compression of the lungs. Symptoms may include cough, difficulty breathing, and low oxygen levels. Treatment focuses on removing obstructions and secretions through techniques like suctioning, chest physiotherapy, and bronchodilators to reinflate the lungs. More severe cases may require procedures like bronchoscopy or mechanical ventilation.
Atelectasis 2021
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of the lungs caused by several factors such as obstruction of the airways, diminished lung expansion, abnormal breathing patterns, retained secretions, and compression of the lungs. It can be acute or chronic and is commonly seen post-operatively or in immobilized patients. Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray or pulse oximetry. Treatment focuses on improving ventilation through techniques such as deep breathing exercises, incentive spirometry, chest physiotherapy to clear secretions, and suctioning. Oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation may be needed for severe cases.
Imaging: Pneumomediastinum/pneumothorax/bullae
This document summarizes a clinical case of a 58-year-old woman admitted with sudden onset breathlessness and facial swelling. On examination, the facial swelling was found to be due to subcutaneous emphysema. Chest X-ray findings included subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, emphysematous bullae, and bronchiectasis. CT chest confirmed pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, emphysematous bullae. The document further describes typical radiological findings of pneumomediastinum on CXR and distinguishes findings of bullae versus pneumothorax.
Atelectasis
Atelectasis is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung. It occurs when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid.
Pneumothorax & chest tube final year mbbs lecture
This document discusses pneumothorax, its causes, signs, symptoms, and treatments. Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space causing lung collapse. It can be spontaneous due to lung diseases or trauma. A tension pneumothorax causes respiratory distress and tracheal deviation. Chest drains are used to treat pneumothorax, haemothorax, and drain fluids from the pleural space. Placement and care of chest drains is important to prevent complications.
Ppt atelectasis
Atelectasis is a collapse or closure of the alveoli in the lungs resulting in reduced or absent ventilation of those areas. It can be caused by obstruction of the airways or pressure on the outside of the lungs. Risk factors include recent surgery, lung disease, premature birth, or confinement to bed. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and low oxygen levels. Treatment focuses on resolving the underlying cause and techniques to reopen the collapsed areas such as bronchodilators, chest physiotherapy, positioning, and sometimes surgery. Nursing care involves monitoring breathing and oxygen levels, encouraging deep breathing and coughing exercises, and preventing complications like pneumonia.
Atlectasis
This document discusses atelectasis, which is defined as partial or complete lung collapse, usually due to bronchus obstruction. The learning outcomes cover defining atelectasis, describing its causes and symptoms, and outlining diagnostic procedures, management, and nursing interventions. Atelectasis is commonly seen post-operatively in those under general anesthesia. Causes include inhaling irritants, localized airway obstruction, insufficient surfactant, and increased elastic recoil. Symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, hypoxemia, tachypnea, and cyanosis. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, oximetry, and auscultation. Management treats underlying causes and may include oxygen
Dyspnea
The patient is a 67-year-old male former smoker presenting with shortness of breath on exertion. Physical examination finds reduced breath sounds and wheezing. Tests show reduced lung function and oxygen levels. The differential diagnosis includes cardiac and pulmonary causes like COPD. Dyspnea is the medical term for shortness of breath and can result from various lung and heart conditions. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause, like using bronchodilators for COPD.
Atelectasis (collapse)
Atelectasis is defined as the collapse of pulmonary parenchyma resulting in loss of lung volume caused by inadequate expansion of airspaces. This leads to ventilation-perfusion imbalance and hypoxia. There are three main types of secondary or acquired atelectasis: resorption, compression, and contraction. Resorption atelectasis occurs due to obstruction preventing air from reaching distal airways, causing absorption of existing air and collapse. Compression atelectasis results from external pressures like pleural effusions. Contraction atelectasis involves fibrotic changes preventing full lung expansion. Atelectasis is potentially reversible through re-expansion of collapsed lung areas.
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Atelectasis is defined as the collapse or closure of the lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange. It develops when alveoli become airless from absorption of air without replacement through breathing. Common causes include obstruction of the airway by secretions, diminished distention of alveoli due to chest wall issues or neuromuscular disorders, and anesthesia effects. Signs include cough, dyspnea, and hypoxemia. Treatment focuses on clearing secretions through positioning, deep breathing, and chest physical therapy. Bronchodilators and mucolytics may also be used, along with mechanical ventilation for severe cases.
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CXR: Pneumothorax / Pleural Thickening
A 30-year-old male presented with complaints of breathlessness and cough with expectoration for one month. Chest X-ray and CT scan revealed left hydropneumothorax, right bullous disease/hydropneumothorax, and bilateral lower lobe bronchiectasis. Needle aspiration was performed to relieve the pneumothorax. Idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax often recurs, with at least 20-30% experiencing recurrence within 5 years, usually within the first year. Distinguishing features between a skin fold and genuine pneumothorax on chest X-ray include lung markings extending beyond the fold and absence of a fine pleural line.
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. It occurs when air enters the pleural space, equalizing the pressure and removing the vacuum that keeps the lung inflated. Pneumothorax can be primary, caused by a rupture of a lung bleb or cyst, or secondary, occurring with existing lung disease. A tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency where a one-way valve forms, increasing air in the chest and compressing structures. Diagnosis involves history, exam finding reduced breath sounds, and chest X-ray. Treatment includes aspirating free air and placing a chest tube, as well as treating any underlying
Hemoptysis
Hemoptysis is defined as coughing up blood originating below the vocal cords. It can range from blood-streaked sputum to coughing up pure blood. The document discusses the definition, causes, differential diagnosis, diagnosis and treatment of hemoptysis. The main causes discussed are tracheobronchial diseases like bronchitis and tumors, as well as cardiovascular issues. Diagnosis involves history, examination, labs, chest imaging like CXR, CT, and procedures like bronchoscopy.
Pneumomediastinum
1. Pneumomediastinum is caused by a rupture of the alveolus or pulmonary bleb which allows air to dissect along blood vessels into the mediastinum.
2. Presentation includes chest pain, difficulty breathing, and neck swelling. Physical exam may reveal subcutaneous air or Hamman's sign.
3. Chest CT scan can identify linear densities, the spinnaker sign, and air in the mediastinum. Treatment focuses on low pressure ventilation and drain placement if life-threatening.
Atelectasis 160424141702-converted
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of the lung resulting in reduced gas exchange. It develops when air becomes absorbed from the alveoli without being replaced during breathing. Atelectasis can be acute, such as after surgery, or chronic. Causes include obstruction of airways, diminished alveolar distention, retained secretions, and excessive pressure on lung tissues. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, respiratory distress, and decreased oxygen levels. Treatment focuses on removing obstructions and secretions through techniques like chest physiotherapy, suctioning, and bronchodilators to improve ventilation.
Pulmonary Emphysema. Pathomorphology, outcomes, complications
This document summarizes pulmonary emphysema, including its causes, pathological anatomy, and complications. It was prepared by Myrzakhanov Yerik for a course on pulmonary pathology and reviewed by Abishev Zhasulan Zhumataevich. The document defines emphysema and describes the pathological changes that occur at the microscopic level, including destruction of alveolar walls and thinning of capillaries. It notes that emphysema can develop from chronic bronchitis or long-term inhalation of irritants and leads to respiratory failure due to reduced gas exchange in the lungs.
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This document discusses pneumothorax, its causes, signs, symptoms, and treatment. Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space causing lung collapse. It can be spontaneous due to lung diseases or trauma, or iatrogenic due to medical procedures. Tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency characterized by respiratory distress and shifted trachea. Investigation includes chest x-ray and CT. Treatment involves chest drain insertion.
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This document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with a definition and overview of types including spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors are identified such as male sex, smoking, age, genetics, and lung disease. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings and imaging tests like chest x-ray and CT scan. Treatment goals are promoting lung expansion and eliminating causes, using methods such as aspiration, tube drainage, or surgery. Complications are also reviewed.
Atelectasis IN CHILD
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of part or all of the lung, reducing or preventing gas exchange. It can be primary in preterm infants due to immature respiratory muscles, or secondary from obstruction by mucus, tumors, or surgery. Clinically, it presents with rapid breathing, retractions, cyanosis, and cough. Diagnosis is by chest x-ray and other tests. Complications include emphysema, infections, and fibrosis. Treatment focuses on positioning, suctioning mucus, oxygen, and preventing infections. Nursing care manages breathing, airway clearance, gas exchange, and monitors for respiratory distress.
Management of traumatic pneumothorax and haemothorax
This document discusses different types of pneumothorax including closed, open, and tension pneumothorax. Closed pneumothorax results from blunt chest trauma causing a rib fracture and air entering the pleural space, which then seals off. Open pneumothorax involves a penetrating chest injury creating a passage for air entry. Tension pneumothorax occurs when a one-way valve forms, allowing air to enter on inspiration but not exit, gradually increasing pressure. Management involves needle decompression for tension pneumothorax or chest tube placement connected to suction for other types to drain air and re-expand the lung.
Pneumothorax
This document discusses the causes and clinical features of pneumothorax. Pneumothorax can be caused by spontaneous factors like being a young thin man, or medical conditions and procedures like COPD, asthma, positive pressure ventilation, or biopsy. The clinical features include dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, hypoxia, reduced lung expansion, hyperresonance on percussion, and diminished breath sounds on the affected side.
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is defined as air in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It is classified as spontaneous, traumatic, or iatrogenic. A tension pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space during inspiration but cannot escape during expiration, causing rising pressure and potential cardiovascular compromise. Symptoms include chest pain and breathlessness. Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray showing increased radiolucency. Small primary pneumothorax may resolve on its own, while secondary pneumothorax requires tube drainage. Tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency treated with needle decompression followed by tube insertion.
Approach To Dyspnea
Dyspnea, also known as shortness of breath, is difficult or labored breathing that can have many causes. The document outlines an approach to evaluating and treating dyspnea in patients. It describes taking a history, performing an examination, ordering relevant tests, and treating any underlying conditions found to be contributing to the dyspnea. Specific causes discussed include asthma, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, congestive heart failure, and acute coronary syndrome. For each, the document provides details on treatments aimed at opening airways, reducing fluid buildup, fighting infections, and improving blood flow.
Approach to respiratory disorderv 3.pptx
The document discusses the evaluation and assessment of patients presenting with respiratory symptoms. It outlines the key components of the history to obtain including symptoms, duration, variability, aggravating/relieving factors, and associated conditions. The physical exam is described involving inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of the chest. Investigations that may be useful are also listed such as sputum examination, spirometry, imaging tests, and microbiological testing. A thorough evaluation of respiratory symptoms is important to make an accurate diagnosis.
Atelecstasis
Atelectasis is a complete or partial collapse of a lung or lobe of a lung develops when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated.
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This document discusses pneumothorax, its causes, signs, symptoms, and treatments. Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space causing lung collapse. It can be spontaneous due to lung diseases or trauma. A tension pneumothorax causes respiratory distress and tracheal deviation. Chest drains are used to treat pneumothorax, haemothorax, and drain fluids from the pleural space. Placement and care of chest drains is important to prevent complications.
Ppt atelectasis
Atelectasis is a collapse or closure of the alveoli in the lungs resulting in reduced or absent ventilation of those areas. It can be caused by obstruction of the airways or pressure on the outside of the lungs. Risk factors include recent surgery, lung disease, premature birth, or confinement to bed. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and low oxygen levels. Treatment focuses on resolving the underlying cause and techniques to reopen the collapsed areas such as bronchodilators, chest physiotherapy, positioning, and sometimes surgery. Nursing care involves monitoring breathing and oxygen levels, encouraging deep breathing and coughing exercises, and preventing complications like pneumonia.
Atlectasis
This document discusses atelectasis, which is defined as partial or complete lung collapse, usually due to bronchus obstruction. The learning outcomes cover defining atelectasis, describing its causes and symptoms, and outlining diagnostic procedures, management, and nursing interventions. Atelectasis is commonly seen post-operatively in those under general anesthesia. Causes include inhaling irritants, localized airway obstruction, insufficient surfactant, and increased elastic recoil. Symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, hypoxemia, tachypnea, and cyanosis. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, oximetry, and auscultation. Management treats underlying causes and may include oxygen
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The patient is a 67-year-old male former smoker presenting with shortness of breath on exertion. Physical examination finds reduced breath sounds and wheezing. Tests show reduced lung function and oxygen levels. The differential diagnosis includes cardiac and pulmonary causes like COPD. Dyspnea is the medical term for shortness of breath and can result from various lung and heart conditions. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause, like using bronchodilators for COPD.
Atelectasis (collapse)
Atelectasis is defined as the collapse of pulmonary parenchyma resulting in loss of lung volume caused by inadequate expansion of airspaces. This leads to ventilation-perfusion imbalance and hypoxia. There are three main types of secondary or acquired atelectasis: resorption, compression, and contraction. Resorption atelectasis occurs due to obstruction preventing air from reaching distal airways, causing absorption of existing air and collapse. Compression atelectasis results from external pressures like pleural effusions. Contraction atelectasis involves fibrotic changes preventing full lung expansion. Atelectasis is potentially reversible through re-expansion of collapsed lung areas.
Atelectasis
Atelectasis is defined as the collapse or closure of the lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange. It develops when alveoli become airless from absorption of air without replacement through breathing. Common causes include obstruction of the airway by secretions, diminished distention of alveoli due to chest wall issues or neuromuscular disorders, and anesthesia effects. Signs include cough, dyspnea, and hypoxemia. Treatment focuses on clearing secretions through positioning, deep breathing, and chest physical therapy. Bronchodilators and mucolytics may also be used, along with mechanical ventilation for severe cases.
DISEASES OF PLEURA WITH DIAGRAMATIC ILLUSTRATION
Starting with pleural anatomy and physiology the presentation is intended to give an easy approach to understanding of pleural effusion, hemothorax, pneumothorax and malignant mesothelioma.
CXR: Pneumothorax / Pleural Thickening
A 30-year-old male presented with complaints of breathlessness and cough with expectoration for one month. Chest X-ray and CT scan revealed left hydropneumothorax, right bullous disease/hydropneumothorax, and bilateral lower lobe bronchiectasis. Needle aspiration was performed to relieve the pneumothorax. Idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax often recurs, with at least 20-30% experiencing recurrence within 5 years, usually within the first year. Distinguishing features between a skin fold and genuine pneumothorax on chest X-ray include lung markings extending beyond the fold and absence of a fine pleural line.
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. It occurs when air enters the pleural space, equalizing the pressure and removing the vacuum that keeps the lung inflated. Pneumothorax can be primary, caused by a rupture of a lung bleb or cyst, or secondary, occurring with existing lung disease. A tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency where a one-way valve forms, increasing air in the chest and compressing structures. Diagnosis involves history, exam finding reduced breath sounds, and chest X-ray. Treatment includes aspirating free air and placing a chest tube, as well as treating any underlying
Hemoptysis
Hemoptysis is defined as coughing up blood originating below the vocal cords. It can range from blood-streaked sputum to coughing up pure blood. The document discusses the definition, causes, differential diagnosis, diagnosis and treatment of hemoptysis. The main causes discussed are tracheobronchial diseases like bronchitis and tumors, as well as cardiovascular issues. Diagnosis involves history, examination, labs, chest imaging like CXR, CT, and procedures like bronchoscopy.
Pneumomediastinum
1. Pneumomediastinum is caused by a rupture of the alveolus or pulmonary bleb which allows air to dissect along blood vessels into the mediastinum.
2. Presentation includes chest pain, difficulty breathing, and neck swelling. Physical exam may reveal subcutaneous air or Hamman's sign.
3. Chest CT scan can identify linear densities, the spinnaker sign, and air in the mediastinum. Treatment focuses on low pressure ventilation and drain placement if life-threatening.
Atelectasis 160424141702-converted
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of the lung resulting in reduced gas exchange. It develops when air becomes absorbed from the alveoli without being replaced during breathing. Atelectasis can be acute, such as after surgery, or chronic. Causes include obstruction of airways, diminished alveolar distention, retained secretions, and excessive pressure on lung tissues. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, respiratory distress, and decreased oxygen levels. Treatment focuses on removing obstructions and secretions through techniques like chest physiotherapy, suctioning, and bronchodilators to improve ventilation.
Pulmonary Emphysema. Pathomorphology, outcomes, complications
This document summarizes pulmonary emphysema, including its causes, pathological anatomy, and complications. It was prepared by Myrzakhanov Yerik for a course on pulmonary pathology and reviewed by Abishev Zhasulan Zhumataevich. The document defines emphysema and describes the pathological changes that occur at the microscopic level, including destruction of alveolar walls and thinning of capillaries. It notes that emphysema can develop from chronic bronchitis or long-term inhalation of irritants and leads to respiratory failure due to reduced gas exchange in the lungs.
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This document discusses pneumothorax, its causes, signs, symptoms, and treatment. Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space causing lung collapse. It can be spontaneous due to lung diseases or trauma, or iatrogenic due to medical procedures. Tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency characterized by respiratory distress and shifted trachea. Investigation includes chest x-ray and CT. Treatment involves chest drain insertion.
Pneumothorax
This document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with a definition and overview of types including spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors are identified such as male sex, smoking, age, genetics, and lung disease. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings and imaging tests like chest x-ray and CT scan. Treatment goals are promoting lung expansion and eliminating causes, using methods such as aspiration, tube drainage, or surgery. Complications are also reviewed.
Atelectasis IN CHILD
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of part or all of the lung, reducing or preventing gas exchange. It can be primary in preterm infants due to immature respiratory muscles, or secondary from obstruction by mucus, tumors, or surgery. Clinically, it presents with rapid breathing, retractions, cyanosis, and cough. Diagnosis is by chest x-ray and other tests. Complications include emphysema, infections, and fibrosis. Treatment focuses on positioning, suctioning mucus, oxygen, and preventing infections. Nursing care manages breathing, airway clearance, gas exchange, and monitors for respiratory distress.
Management of traumatic pneumothorax and haemothorax
This document discusses different types of pneumothorax including closed, open, and tension pneumothorax. Closed pneumothorax results from blunt chest trauma causing a rib fracture and air entering the pleural space, which then seals off. Open pneumothorax involves a penetrating chest injury creating a passage for air entry. Tension pneumothorax occurs when a one-way valve forms, allowing air to enter on inspiration but not exit, gradually increasing pressure. Management involves needle decompression for tension pneumothorax or chest tube placement connected to suction for other types to drain air and re-expand the lung.
Pneumothorax
This document discusses the causes and clinical features of pneumothorax. Pneumothorax can be caused by spontaneous factors like being a young thin man, or medical conditions and procedures like COPD, asthma, positive pressure ventilation, or biopsy. The clinical features include dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, hypoxia, reduced lung expansion, hyperresonance on percussion, and diminished breath sounds on the affected side.
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is defined as air in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It is classified as spontaneous, traumatic, or iatrogenic. A tension pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space during inspiration but cannot escape during expiration, causing rising pressure and potential cardiovascular compromise. Symptoms include chest pain and breathlessness. Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray showing increased radiolucency. Small primary pneumothorax may resolve on its own, while secondary pneumothorax requires tube drainage. Tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency treated with needle decompression followed by tube insertion.
Approach To Dyspnea
Dyspnea, also known as shortness of breath, is difficult or labored breathing that can have many causes. The document outlines an approach to evaluating and treating dyspnea in patients. It describes taking a history, performing an examination, ordering relevant tests, and treating any underlying conditions found to be contributing to the dyspnea. Specific causes discussed include asthma, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, congestive heart failure, and acute coronary syndrome. For each, the document provides details on treatments aimed at opening airways, reducing fluid buildup, fighting infections, and improving blood flow.
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The document discusses the evaluation and assessment of patients presenting with respiratory symptoms. It outlines the key components of the history to obtain including symptoms, duration, variability, aggravating/relieving factors, and associated conditions. The physical exam is described involving inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of the chest. Investigations that may be useful are also listed such as sputum examination, spirometry, imaging tests, and microbiological testing. A thorough evaluation of respiratory symptoms is important to make an accurate diagnosis.
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The document discusses several lung diseases including obstructive lung diseases, restrictive pulmonary diseases, pulmonary infections, lung tumors, and diseases of the pleura. It provides details on specific conditions such as atelectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis. For each condition, it describes the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, morphology, and clinical course. It also compares and contrasts emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Lung Diseases
This document summarizes various lung diseases and respiratory conditions. It is divided into sections covering diseases affecting the airways, alveoli, blood vessels, pleura, chest wall, and respiratory procedures. Key conditions mentioned include asthma, COPD, pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, pneumothorax, and respiratory therapy/intubation. The document provides brief descriptions of symptoms and causes for each disease.
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Dyspnea, or shortness of breath, is a common symptom that can be caused by many cardiac and pulmonary conditions. A thorough diagnostic evaluation of dyspnea involves taking a detailed patient history, conducting a physical exam, and obtaining initial tests like an electrocardiogram, chest x-ray, and blood tests to evaluate for conditions involving the heart, lungs, blood, and other potential causes and to guide further testing if needed. Grading scales are used to characterize the severity of a patient's dyspnea. The pathophysiology of dyspnea involves an imbalance between the perceived need to breathe and the ability to breathe.
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Dr. Saneesh P J discusses various symptoms of acute shortness of breath including cough, sputum production, hemoptysis, chest pain, breathlessness, and wheeze. He examines the location, quality, timing, and aggravating/relieving factors of each symptom. Dr. Saneesh also evaluates different breathing patterns, histories of underlying lung conditions, and how activity impacts shortness of breath. Based on the symptom details, potential conditions like asthma, COPD, pulmonary embolism, and heart failure are considered.
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This document provides information on respiratory disorders including pneumothorax, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and chronic bronchitis. It defines pneumothorax as an accumulation of air in the pleural cavity causing partial or complete lung collapse. Tension pneumothorax occurs when air builds up pressure on the heart and veins. The document describes the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of pneumothorax and COPD which involves chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
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The document summarizes various patterns of lung disease and abnormalities that can be seen on a chest x-ray. It describes how interlobar fissures, lobar collapse, alveolar/interstitial diseases, lung masses/nodules, mediastinal structures, pleural/extrapleural abnormalities like effusions, pneumothorax can present on CXR through specific radiographic signs and findings. Key anatomical structures and their appearances in different lung pathologies are concisely outlined.
Chest X-Ray in Pediatrics.pptx
This document provides information on interpreting chest x-rays in pediatrics. It discusses examining the entire x-ray using the "ABC" approach to systematically evaluate the abdomen, bones, and chest. Common respiratory conditions seen in children are described, including their etiology, pathology, clinical presentation, and key imaging findings. Conditions covered include asthma, atelectasis, bronchiolitis, bronchogenic cyst, croup, cystic fibrosis, and epiglottitis among others. The importance of careful evaluation for foreign body aspiration is also emphasized.
Acute resp failure.pptx
This document discusses gas exchange and respiratory failure. It defines hypoxemic respiratory failure as inadequate oxygen transfer resulting in low arterial oxygen levels, and hypercapnic respiratory failure as insufficient carbon dioxide removal leading to high arterial carbon dioxide levels. The major mechanisms of hypoxemic failure are ventilation-perfusion mismatching, shunting, diffusion limitation, and hypoventilation, while hypercapnic failure results from an imbalance between ventilatory supply and demand. Diseases like pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and COPD can cause either type of respiratory failure through various pathophysiological mechanisms.
belajar cle.pptx
Congenital lobar overinflation (CLO), also known as congenital lobar emphysema, is characterized by overexpansion of one or more lung lobes without destruction of alveolar walls, compressing surrounding lung tissue. This results in air trapping during expiration due to deficient bronchial cartilage, causing repeated respiratory distress episodes. The affected lobe becomes non-functional due to overdistension and air trapping. While most common in infants, some cases are not evident until adulthood. The left upper lobe is most commonly involved. Patients typically present with feeding and breathing difficulties, wheezing, retractions, and cyanosis. Chest x-rays and CT scans can confirm diagnosis by showing hyperlucency of
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Respiratory Diseases -Obstructive lung diseases.ppt
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- 1. The black boxes in this table suggest a framework for clinical assessment. Start with the three boxes under Percussion Note: resonant, dull, and hyperresonant. Then move from each of these to other boxes that emphasize some of the key differences among various conditions. The changes described vary with the extent and severity Condition Normal BATES’ GUIDE TO PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND HISTORY TAKING The tracheobronchial tree and alveoli are clear; pleurae are thin and close together; mobility of the chest wall is unimpaired. Chronic Bronchitis The bronchi are chronically inflamed and a productive cough is present. Airway obstruction may develop. Left-Sided Heart Failure (Early) Increased pressure in the pulmonary veins causes congestion and interstitial edema (around the alveoli); bronchial mucosa may become edematous. Consolidation Alveoli fill with fluid or blood cells, as in pneumonia, pulmonary edema, or pulmonary hemorrhage. Percussion Note of the disorder. Abnormalities deep in the chest usually produce fewer signs than superficial ones, and may cause no signs at all. Use the table for the direction of typical changes, not for absolute distinctions. Adventitious Sounds Tactile Fremitus and Transmitted Voice Sounds Trachea Breath Sounds Resonant Midline Vesicular, except perhaps bronchovesicular and bronchial sounds over the large bronchi and trachea respectively None, except perhaps a few transient inspiratory crackles at the bases of the lungs Normal Resonant Midline Vesicular (normal) None; or scattered coarse crackles in early inspiration and perhaps expiration; or wheezes or rhonchi Normal Resonant Midline Vesicular Late inspiratory crackles in the dependent portions of the lungs; possibly wheezes Normal Dull over the airless area Midline Bronchial over the involved area Late inspiratory crackles over the involved area Increased over the involved area, with bronchophony, egophony, and whispered pectoriloquy TABLE 6-7 I Physical Findings in Selected Chest Disorders 242 TABLE 6-7 I Physical Findings in Selected Chest Disorders
- 2. CHAPTER 6 Atelectasis (Lobar Obstruction) I THE THORAX AND LUNGS When a plug in a mainstem bronchus (as from mucus or a foreign object) obstructs air flow, affected lung tissue collapses into an airless state. Pleural Effusion Fluid accumulates in the pleural space, separates airfilled lung from the chest wall, blocking the transmission of sound. Pneumothorax Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Slowly progressive disorder in which the distal air spaces enlarge and lungs become hyperinflated. Chronic bronchitis is often associated. Asthma Widespread narrowing of the tracheobronchial tree diminishes airflow to a fluctuating degree. During attacks, airflow decreases further and lungs hyperinflate. May be shifted toward involved side Usually absent when bronchial plug persists. Exceptions include right upper lobe atelectasis, where adjacent tracheal sounds may be transmitted. None Usually absent when the bronchial plug persists. In exceptions, e.g., right upper lobe atelectasis, may be increased Dull to flat over the fluid Shifted toward opposite side in a large effusion Decreased to absent, but bronchial breath sounds may be heard near top of large effusion. None, except a possible pleural rub Decreased to absent, but may be increased toward the top of a large effusion Hyperresonant or tympanitic over the pleural air Shifted toward opposite side if much air Decreased to absent over the pleural air None, except a possible pleural rub Decreased to absent over the pleural air Diffusely hyperresonant Midline Decreased to absent None, or the crackles, wheezes, and rhonchi of associated chronic bronchitis Decreased Resonant to diffusely hyperresonant Midline Often obscured by wheezes Wheezes, possibly crackles Decreased 243 TABLE 6-7 I Physical Findings in Selected Chest Disorders When air leaks into the pleural space, usually unilaterally, the lung recoils from the chest wall. Pleural air blocks transmission of sound. Dull over the airless area