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Lung cancer is a cancer that begins in the lungs and most often occurs in people who smoke. Two major types of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Causes of lung cancer include smoking, second-hand smoke, exposure to certain toxins and family history.
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LUNG CANCER
This document provides information on lung cancer including:
- Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and the leading cause of cancer death.
- Tobacco smoking is the main risk factor, causing over 70% of lung cancer deaths.
- Lung cancers are classified as small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), which includes adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.
- NSCLC is more common and is diagnosed based on histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Targeted therapies exist for mutations in EGFR and ALK genes.
Lung cancer by Dr. Aabidullah Rahimee
Lung cancer rates have improved only slightly over the past 50 years, with only 7% of cases cured in 1971 rising to 15% cured today. Lung cancer is classified as either small cell lung cancer, which is very aggressive, or non-small cell lung cancer, which includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinomas. The greatest risk factor is smoking tobacco, while other risks include radon exposure, lung diseases, and occupational hazards. Symptoms can include cough, breathing problems, weight loss, and chest pain, though early cancers may be asymptomatic. Diagnosis involves tests such as x-rays, CT scans, and biopsies. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
Carcinoma lung revision notes
carcinoma lung
most common
paraneoplastic syndrome
adenocarcinoma
scc lung
SVC superior vena cava
small cell carcinoma
Solitary pulmonary nodule
The document discusses the evaluation and differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs), noting that SPNs detected on imaging may be malignant lung cancers or benign lesions, and outlining the key radiological features of SPNs such as size, shape, margin characteristics, presence of calcification, fat or cavitation that can help differentiate between benign and malignant etiologies. A step-wise approach is recommended to first identify if a lesion is a true solitary nodule and then to characterize the nodule using imaging tests like CT in order to determine if it is benign or requires biopsy.
The solitary lung nodule. A diagnostic dilemma.
Incidentally discovered pulmonary nodule are a diagnostic challenge. This presentation is focused on the different features of lung nodules and their management.
Pulmonary nodule
A solitary pulmonary nodule is a rounded opacity in the lung less than 3 cm in diameter that is surrounded by lung tissue. Most nodules are benign, but some may be early-stage lung cancer. Evaluation involves imaging like CT scans to characterize the nodule based on size, growth rate, borders, and internal features. Biopsy may be needed. Small, stable nodules may only require follow up scans, while larger or growing nodules may require surgery to remove and test the nodule. Finding the nodule early allows the best chance of curing potential lung cancer.
Lung cancer
This document discusses lung cancer including its anatomy, physiology, types, risk factors, diagnosis, staging, treatment, nursing management, and prevention. It defines lung cancer as originating from lung tissues and describes the two main types - small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Risk factors include smoking tobacco, exposure to workplace carcinogens, and family history. Screening, diagnostic tests, and staging help determine appropriate treatment which may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy, or palliative care. Nursing focuses on symptom management and patient education. Quitting smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke are key prevention strategies.
Cystic lung disease; Stepwise approach to diagnosis
A systematic, stepwise approach can help arrive at a diagnosis for cystic lung disease. First, cyst mimics must be ruled out. Next, the clinical presentation is characterized. Then, the radiographic features such as cyst distribution are characterized. Finally, all information is combined to determine if cysts are discrete or diffuse and point to conditions like lymphangioleiomyomatosis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, infection, or congenital abnormalities. This approach facilitates diagnosis of cystic lung disease.
Recommended
LUNG CANCER
This document provides information on lung cancer including:
- Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and the leading cause of cancer death.
- Tobacco smoking is the main risk factor, causing over 70% of lung cancer deaths.
- Lung cancers are classified as small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), which includes adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.
- NSCLC is more common and is diagnosed based on histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Targeted therapies exist for mutations in EGFR and ALK genes.
Lung cancer by Dr. Aabidullah Rahimee
Lung cancer rates have improved only slightly over the past 50 years, with only 7% of cases cured in 1971 rising to 15% cured today. Lung cancer is classified as either small cell lung cancer, which is very aggressive, or non-small cell lung cancer, which includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinomas. The greatest risk factor is smoking tobacco, while other risks include radon exposure, lung diseases, and occupational hazards. Symptoms can include cough, breathing problems, weight loss, and chest pain, though early cancers may be asymptomatic. Diagnosis involves tests such as x-rays, CT scans, and biopsies. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
Carcinoma lung revision notes
carcinoma lung
most common
paraneoplastic syndrome
adenocarcinoma
scc lung
SVC superior vena cava
small cell carcinoma
Solitary pulmonary nodule
The document discusses the evaluation and differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs), noting that SPNs detected on imaging may be malignant lung cancers or benign lesions, and outlining the key radiological features of SPNs such as size, shape, margin characteristics, presence of calcification, fat or cavitation that can help differentiate between benign and malignant etiologies. A step-wise approach is recommended to first identify if a lesion is a true solitary nodule and then to characterize the nodule using imaging tests like CT in order to determine if it is benign or requires biopsy.
The solitary lung nodule. A diagnostic dilemma.
Incidentally discovered pulmonary nodule are a diagnostic challenge. This presentation is focused on the different features of lung nodules and their management.
Pulmonary nodule
A solitary pulmonary nodule is a rounded opacity in the lung less than 3 cm in diameter that is surrounded by lung tissue. Most nodules are benign, but some may be early-stage lung cancer. Evaluation involves imaging like CT scans to characterize the nodule based on size, growth rate, borders, and internal features. Biopsy may be needed. Small, stable nodules may only require follow up scans, while larger or growing nodules may require surgery to remove and test the nodule. Finding the nodule early allows the best chance of curing potential lung cancer.
Lung cancer
This document discusses lung cancer including its anatomy, physiology, types, risk factors, diagnosis, staging, treatment, nursing management, and prevention. It defines lung cancer as originating from lung tissues and describes the two main types - small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Risk factors include smoking tobacco, exposure to workplace carcinogens, and family history. Screening, diagnostic tests, and staging help determine appropriate treatment which may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy, or palliative care. Nursing focuses on symptom management and patient education. Quitting smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke are key prevention strategies.
Cystic lung disease; Stepwise approach to diagnosis
A systematic, stepwise approach can help arrive at a diagnosis for cystic lung disease. First, cyst mimics must be ruled out. Next, the clinical presentation is characterized. Then, the radiographic features such as cyst distribution are characterized. Finally, all information is combined to determine if cysts are discrete or diffuse and point to conditions like lymphangioleiomyomatosis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, infection, or congenital abnormalities. This approach facilitates diagnosis of cystic lung disease.
Lung Cancer
This document discusses lung cancer, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, staging, and treatment options. The main causes of lung cancer are tobacco smoking and secondhand smoke. Symptoms can include cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, and chest pain. Diagnostic tests include chest X-ray, CT scans, PET scans, and biopsies. Staging involves the TNM system and determines appropriate treatment such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapies. Treatment depends on the cancer stage and may involve a combination of options.
Lung cancer
Lung cancer is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissues. The most common types are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer. Smoking is the leading risk factor. Symptoms may include cough, sputum production, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and palliative care. Nursing management focuses on symptom management, education, and supporting the patient.
Lung cancer
This document discusses lung cancer, including its epidemiology, etiology, classification, clinical features, and screening. Lung cancer is the second most common cancer and leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Tobacco smoking is associated with about 90% of lung cancers. Lung cancers are classified as non-small cell lung cancer (including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma) and small cell lung cancer. Annual screening with low-dose CT is recommended for those aged 50-80 with a history of smoking.
Lung cancer
Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs. Tumors can be benign or malignant, with malignant tumors growing aggressively and spreading through the lymphatic system or bloodstream to other organs. The most common types of lung cancer are small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Smoking is the primary risk factor for lung cancer development. Symptoms include coughing and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsies, while treatment options are surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiofrequency ablation.
Lung Cancer Screening
Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death. While early detection improves survival rates, past screening studies using chest x-rays and sputum analysis failed to reduce mortality. New screening methods using low-dose CT scans have shown promise in detecting early-stage cancers. However, limitations include high false positive rates and the need for improved methods to assess growth of small nodules over time. Further research is still needed to determine if lung cancer screening using low-dose CT can reduce mortality and be cost-effective.
A Practical Algorithmic Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Solitary ...
A Practical Algorithmic Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Solitary ...Mahmoud Elhusseiny Abolmagd
1) The document discusses the diagnosis and management of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs), which are defined as radiographic opacities less than 3cm surrounded by lung parenchyma.
2) CT imaging is important for evaluating characteristics of SPNs such as size, borders, attenuation, and cavitation which provide clues to determining if they are benign or malignant.
3) For SPNs over 8mm, further testing with PET scanning or tissue biopsy may be needed to establish a diagnosis, as nodule characteristics on CT alone are not always definitive. Smaller or subsolid nodules may only require follow up CT scans.Approach to solitary pulmonary nodule
This document outlines the approach to evaluating a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN). It defines an SPN as a rounded opacity less than 3cm surrounded by lung tissue. About 40% of SPNs are malignant. The workup includes reviewing prior imaging, CT scan, PET scan, and biopsy if needed. Features like size, margins, calcification, cavitation, and growth rate provide clues about malignancy, but biopsy is often necessary for a definitive diagnosis. The goal is to accurately differentiate benign from malignant lesions to guide treatment.
Pulmonary metastases
Metastases are tumor implants discontinuous from the primary tumor. Pulmonary metastases most commonly present as multiple pulmonary nodules and are usually bilateral with a basal predominance. They most often spread to the lungs via the bloodstream. The lungs act as a filter for the blood, allowing cancer cells from primary tumors in many sites like breast, bone, and urogenital organs to become lodged in the lungs. Radiologically, metastases typically appear as rounded nodules but can also cavitate, calcify, or cause consolidations. Diagnosis involves determining the primary site through clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy of lesions. Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and palliative care.
Non Small Cell Lung Cancer
- Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common malignancy worldwide and a leading cause of cancer death. It accounts for the majority (70-80%) of lung cancers.
- Imaging techniques like CT scans are important for accurately assessing the primary tumor and detecting metastasis. Positron emission tomography (PET) CT is more sensitive than size-based criteria alone for detecting lymph node involvement.
- Staging involves classifying the size and extent of the primary tumor and determining if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes or distant organs. Higher stages indicate larger primary tumors or spread beyond the lungs.
Lung cancer
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death. It is often caused by smoking and affects the lungs and other organs. The main types are small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (which includes adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma). Symptoms include cough, chest pain, and weight loss. Screening is recommended for older adults with a significant smoking history. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted drug therapies depending on cancer type and stage. The goal is early detection and treatment to improve outcomes.
LUNG cancer
1. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide and is classified into several histological subtypes including squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.
2. Tobacco smoking is the largest risk factor for lung cancer, with the risk increasing based on duration of smoking and number of cigarettes smoked per day. Other risk factors include exposure to secondhand smoke, radiation, asbestos, arsenic and other chemicals.
3. The molecular mechanisms underlying lung cancer development involve abnormalities in growth signaling pathways, evasion of apoptosis, epigenetic changes, and abnormalities in tumor suppressor gene pathways. Mutations in genes like p53 and KRAS contribute to
Lung cancer
Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. Your lungs are two spongy organs in your chest that take in oxygen when you inhale and release carbon dioxide when you exhale. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, among both men and women
Solitary pulmonary nodule
Description of solitary pulmonary nodule diagnosis and management. I have NO claim over contents of any slide. . . . . . . . ..
Lung Cancer: Diagnosis, Staging, and Treatment
- A 60 year old smoker presented for a routine physical and was found to have an abnormality on chest x-ray
- The next appropriate test would be a CT scan of the chest with IV contrast to further characterize any lung lesions found on CXR
- A CT-guided biopsy would not be the next test, as further imaging is needed first to identify and stage any potential lung cancer before invasive testing
The best answer is A) CT chest with IV contrast to further evaluate and characterize any lung abnormalities found on CXR before considering an invasive biopsy.
Diagnostic imaging of lung cancer
This document summarizes the diagnostic imaging characteristics of different types of lung cancer. It discusses:
- Adenocarcinoma typically presents as a peripheral nodule under 4cm in diameter on CT. Bronchoalveolar carcinoma presents as a solitary nodule, multifocal disease, or localized consolidation with bubble-like low attenuation areas.
- Squamous cell carcinoma is often centrally located, larger than 4cm, and cavitates in up to 82%. Small cell lung cancer presents with bulky hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes and rarely cavitates.
- Imaging techniques like chest x-rays, CT, MRI, and PET scans are used to diagnose and stage lung cancers. CT is
Malignant pleural effusion
Pleural effusion caused by malignancies has been described as malignant pleural effusion. Etiology,pathogenesis,diagnosis and management of malignant pleural effusion has been descibed in this powerpoint presentation.
Mediastinal tumours
The document provides information on tumors and masses located in the mediastinum. It begins with an overview of the anatomy of the mediastinum and then describes the various pathologies that can occur in each compartment, including the most common tumor types seen in children and adults. For some of the major tumor types such as thymomas, neurogenic tumors, and germ cell tumors, it provides details on characteristics, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment approaches. The document emphasizes that surgical resection is the main treatment for most mediastinal masses but chemotherapy and/or radiation are also used as adjuvant therapies for malignant tumors.
Lung and lung cancer symptoms - an overview
the slide in here presents the basic overview of lung and the cause of lung cancer, symptoms and the diagonising methods
Lung Cancer
Lung cancer forms in the lungs and can spread to other organs. It is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States, with around 200,000 new cases and 159,000 deaths annually. Smoking is the primary risk factor, causing around 90% of lung cancer cases. The two main types are non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, which are diagnosed and treated differently depending on the cancer's stage and size. Research continues on new treatments to improve survival rates.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: TUMORS OF LUNG & PLEURA
1) Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide, with smoking responsible for 80% of cases.
2) The main types of lung tumors are carcinomas (90-95%), including squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and small cell carcinoma.
3) Risk factors for lung cancer include smoking tobacco, exposure to industrial hazards like asbestos, radon, and air pollution from sources such as indoor burning of coal.
Lung cancer
Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, caused primarily by tobacco smoking. The main types are small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Nursing management focuses on symptom management, airway clearance, pain control, and psychological support.
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Lung Cancer
This document discusses lung cancer, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, staging, and treatment options. The main causes of lung cancer are tobacco smoking and secondhand smoke. Symptoms can include cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, and chest pain. Diagnostic tests include chest X-ray, CT scans, PET scans, and biopsies. Staging involves the TNM system and determines appropriate treatment such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapies. Treatment depends on the cancer stage and may involve a combination of options.
Lung cancer
Lung cancer is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissues. The most common types are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer. Smoking is the leading risk factor. Symptoms may include cough, sputum production, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and palliative care. Nursing management focuses on symptom management, education, and supporting the patient.
Lung cancer
This document discusses lung cancer, including its epidemiology, etiology, classification, clinical features, and screening. Lung cancer is the second most common cancer and leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Tobacco smoking is associated with about 90% of lung cancers. Lung cancers are classified as non-small cell lung cancer (including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma) and small cell lung cancer. Annual screening with low-dose CT is recommended for those aged 50-80 with a history of smoking.
Lung cancer
Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs. Tumors can be benign or malignant, with malignant tumors growing aggressively and spreading through the lymphatic system or bloodstream to other organs. The most common types of lung cancer are small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Smoking is the primary risk factor for lung cancer development. Symptoms include coughing and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsies, while treatment options are surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiofrequency ablation.
Lung Cancer Screening
Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death. While early detection improves survival rates, past screening studies using chest x-rays and sputum analysis failed to reduce mortality. New screening methods using low-dose CT scans have shown promise in detecting early-stage cancers. However, limitations include high false positive rates and the need for improved methods to assess growth of small nodules over time. Further research is still needed to determine if lung cancer screening using low-dose CT can reduce mortality and be cost-effective.
A Practical Algorithmic Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Solitary ...
A Practical Algorithmic Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Solitary ...Mahmoud Elhusseiny Abolmagd
1) The document discusses the diagnosis and management of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs), which are defined as radiographic opacities less than 3cm surrounded by lung parenchyma.
2) CT imaging is important for evaluating characteristics of SPNs such as size, borders, attenuation, and cavitation which provide clues to determining if they are benign or malignant.
3) For SPNs over 8mm, further testing with PET scanning or tissue biopsy may be needed to establish a diagnosis, as nodule characteristics on CT alone are not always definitive. Smaller or subsolid nodules may only require follow up CT scans.Approach to solitary pulmonary nodule
This document outlines the approach to evaluating a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN). It defines an SPN as a rounded opacity less than 3cm surrounded by lung tissue. About 40% of SPNs are malignant. The workup includes reviewing prior imaging, CT scan, PET scan, and biopsy if needed. Features like size, margins, calcification, cavitation, and growth rate provide clues about malignancy, but biopsy is often necessary for a definitive diagnosis. The goal is to accurately differentiate benign from malignant lesions to guide treatment.
Pulmonary metastases
Metastases are tumor implants discontinuous from the primary tumor. Pulmonary metastases most commonly present as multiple pulmonary nodules and are usually bilateral with a basal predominance. They most often spread to the lungs via the bloodstream. The lungs act as a filter for the blood, allowing cancer cells from primary tumors in many sites like breast, bone, and urogenital organs to become lodged in the lungs. Radiologically, metastases typically appear as rounded nodules but can also cavitate, calcify, or cause consolidations. Diagnosis involves determining the primary site through clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy of lesions. Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and palliative care.
Non Small Cell Lung Cancer
- Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common malignancy worldwide and a leading cause of cancer death. It accounts for the majority (70-80%) of lung cancers.
- Imaging techniques like CT scans are important for accurately assessing the primary tumor and detecting metastasis. Positron emission tomography (PET) CT is more sensitive than size-based criteria alone for detecting lymph node involvement.
- Staging involves classifying the size and extent of the primary tumor and determining if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes or distant organs. Higher stages indicate larger primary tumors or spread beyond the lungs.
Lung cancer
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death. It is often caused by smoking and affects the lungs and other organs. The main types are small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (which includes adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma). Symptoms include cough, chest pain, and weight loss. Screening is recommended for older adults with a significant smoking history. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted drug therapies depending on cancer type and stage. The goal is early detection and treatment to improve outcomes.
LUNG cancer
1. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide and is classified into several histological subtypes including squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.
2. Tobacco smoking is the largest risk factor for lung cancer, with the risk increasing based on duration of smoking and number of cigarettes smoked per day. Other risk factors include exposure to secondhand smoke, radiation, asbestos, arsenic and other chemicals.
3. The molecular mechanisms underlying lung cancer development involve abnormalities in growth signaling pathways, evasion of apoptosis, epigenetic changes, and abnormalities in tumor suppressor gene pathways. Mutations in genes like p53 and KRAS contribute to
Lung cancer
Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. Your lungs are two spongy organs in your chest that take in oxygen when you inhale and release carbon dioxide when you exhale. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, among both men and women
Solitary pulmonary nodule
Description of solitary pulmonary nodule diagnosis and management. I have NO claim over contents of any slide. . . . . . . . ..
Lung Cancer: Diagnosis, Staging, and Treatment
- A 60 year old smoker presented for a routine physical and was found to have an abnormality on chest x-ray
- The next appropriate test would be a CT scan of the chest with IV contrast to further characterize any lung lesions found on CXR
- A CT-guided biopsy would not be the next test, as further imaging is needed first to identify and stage any potential lung cancer before invasive testing
The best answer is A) CT chest with IV contrast to further evaluate and characterize any lung abnormalities found on CXR before considering an invasive biopsy.
Diagnostic imaging of lung cancer
This document summarizes the diagnostic imaging characteristics of different types of lung cancer. It discusses:
- Adenocarcinoma typically presents as a peripheral nodule under 4cm in diameter on CT. Bronchoalveolar carcinoma presents as a solitary nodule, multifocal disease, or localized consolidation with bubble-like low attenuation areas.
- Squamous cell carcinoma is often centrally located, larger than 4cm, and cavitates in up to 82%. Small cell lung cancer presents with bulky hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes and rarely cavitates.
- Imaging techniques like chest x-rays, CT, MRI, and PET scans are used to diagnose and stage lung cancers. CT is
Malignant pleural effusion
Pleural effusion caused by malignancies has been described as malignant pleural effusion. Etiology,pathogenesis,diagnosis and management of malignant pleural effusion has been descibed in this powerpoint presentation.
Mediastinal tumours
The document provides information on tumors and masses located in the mediastinum. It begins with an overview of the anatomy of the mediastinum and then describes the various pathologies that can occur in each compartment, including the most common tumor types seen in children and adults. For some of the major tumor types such as thymomas, neurogenic tumors, and germ cell tumors, it provides details on characteristics, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment approaches. The document emphasizes that surgical resection is the main treatment for most mediastinal masses but chemotherapy and/or radiation are also used as adjuvant therapies for malignant tumors.
Lung and lung cancer symptoms - an overview
the slide in here presents the basic overview of lung and the cause of lung cancer, symptoms and the diagonising methods
Lung Cancer
Lung cancer forms in the lungs and can spread to other organs. It is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States, with around 200,000 new cases and 159,000 deaths annually. Smoking is the primary risk factor, causing around 90% of lung cancer cases. The two main types are non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, which are diagnosed and treated differently depending on the cancer's stage and size. Research continues on new treatments to improve survival rates.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: TUMORS OF LUNG & PLEURA
1) Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide, with smoking responsible for 80% of cases.
2) The main types of lung tumors are carcinomas (90-95%), including squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and small cell carcinoma.
3) Risk factors for lung cancer include smoking tobacco, exposure to industrial hazards like asbestos, radon, and air pollution from sources such as indoor burning of coal.
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
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9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
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Olfactory Genes:
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400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
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Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
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Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
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Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
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Lung cancer.pptx
- 1. Lungs cancer
- 2. Introduction Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. There is a strong link between smoking and lung cancer. World-wide over 1 million people are diagnosed with lung cancer each year. Tobacco use accounts for 87% of lung cancer. Lung cancer affect primarily in 5 or 6th decade of life. In 70% of lung cancer patient, disease has spread to distant organs.
- 3. Definition It is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung.
- 4. UNITED STATES:- In 2020,there were 235760 diagosed with lungs cancer and 131880 deaths INDIA:- In 2018,there were 1.16 million diagosed with lungs cancer and 784821 deaths
- 6. Causes Tobacco Smoking Passive smoking Radon gas Air pollution Inheridity Exposure of radiation Exposure of Chemicals
- 7. Localized Signs and Symptoms Cough Breathing Problems, SOB, stridor Change in phlegm Lung infection, hemoptysis Hoarseness, Hiccups Weight loss Chest Pain and tightness eural Effusion Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Fatigue
- 8. Generalized Signs and Symptoms Bone pain Headaches, mental status changes or neurologicfindings Abdominal pain, elevated liver function tests, enlarged liver, gastrointestinal disturbances (anorexia, cachexia), jaundice, hepatomegaly r/t liver involvement Weight loss
- 9. Stage 1. Tumor is small and localised to lung, no lymphnode involvement *A-Tumor <3 cm *B-Tumor >3 cm and invading surrounding local area Stage 2. A-Tumor <3cm with invasion of lymph nodes. Tumor >3 cm involving the bronchus and lymph nodes. on the same side of chest and tissue of local organs.
- 10. Stage 3. A. Tumor spread to the nearby structure and regional lymph nodes B. Tumor involving heart, trachea, esophagus,mediastinum and lymph nodes. Stage 4- distant metastasis
- 11. CXR CT Scans MRI Sputum cytology Fibreoptic bronchoscopy Transthoracic fine needle aspiration
- 12. Blood Tests *CBC- to check red/white blood cell & platelets -to check bone marrow and organ function *Blood Chemistry Test- to assess how organ functioning such as liver and kidney Biopsy-to determine if the tumor is cancer or not -to determine the type of cancer -to determine the grade of cancer (slow or fast)
- 13. Medical Management The three main cancer treatments are: Other types of treatment that are used to treat certain cancers are hormonal therapy, biological therapy or stem cell transplant. 1. Surgery (lung resections) 2. Radiation therapy 3. Chemotherapy
- 14. Surgical treatmant Lobectomy: a single lobe of lung is removed Bilobectomy: 2 lobes of the lung are removed (only on R side) Sleeve resection: cancerous lobe is removed and segment of the main bronchus is resected Pneumonectomy : removal of entire lung Segmentectomy: a segment of the lung is removed Wedge resection: removal of a small, pie-shaped area ofthe segment Chest wall resection with removal of cancerous lungtissue: for cancers that have invaded the chest wall
- 15. Radiation treatment Useful in controlling the neoplasm that can not be surgically removed. Used to reduce the size of the tumor May help to remove the symptoms like cough, chest pain, dyspnea and hemoptysis etc.
- 16. Chemotherapy •Two drug regimen . • Cisplatin / Etoposide Is used to alter tumor growth and to treat the patient with Metastasis. • Non small cell: •Cis/Carbo platin + 1 other (Taxol/Taxotere/Gemcitabine) •Small cell:
- 17. Prevention: Primary Avoid the use of tobacco smoke Know environmental carcinogens that increase risk Chemoprevention: Consuming Vit. A, Vit E,, Vit C.
- 18. Prevention: Secondary Aim is to early diagnose high risk populations via screening Chest X-Ray, MRI, CT scans, sputum cytology
- 19. Prevention: Tertiary Targeted at people who survived a cancer disease Assists them to retain an optimal level of functioning regardless of their potential debilitating disease