International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Software architecture refers to the high-level structures of a software system and the discipline of designing these structures. It involves making fundamental choices about components, interactions, and properties that are difficult to change later. Documenting software architecture facilitates communication between stakeholders and allows reuse of design elements. It provides an abstract understanding of a complex system before implementation to enable analysis, reuse, risk management, and cost reduction. The concepts of software architecture have developed since the 1960s with increased research in the 1990s focusing on styles, documentation, and formal methods.
IMPLEMENTATION OF DYNAMIC COUPLING MEASUREMENT OF DISTRIBUTED OBJECT ORIENTED...IJCSEA Journal
Software metrics are increasingly playing a central role in the planning and control of software development projects. Coupling measures have important applications in software development and maintenance. Existing literature on software metrics is mainly focused on centralized systems, while work in the area of distributed systems, particularly in service-oriented systems, is scarce. Distributed systems with service oriented components are even more heterogeneous networking and execution environment. Traditional coupling measures take into account only “static” couplings. They do not account for “dynamic” couplings due to polymorphism and may significantly underestimate the complexity of software and misjudge the need for code inspection, testing and debugging. This is expected to result in poor predictive accuracy of the quality models in distributed Object Oriented systems that utilize static coupling measurements. In order to overcome these issues, we propose a hybrid model in Distributed Object Oriented Software for measure the coupling dynamically. In the proposed method, there are three steps
such as Instrumentation process, Post processing and Coupling measurement. Initially the instrumentation process is done. In this process the instrumented JVM that has been modified to trace method calls. During this process, three trace files are created namely .prf, .clp, .svp. In the second step, the information in these file are merged. At the end of this step, the merged detailed trace of each JVM contains pointers to the merged trace files of the other JVM such that the path of every remote call from the client to the server can be uniquely identified. Finally, the coupling metrics are measured dynamically. The implementation results show that the proposed system will effectively measure the coupling metrics dynamically.
Multiagent Based Methodologies have become an
important subject of research in advance Software Engineering.
Several methodologies have been proposed as, a theoretical
approach, to facilitate and support the development of complex
distributed systems. An important question when facing the
construction of Agent Applications is deciding which
methodology to follow. Trying to answer this question, a
framework with several criteria is applied in this paper for the
comparative analysis of existing multiagent system
methodologies. The results of the comparative over two of them,
conclude that those methodologies have not reached a sufficient
maturity level to be used by the software industry. The
framework has also proved its utility for the evaluation of any
kind of Multiagent Based Software Engineering Methodology
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE STYLESijfcstjournal
Software architecture is the structural solution that achieves the overall technical and operational requirements for software developments. Software engineers applied software architectures for their software system developments; however, they worry the basic benchmarks in order to select software architecture styles, possible components, integration methods (connectors) and the exact application of each style. The objective of this research work was a comparative analysis of software architecture styles by its weakness and benefits in order to select by the programmer during their design time. Finally, in this study, the researcher has been identified architectural styles, weakness, and Strength and application areas with its component, connector and Interface for the selected architectural styles.
This document provides an introduction to software architecture concepts. It defines key terms like software architecture, architectural styles, patterns, elements and stakeholders.
It describes software architecture as the set of principal design decisions about a system. The main elements are components, connectors and configuration. Architectural styles and patterns provide general and specific design decisions to organize systems. Models are used to capture architectural designs. Architecture influences various software development processes. Stakeholders in architecture include architects, developers, testers, managers and users.
The document introduces software architecture and architectural design. It discusses that architectural design is important for understanding how a software system should be organized. The objectives are to understand the importance of architecture, decisions made in the design process, and architectural patterns. It also covers topics like architectural views, patterns, and application architectures.
This document provides an overview of software architecture. It defines software architecture as the set of structures needed to reason about a computing system, including elements, relations among them, and their properties. Good architecture is important as poor design decisions can lead to project cancellation. It also discusses the differences between architecture and design. Additionally, it describes why documenting architecture is important to allow stakeholders to use it effectively. Finally, it briefly introduces the Model-View-Controller pattern used in web development to separate user interface, data, and application logic.
Architectural approaches for implementing Clinical Decision Support Systems i...Luis Felipe Tabares Pérez
This document presents the results of a systematic literature review on architectural approaches for implementing clinical decision support systems in the cloud. The review identified 12 primary studies and analyzed them based on their proposed architectural approach, contributions of cloud computing, challenges, application area, type of clinical decision support, quality attributes, and data sources. Common findings included the use of three main components - a knowledge database, inference engine, and interface server. Key challenges were performance, compatibility and reliability, while security and privacy were main concerns. There was also a lack of formalism in software engineering practices and rigor in defining cloud-based approaches.
Software architecture refers to the high-level structures of a software system and the discipline of designing these structures. It involves making fundamental choices about components, interactions, and properties that are difficult to change later. Documenting software architecture facilitates communication between stakeholders and allows reuse of design elements. It provides an abstract understanding of a complex system before implementation to enable analysis, reuse, risk management, and cost reduction. The concepts of software architecture have developed since the 1960s with increased research in the 1990s focusing on styles, documentation, and formal methods.
IMPLEMENTATION OF DYNAMIC COUPLING MEASUREMENT OF DISTRIBUTED OBJECT ORIENTED...IJCSEA Journal
Software metrics are increasingly playing a central role in the planning and control of software development projects. Coupling measures have important applications in software development and maintenance. Existing literature on software metrics is mainly focused on centralized systems, while work in the area of distributed systems, particularly in service-oriented systems, is scarce. Distributed systems with service oriented components are even more heterogeneous networking and execution environment. Traditional coupling measures take into account only “static” couplings. They do not account for “dynamic” couplings due to polymorphism and may significantly underestimate the complexity of software and misjudge the need for code inspection, testing and debugging. This is expected to result in poor predictive accuracy of the quality models in distributed Object Oriented systems that utilize static coupling measurements. In order to overcome these issues, we propose a hybrid model in Distributed Object Oriented Software for measure the coupling dynamically. In the proposed method, there are three steps
such as Instrumentation process, Post processing and Coupling measurement. Initially the instrumentation process is done. In this process the instrumented JVM that has been modified to trace method calls. During this process, three trace files are created namely .prf, .clp, .svp. In the second step, the information in these file are merged. At the end of this step, the merged detailed trace of each JVM contains pointers to the merged trace files of the other JVM such that the path of every remote call from the client to the server can be uniquely identified. Finally, the coupling metrics are measured dynamically. The implementation results show that the proposed system will effectively measure the coupling metrics dynamically.
Multiagent Based Methodologies have become an
important subject of research in advance Software Engineering.
Several methodologies have been proposed as, a theoretical
approach, to facilitate and support the development of complex
distributed systems. An important question when facing the
construction of Agent Applications is deciding which
methodology to follow. Trying to answer this question, a
framework with several criteria is applied in this paper for the
comparative analysis of existing multiagent system
methodologies. The results of the comparative over two of them,
conclude that those methodologies have not reached a sufficient
maturity level to be used by the software industry. The
framework has also proved its utility for the evaluation of any
kind of Multiagent Based Software Engineering Methodology
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE STYLESijfcstjournal
Software architecture is the structural solution that achieves the overall technical and operational requirements for software developments. Software engineers applied software architectures for their software system developments; however, they worry the basic benchmarks in order to select software architecture styles, possible components, integration methods (connectors) and the exact application of each style. The objective of this research work was a comparative analysis of software architecture styles by its weakness and benefits in order to select by the programmer during their design time. Finally, in this study, the researcher has been identified architectural styles, weakness, and Strength and application areas with its component, connector and Interface for the selected architectural styles.
This document provides an introduction to software architecture concepts. It defines key terms like software architecture, architectural styles, patterns, elements and stakeholders.
It describes software architecture as the set of principal design decisions about a system. The main elements are components, connectors and configuration. Architectural styles and patterns provide general and specific design decisions to organize systems. Models are used to capture architectural designs. Architecture influences various software development processes. Stakeholders in architecture include architects, developers, testers, managers and users.
The document introduces software architecture and architectural design. It discusses that architectural design is important for understanding how a software system should be organized. The objectives are to understand the importance of architecture, decisions made in the design process, and architectural patterns. It also covers topics like architectural views, patterns, and application architectures.
This document provides an overview of software architecture. It defines software architecture as the set of structures needed to reason about a computing system, including elements, relations among them, and their properties. Good architecture is important as poor design decisions can lead to project cancellation. It also discusses the differences between architecture and design. Additionally, it describes why documenting architecture is important to allow stakeholders to use it effectively. Finally, it briefly introduces the Model-View-Controller pattern used in web development to separate user interface, data, and application logic.
Architectural approaches for implementing Clinical Decision Support Systems i...Luis Felipe Tabares Pérez
This document presents the results of a systematic literature review on architectural approaches for implementing clinical decision support systems in the cloud. The review identified 12 primary studies and analyzed them based on their proposed architectural approach, contributions of cloud computing, challenges, application area, type of clinical decision support, quality attributes, and data sources. Common findings included the use of three main components - a knowledge database, inference engine, and interface server. Key challenges were performance, compatibility and reliability, while security and privacy were main concerns. There was also a lack of formalism in software engineering practices and rigor in defining cloud-based approaches.
The document discusses key concepts in design modeling for software engineering projects, including:
- Data/class design transforms analysis models into design class structures and data structures.
- Architectural design defines relationships between major software elements and how they interact.
- Interface, component, and other designs further refine elements from analysis into implementation-specific details.
- Design principles include traceability to analysis, avoiding reinventing solutions, and structuring for change and graceful degradation.
This document provides an overview of software architectures and architectural structures. It discusses different types of architectural structures, including module structures, component-and-connector structures, and allocation structures. Module structures focus on modules and their relationships, component-and-connector structures examine runtime components and connectors, and allocation structures show how software elements map to environments. The document then examines specific architectural structures like modules, layers, classes, processes, repositories, and deployment. It emphasizes that an architect should focus on a few key structures like logical, process, development, and physical views to validate that the architecture meets requirements.
A metric based approach for measuring the conceptual integrity of software ar...ijseajournal
Software architectures evaluation has an important role in the life cycle of software systems. The
conceptual integrity is one of the quality attributes which could be closely related to software architectural
design. It is the underlying theme or vision that unifies all levels of the system's design. In this paper, a
method for measuring the conceptual integrity of software architecture is provided. Conceptual integrity
measurement is done in several steps by extracting a graph structure which its nodes are architectural
concepts and its edges are relationship between them. The constructed graph is then weighted according to
the type of relationship among the architectural concepts. Finally, a metric for evaluating the conceptual
integrity from the refined graph is provided.
Can “Feature” be used to Model the Changing Access Control Policies? IJORCS
Access control policies [ACPs] regulate the access to data and resources in information systems. These ACPs are framed from the functional requirements and the Organizational security & privacy policies. It was found to be beneficial, when the ACPs are included in the early phases of the software development leading to secure development of information systems. Many approaches are available for including the ACPs in requirements and design phase. They relied on UML artifacts, Aspects and also Feature for this purpose. But the earlier modeling approaches are limited in expressing the evolving ACPs due to organizational policy changes and business process modifications. In this paper, we analyze, whether “Feature”- defined as an increment in program functionality can be used as a modeling entity to represent the Evolving Access control requirements. We discuss the two prominent approaches that use Feature in modeling ACPs. Also we have a comparative analysis to find the suitability of Features in the context of changing ACPs. We conclude with our findings and provide directions for further research.
The data design action translates data objects into data structures at the software component level.
Data Design is the first and most important design activity. Here the main issue is to select the appropriate data structure i.e. the data design focuses on the definition of data structures.
Data design is a process of gradual refinement, from the coarse "What data does your application require?" to the precise data structures and processes that provide it. With a good data design, your application's data access is fast, easily maintained, and can gracefully accept future data enhancements.
The document provides an overview of several agent-oriented software engineering methodologies, including GAIA, INGENIAS, MaSE, PASSI, Prometheus, Tropos, and ADEM. It discusses the concepts and properties supported by each methodology, their modeling approaches and notations, development lifecycles, and their pragmatic considerations in terms of available resources and tooling. The methodologies generally support common multi-agent concepts but provide different levels of guidance, modeling support, and tooling throughout the development process.
This document outlines the course objectives and content for a software architectures course. The key topics covered include:
- Understanding what constitutes software architecture, architectural drivers, styles and views.
- Examining quality attribute workshops, architectural views, styles and documenting architectures.
- Exploring specific architectural styles, views, patterns and how they are used to specify system architecture.
- Analyzing architectures for emerging technologies like service-oriented architectures, cloud computing and adaptive structures.
The course aims to help students understand how to design architectures that meet requirements and explain the influence of architecture on technical and business activities. It covers important architectural concepts and how to apply styles and views.
Safety-driven Software Product Line architectures Design, A Survey PaperEditor IJCATR
Software architecture design is an important step of software development. Currently, there are various design methods
available and each is focusing on certain perspective of architecture design. Especially, quality-based methods have received a lot of
attentions and have been well developed for single system architecture design. However, the use of quality-based design methods is
limited in software product line (SPL) because of the complexity and variabilities existing in SPL architecture. With the increasing
attention to software safety, improving software safety has already become a more important issue, especially for safety-critical
systems. This study aims at surveying existing research on Software Product Line Architecture (SPLA) design based on quality
attributes, and to give an overview of the intersection of the areas of software product line architecture design and Safety Driven
Design in order to classifying existing work, and discover open issues for further research. Also this study investigates safety analysis
at the architectural level, and Safety-based Software Product Line Architecture Design (SSPLAD) approaches. Safety-driven software
product line architecture design seems to be a ‘‘discussion” topic. The study shows that there are a large number of SPLA design
methods. However, the use of safety-based design methods is limited in software product lines (SPL) due to the variability property
that can potentially result in a large number of possible systems and because of the complexity existing in safety attribute itself.
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1) How early days of software development have affected modern practices.
2) Definitions of software engineering from different sources.
3) The stages of software design including problem analysis, solution identification, and abstraction description.
4) Object-oriented design principles like information hiding, independent objects, and service-based communication.
Single object detection to support requirements modeling using faster R-CNNTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Requirements engineering (RE) is one of the most important phases of a software engineering project in which the foundation of a software product is laid, objectives and assumptions, functional and non-functional needs are analyzed and consolidated. Many modeling notations and tools are developed to model the information gathered in the RE process, one popular framework is the iStar 2.0. Despite the frameworks and notations that are introduced, many engineers still find that drawing the diagrams is easier done manually by hand. Problem arises when the corresponding diagram needs to be updated as requirements evolve. This research aims to kickstart the development of a modeling tool using Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network for single object detection and recognition of hand-drawn iStar 2.0 objects, Gleam grayscale, and Salt and Pepper noise to digitalize hand-drawn diagrams. The single object detection and recognition tool is evaluated and displays promising results of an overall accuracy and precision of 95%, 100% for recall, and 97.2% for the F-1 score.
Systems Analysis,
Systems Design,
Systems Modelling,
Systems Architecture,
System Development and Testing,
System Maintenance and Evolution,
SDLC example (Cloud Service life cycle)
Software connectors are architectural elements that model interactions between components. They define rules governing interactions and provide channels for transferring control and data. In software systems, connectors are often not explicitly implemented but distributed across code, while in architectures they are first-class entities with identities. Treating connectors independently from components supports separation of interaction from computation and facilitates software evolution.
The document discusses key concepts in software design including:
1) Design creates representations of software architecture, data structures, interfaces and components that provide details for implementation beyond what is in requirements.
2) Design allows modeling of a system before implementation to assess quality.
3) Good design should exhibit firmness, commodity, and delight according to a "software design manifesto."
This document discusses key concepts in software architecture including:
- The core activities of software architecture are architectural analysis, synthesis (design), evaluation, and evolution.
- Important supporting activities are knowledge management, design reasoning, documentation, and architecture description.
- Common views for documenting architecture include logical, process, physical, development, and use case views.
- Architectural styles and patterns provide reusable solutions for common architectural problems.
CRESUS-T: A COLLABORATIVE REQUIREMENTS ELICITATION SUPPORT TOOLijseajournal
Communicating an organisation's requirements in a semantically consistent and understandable manner
and then reflecting the potential impact of those requirements on the IT infrastructure presents a major
challenge among stakeholders. Initial research findings indicate a desire among business executives for a
tool that allows them to communicate organisational changes using natural language and a model of the IT
infrastructure that supports those changes. Building on a detailed analysis and evaluation of these findings,
the innovative CRESUS-T support tool was designed and implemented. The purpose of this research was to
investigate to what extent CRESUS-T both aids communication in the development of a shared
understanding and supports collaborative requirements elicitation to bring about organisational, and
associated IT infrastructural, change. In order to determine the extent shared understanding was fostered,
the support tool was evaluated in a case study of a business process for the roll out of the IT software
image at a third level educational institution. Statistical analysis showed that the CRESUS-T support tool
fostered shared understanding in the case study, through increased communication. Shared understanding
is also manifested in the creation of two knowledge representation artefacts namely, a requirements model
and the IT infrastructure model. The CRESUS-T support tool will be useful to requirements engineers and
business analysts that have to gather requirements asynchronously.
AN ITERATIVE HYBRID AGILE METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING ARCHIVING SYSTEMSijseajournal
With the massive growth of the organizations files, the needs for archiving system become a must. A lot of
time is consumed in collecting requirements from the organization to build an archiving system. Sometimes
the system does not meet the organization needs. This paper proposes a domain-based requirement
engineering system that efficiently and effectively develops different archiving systems based on new
suggested technique that merges the two best used agile methodologies: extreme programming (XP) and
SCRUM. The technique is tested on a real case study. The results shows that the time and effort consumed
during analyzing and designing the archiving systems decreased significantly. The proposed methodology
also reduces the system errors that may happen at the early stages of the development of the system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
The document discusses key concepts in design modeling for software engineering projects, including:
- Data/class design transforms analysis models into design class structures and data structures.
- Architectural design defines relationships between major software elements and how they interact.
- Interface, component, and other designs further refine elements from analysis into implementation-specific details.
- Design principles include traceability to analysis, avoiding reinventing solutions, and structuring for change and graceful degradation.
This document provides an overview of software architectures and architectural structures. It discusses different types of architectural structures, including module structures, component-and-connector structures, and allocation structures. Module structures focus on modules and their relationships, component-and-connector structures examine runtime components and connectors, and allocation structures show how software elements map to environments. The document then examines specific architectural structures like modules, layers, classes, processes, repositories, and deployment. It emphasizes that an architect should focus on a few key structures like logical, process, development, and physical views to validate that the architecture meets requirements.
A metric based approach for measuring the conceptual integrity of software ar...ijseajournal
Software architectures evaluation has an important role in the life cycle of software systems. The
conceptual integrity is one of the quality attributes which could be closely related to software architectural
design. It is the underlying theme or vision that unifies all levels of the system's design. In this paper, a
method for measuring the conceptual integrity of software architecture is provided. Conceptual integrity
measurement is done in several steps by extracting a graph structure which its nodes are architectural
concepts and its edges are relationship between them. The constructed graph is then weighted according to
the type of relationship among the architectural concepts. Finally, a metric for evaluating the conceptual
integrity from the refined graph is provided.
Can “Feature” be used to Model the Changing Access Control Policies? IJORCS
Access control policies [ACPs] regulate the access to data and resources in information systems. These ACPs are framed from the functional requirements and the Organizational security & privacy policies. It was found to be beneficial, when the ACPs are included in the early phases of the software development leading to secure development of information systems. Many approaches are available for including the ACPs in requirements and design phase. They relied on UML artifacts, Aspects and also Feature for this purpose. But the earlier modeling approaches are limited in expressing the evolving ACPs due to organizational policy changes and business process modifications. In this paper, we analyze, whether “Feature”- defined as an increment in program functionality can be used as a modeling entity to represent the Evolving Access control requirements. We discuss the two prominent approaches that use Feature in modeling ACPs. Also we have a comparative analysis to find the suitability of Features in the context of changing ACPs. We conclude with our findings and provide directions for further research.
The data design action translates data objects into data structures at the software component level.
Data Design is the first and most important design activity. Here the main issue is to select the appropriate data structure i.e. the data design focuses on the definition of data structures.
Data design is a process of gradual refinement, from the coarse "What data does your application require?" to the precise data structures and processes that provide it. With a good data design, your application's data access is fast, easily maintained, and can gracefully accept future data enhancements.
The document provides an overview of several agent-oriented software engineering methodologies, including GAIA, INGENIAS, MaSE, PASSI, Prometheus, Tropos, and ADEM. It discusses the concepts and properties supported by each methodology, their modeling approaches and notations, development lifecycles, and their pragmatic considerations in terms of available resources and tooling. The methodologies generally support common multi-agent concepts but provide different levels of guidance, modeling support, and tooling throughout the development process.
This document outlines the course objectives and content for a software architectures course. The key topics covered include:
- Understanding what constitutes software architecture, architectural drivers, styles and views.
- Examining quality attribute workshops, architectural views, styles and documenting architectures.
- Exploring specific architectural styles, views, patterns and how they are used to specify system architecture.
- Analyzing architectures for emerging technologies like service-oriented architectures, cloud computing and adaptive structures.
The course aims to help students understand how to design architectures that meet requirements and explain the influence of architecture on technical and business activities. It covers important architectural concepts and how to apply styles and views.
Safety-driven Software Product Line architectures Design, A Survey PaperEditor IJCATR
Software architecture design is an important step of software development. Currently, there are various design methods
available and each is focusing on certain perspective of architecture design. Especially, quality-based methods have received a lot of
attentions and have been well developed for single system architecture design. However, the use of quality-based design methods is
limited in software product line (SPL) because of the complexity and variabilities existing in SPL architecture. With the increasing
attention to software safety, improving software safety has already become a more important issue, especially for safety-critical
systems. This study aims at surveying existing research on Software Product Line Architecture (SPLA) design based on quality
attributes, and to give an overview of the intersection of the areas of software product line architecture design and Safety Driven
Design in order to classifying existing work, and discover open issues for further research. Also this study investigates safety analysis
at the architectural level, and Safety-based Software Product Line Architecture Design (SSPLAD) approaches. Safety-driven software
product line architecture design seems to be a ‘‘discussion” topic. The study shows that there are a large number of SPLA design
methods. However, the use of safety-based design methods is limited in software product lines (SPL) due to the variability property
that can potentially result in a large number of possible systems and because of the complexity existing in safety attribute itself.
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1) How early days of software development have affected modern practices.
2) Definitions of software engineering from different sources.
3) The stages of software design including problem analysis, solution identification, and abstraction description.
4) Object-oriented design principles like information hiding, independent objects, and service-based communication.
Single object detection to support requirements modeling using faster R-CNNTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Requirements engineering (RE) is one of the most important phases of a software engineering project in which the foundation of a software product is laid, objectives and assumptions, functional and non-functional needs are analyzed and consolidated. Many modeling notations and tools are developed to model the information gathered in the RE process, one popular framework is the iStar 2.0. Despite the frameworks and notations that are introduced, many engineers still find that drawing the diagrams is easier done manually by hand. Problem arises when the corresponding diagram needs to be updated as requirements evolve. This research aims to kickstart the development of a modeling tool using Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network for single object detection and recognition of hand-drawn iStar 2.0 objects, Gleam grayscale, and Salt and Pepper noise to digitalize hand-drawn diagrams. The single object detection and recognition tool is evaluated and displays promising results of an overall accuracy and precision of 95%, 100% for recall, and 97.2% for the F-1 score.
Systems Analysis,
Systems Design,
Systems Modelling,
Systems Architecture,
System Development and Testing,
System Maintenance and Evolution,
SDLC example (Cloud Service life cycle)
Software connectors are architectural elements that model interactions between components. They define rules governing interactions and provide channels for transferring control and data. In software systems, connectors are often not explicitly implemented but distributed across code, while in architectures they are first-class entities with identities. Treating connectors independently from components supports separation of interaction from computation and facilitates software evolution.
The document discusses key concepts in software design including:
1) Design creates representations of software architecture, data structures, interfaces and components that provide details for implementation beyond what is in requirements.
2) Design allows modeling of a system before implementation to assess quality.
3) Good design should exhibit firmness, commodity, and delight according to a "software design manifesto."
This document discusses key concepts in software architecture including:
- The core activities of software architecture are architectural analysis, synthesis (design), evaluation, and evolution.
- Important supporting activities are knowledge management, design reasoning, documentation, and architecture description.
- Common views for documenting architecture include logical, process, physical, development, and use case views.
- Architectural styles and patterns provide reusable solutions for common architectural problems.
CRESUS-T: A COLLABORATIVE REQUIREMENTS ELICITATION SUPPORT TOOLijseajournal
Communicating an organisation's requirements in a semantically consistent and understandable manner
and then reflecting the potential impact of those requirements on the IT infrastructure presents a major
challenge among stakeholders. Initial research findings indicate a desire among business executives for a
tool that allows them to communicate organisational changes using natural language and a model of the IT
infrastructure that supports those changes. Building on a detailed analysis and evaluation of these findings,
the innovative CRESUS-T support tool was designed and implemented. The purpose of this research was to
investigate to what extent CRESUS-T both aids communication in the development of a shared
understanding and supports collaborative requirements elicitation to bring about organisational, and
associated IT infrastructural, change. In order to determine the extent shared understanding was fostered,
the support tool was evaluated in a case study of a business process for the roll out of the IT software
image at a third level educational institution. Statistical analysis showed that the CRESUS-T support tool
fostered shared understanding in the case study, through increased communication. Shared understanding
is also manifested in the creation of two knowledge representation artefacts namely, a requirements model
and the IT infrastructure model. The CRESUS-T support tool will be useful to requirements engineers and
business analysts that have to gather requirements asynchronously.
AN ITERATIVE HYBRID AGILE METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING ARCHIVING SYSTEMSijseajournal
With the massive growth of the organizations files, the needs for archiving system become a must. A lot of
time is consumed in collecting requirements from the organization to build an archiving system. Sometimes
the system does not meet the organization needs. This paper proposes a domain-based requirement
engineering system that efficiently and effectively develops different archiving systems based on new
suggested technique that merges the two best used agile methodologies: extreme programming (XP) and
SCRUM. The technique is tested on a real case study. The results shows that the time and effort consumed
during analyzing and designing the archiving systems decreased significantly. The proposed methodology
also reduces the system errors that may happen at the early stages of the development of the system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document summarizes research on analyzing the free vibration of cracked beams. It presents a finite element model of an open edge crack in a beam modeled in ABAQUS. Parametric studies are conducted on simply supported and cantilever beams to analyze the effects of crack depth and location on natural frequencies. The results from ABAQUS are validated against experimental data and found to be in good agreement. It is observed that natural frequencies decrease with increasing crack depth and are most affected when cracks are located in regions of higher bending moment. The studies provide insight into how cracks influence beam vibration properties.
This document discusses clinical audits, which systematically review patient care against criteria to improve outcomes. Clinical audits compare current practices to standards to identify any gaps and drive improvements. They have been incorporated worldwide as part of clinical governance efforts since the 1990s. Some key points made include:
- Clinical audits can reduce risks, ensure cost-effectiveness, and improve patient care and outcomes.
- One of the earliest clinical audits was conducted by Florence Nightingale during the Crimean War, which significantly reduced mortality rates.
- Audits ask if standards are being followed correctly, while research asks if the right approach is being taken.
- Successful audits include clear, measurable criteria; objective data collection; analysis
Este documento presenta información sobre blogs y webquests. Explica que un blog es un sitio web donde uno o más autores publican contenido de forma periódica y cronológica, y permite comentarios de lectores. Una webquest es una actividad educativa que asigna una tarea y guía a los estudiantes a analizar y sintetizar información de recursos en línea seleccionados. El documento también describe cómo crear blogs y webquests paso a paso.
This document discusses and compares several agent-assisted methodologies for developing multi-agent systems:
- It reviews Gaia, HLIM, PASSI, and Tropos methodologies, outlining their key models and phases. Gaia focuses on analysis and design, HLIM models internal and external agent behavior, and PASSI and Tropos incorporate UML modeling.
- It then proposes a new MAB methodology intended to address shortcomings of existing approaches. MAB includes requirements, analysis, design, and implementation phases and models such as use case maps and agent roles.
- Finally, it concludes that agent technologies represent a promising approach for developing complex software systems, but that matching methodologies to problem domains and developing princip
IMPLEMENTATION OF DYNAMIC COUPLING MEASUREMENT OF DISTRIBUTED OBJECT ORIENTED...IJCSEA Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method for dynamically measuring coupling in distributed object-oriented software systems. The method involves three steps: instrumentation of the Java Virtual Machine to trace method calls, post-processing of the trace files to merge information, and calculation of coupling metrics based on the dynamic traces. The implementation results show that the proposed approach can effectively measure coupling metrics dynamically by accounting for polymorphism and dynamic binding, overcoming limitations of traditional static coupling analysis.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE STYLESijfcstjournal
Software architecture is the structural solution that achieves the overall technical and operational
requirements for software developments. Software engineers applied software architectures for their
software system developments; however, they worry the basic benchmarks in order to select software
architecture styles, possible components, integration methods (connectors) and the exact application of
each style.
The objective of this research work was a comparative analysis of software architecture styles by its
weakness and benefits in order to select by the programmer during their design time. Finally, in this study,
the researcher has been identified architectural styles, weakness, and Strength and application areas with
its component, connector and Interface for the selected architectural styles.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE STYLESADEIJ Journal
Software architecture is the structural solution that achieves the overall technical and operational
requirements for software developments. Software engineers applied software architectures for their
software system developments; however, they worry the basic benchmarks in order to select software
architecture styles, possible components, integration methods (connectors) and the exact application of
each style.
The objective of this research work was a comparative analysis of software architecture styles by its
weakness and benefits in order to select by the programmer during their design time. Finally, in this study,
the researcher has been identified architectural styles, weakness, and Strength and application areas with
its component, connector and Interface for the selected architectural styles.
Architectural Styles And The Design Of Network-Based Software ArchitecturesAndrea Porter
This document summarizes an academic paper on architectural styles for network-based software architectures. It defines key terms related to software architecture like elements, configurations, properties, and styles. It discusses how architectural styles can be used to guide the design of network-based application software and classify styles based on the properties they induce. It specifically introduces the Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style and how it was used to guide the design of the modern Web architecture.
1) The document discusses various ways that artificial intelligence can be applied to different phases of the software engineering lifecycle, including requirements specification, design, coding, testing, and estimation.
2) It provides examples of using techniques like natural language processing to clarify requirements, knowledge graphs to manage requirements information, and computational intelligence for requirements prioritization.
3) For design, the document discusses using intelligent agents to recommend patterns and designs to satisfy quality attributes from requirements and assist with assigning responsibilities to components.
Here are the key advantages and disadvantages of software engineering discussed in the paper:
Advantages:
- Rigorous process-based approach: Software engineering follows well-defined processes and methodologies to develop software. This makes the development process systematic and organized.
- Reusability: Components and modules developed using software engineering principles can be reused, reducing development effort and costs.
- Reliability: Proper testing and validation ensures software developed using engineering principles is more reliable.
- Maintainability: The modular nature of software and documentation of processes makes software more maintainable.
- Predictability: Following standardized processes makes project timelines and costs more predictable.
Disadvantages:
- Increased costs: The processes
Lecture-_-5-_SDA_software design and architecture.docesrabilgic2
This lecture discusses software architecture. It begins by explaining that software architecture refers to the structure of a system, including its software elements, their properties, and relationships. An example diagram is shown but it is noted that the diagram alone does not represent the full architecture. Common architectural structures like patterns, reference models, and reference architectures are introduced. The lecture emphasizes that architecture is important because it enables communication between stakeholders, represents early critical design decisions, and can provide reusable abstractions of systems.
Presenting an Excusable Model of Enterprise Architecture for Evaluation of R...Editor IJCATR
The document presents a method for creating an executable model of enterprise architecture diagrams to evaluate reliability. It transforms UML collaboration diagrams into colored Petri nets using an algorithm. This allows simulation of the diagrams to identify potential reliability issues early in the planning process. It aims to avoid high costs of implementation by improving architectural artifacts. The key steps are:
1) Using C4ISR framework and UML diagrams to describe enterprise architecture.
2) Transforming collaboration diagrams to colored Petri nets using a algorithm that represents messages as transitions and senders/receivers as places.
3) Annotating the Petri net model with reliability data to enable simulation and evaluation of reliability.
The document discusses assessing software complexity and security metrics from UML class diagrams for software reengineering. It proposes developing a Software Reverse Engineering Tool (SRET) that can automatically calculate metrics like coupling, cohesion, and security metrics from a UML class diagram generated from source code. This would help analysts and developers evaluate software metrics more quickly and efficiently during reengineering compared to manual methods. The tool would extract metrics based on rules applied to the class diagram to measure things like data access, operation access, and interactions between methods and attributes.
Software Archtecture.
Software design is a process to transform user requirements into some suitable form, which helps the programmer in software coding and implementation.
Software design is the important step in SDLC (Software Design Life Cycle), which moves the concentration from problem domain to solution domain. It tries to specify how to fulfill the requirements mentioned in SRS.
Software design plays an important role in developing software: during software design, software engineers produce various models that form a kind of blueprint of the solution to be implemented
A methodology to evaluate object oriented software systems using change requi...ijseajournal
It is a well known fact that software maintenance plays a major role and finds importance in software
development life cycle. As object
-
oriented programming has become the standard, it is very important to
understand th
e problems of maintaining object
-
oriented software systems. This paper aims at evaluating
object
-
oriented software system through change requirement traceability
–
based impact analysis
methodology
for non functional requirements using functional requirem
ents
. The major issues have been
related to change impact algorithms and inheritance of functionality.
Local Service Search Engine Management System LSSEMSYogeshIJTSRD
Local Services Search Engine Management System LSSEMS is a web based application which helps user to find serviceman in a local area such as maid, tuition teacher, plumber etc. LSSEMS contain data of serviceman maid, tuition teacher, plumber etc. . The main purpose of LSSEMS is to systematically record, store and update the serviceman records. Kaushik Mishra | Aditya Sharma | Mohak Gund "Local Service Search Engine Management System (LSSEMS)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Conference on Advances in Engineering, Science and Technology - 2021 , May 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd42462.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/42462/local-service-search-engine-management-system-lssems/kaushik-mishra
Reverse Engineering for Documenting Software Architectures, a Literature ReviewEditor IJCATR
Recently, much research in software engineering focused on reverse engineering of software systems which has become one
of the major engineering trends for software evolution. The objective of this survey paper is to provide a literature review on the
existing reverse engineering methodologies and approaches for documenting the architecture of software systems. The survey process
was based on selecting the most common approaches that form the current state of the art in documenting software architectures. We
discuss the limitations of these approaches and highlight the main directions for future research and describe specific open issues for
research.
This document discusses an efficient tool for a reusable software component taxonomy. It proposes integrating two existing classification schemes to develop a prototype system. Specifically:
- It proposes developing an integrated classification scheme using a combination of existing schemes to better classify and store reusable software components in a repository for efficient retrieval.
- A prototype was developed that integrates two existing classification schemes to demonstrate the proposed approach. This aims to improve on limitations of current software component retrieval methods.
This document summarizes a research paper on software architecture reconstruction methods. It discusses how software architectures can drift over time from the original design due to changes and deviations. Architecture reconstruction is used to recover the original architecture by applying reverse engineering techniques. The document reviews different bottom-up, top-down, and hybrid methods for architecture reconstruction, including tools like ARMIN and Rigi. It also defines key terms related to architecture reconstruction and the challenges of architectural aging, erosion, drift, and mismatch.
ARCHITECTURAL FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPING COMPONENT BASED GIS SYSTEMijfcstjournal
Component Based Software Engineering has one main sole motive of making the development process of
software systems as easy as possible and to achieve this objective work needs to be done in previous
systems to identify the concerns and limitations which can be overcome using this software engineering
based approach. In this paper to support concept of component based system a domain is chosen that
covers the GIS systems. GIS (Geographic Information Systems) are commonly used for development of map
based applications these systems are widely used across the web and in various organizations. With the
development and deepening of GIS, traditional GIS systems showed the challenges on isolation, sealing,
interoperability and the limitations, thereby hindering further development and application of GIS
technology. In this paper framework for component based GIS system is proposed. This framework is
having rich graphical interface and user data can be easily retrieved from the connected database and
displayed in the browser.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3Data Hops
Free A4 downloadable and printable Cyber Security, Social Engineering Safety and security Training Posters . Promote security awareness in the home or workplace. Lock them Out From training providers datahops.com
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
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We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
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1. B. Srinivasulu et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.2000-2008
RESEARCH ARTICLE
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OPEN ACCESS
Software Structural Design Visualization Using Archview
Framework
B. Srinivasulu1, M. Ravi Kumar2, N. Sirisha3, P.Srinivas4
1
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, St. Martin’s Engineering College, Secundedrabad.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Abhinav Hi-tech college of Engineering, RR Dist
3
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, St.Martin’s Engineering College, Secundedrabad.
4
Department of Information Technology , Nalla Malla Reddy Engineering College , RR Dist.
2
Abstract
In order to characterize and improve software architecture visualization practice, the paper derives and
constructs a qualitative framework, for the assessment of software architecture. The evaluation is used to
visualize the relationships between different components. Software Architecture Visualization is used to help all
stakeholders to understand the system at all points of the software life cycle. The framework is derived by the
application of the Goal Question Metric paradigm to information obtained from literature survey and addresses a
number of architectural issues. Solution exists of software architecture visualization is architecture description
language, most of the software architecture visualization tools exists are limiting to work in terms of few
metrics that are being taken from the software architecture context only.
Keywords: Software architecture, visualization, visualization assessment, methodologies.
I.
INTRODUCTION
VISUALIZATION is used to enhance
information under-standing by reducing cognitive
overload. Using visua-lization tools, people are often
able to understand the information presented in a
shorter period of time or to a greater depth. The term
“visualization” has two connotations. Visualization
can refer to the activity that people undertake when
building an internal picture about real-world or
abstract entities. Visualization can also refer to the
process of determining the mappings between abstract
or real-world objects and their graphical
representation; this process includes decisions on
metaphors, environment, and interactivity. This work
uses the term “visualization” in the latter sense: the
process of mapping entities to graphical
representations.
Evaluating
a
particular
visualization
technique or tool is problematic. Common practice is
that some set of guide-lines is followed and a
qualitative summary is produced. As the guidelines
may have been used to produce the visualization,
there is some bias in such an evaluation. Moreover,
these summaries do not usually allow a comparison of
competing techniques or tools. A comparison is
important because it identifies possible “holes” in the
research area or development market. Therefore, for
example, a software organization may have the
requirement that it needs to visualize their current
system with an emphasis on being able to obtain
multiple views for multiple users and should also
allow querying. Other aspects of the visualization may
be less important at this point in time. Thus, a
framework for describing the attributes of tools is
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needed. Once the tools have been assessed in this
common framework, a comparison is possible. Such a
framework will not be complete and indeed may never
be. However, a framework can be used for
comparison, discussion, and formative evaluation. In
this milieu, we present a frame-work for software
architecture visualization evaluation
II.
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
The major contribution of this paper is the
evaluation framework presented in Section 3.
Software architecture visualization evaluation falls
into seven key areas: Static Representation, Dynamic
Representation, Views, Naviga-tion and Interaction,
Task Support, Implementation, and Representation
Quality. Simply put, Software Visualization (SV) is
the use of visual representations to enhance the
understanding and comprehension of the different
aspects of a software system. Price et al. gives a more
precise definition of software visualization as the
combination of utilizing graphic design and animation
combined with technologies in human-computer
interaction to reach the ultimate goal of enhancing
both the understanding of software systems as well as
the effective use of these systems. The need to
visualize software systems evolved from the fact that
such systems are not as tangible and visible as
physical objects in the real world. This need becomes
particularly evident when the software system grows
to entail a huge number of complexly related modules
and procedures. This growth results in a boost in the
time and effort needed to understand the system,
maintain its components, extend its functionality,
debug it and write tests for it. The framework is used
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to evaluate six existing software architecture
visualization tools. It is also used to assess tool
appropriateness from a variety of stakeholder
perspectives. The stakeholder list is extended from
that presented in the IEEE 1471 standard. The
framework can also be used as design guidelines for
an “ideal” tool.
RELATED WORK
This background section briefly surveys the
three main areas of the contribution: architecture,
visualization, and evaluation.
2.1 Architecture
Architecture can take two roles: one
describes how the software systems architecture
should be and the other describing how software
systems architecture is. Part of the usefulness of
architecture analysis is to measure the discrepancy
between the prescribed architecture and the
architecture that describes the software produced.
There are many definitions of architecture. For this
work, the IEEE 1471 standard is adopted, where
architecture is defined as “the fundamental
organization of a system embodied in its components,
their relationships to each other and to the
environment, and the principles guiding its design and
evolution.” This is used as the starting definition in
this work as it has been agreed upon through a
community vetting process. As the frame-work
evolved, other aspects, for example, the dynamic
aspects of architecture, needed to be incorporated into
the framework. For any software system, there are a
number of individuals who have some interest in the
architecture. These stakeholders have differing
requirements of the software architecture depending
on the role that they take. The left column in Table 1,
from the IEEE 1471 standard , identifies a minimal
collection of stakeholders that an architectural
description must address communication and
understanding of the architecture is essential in
ensuring that each stakeholder can play their role
during the design, development, and deployment of
that software system. Software engineering research
has examined the use of specific languages to describe
software architecture (see Medvidovic and Taylor’s
taxonomy. These languages are referred to as
Architecture Description Languages (ADLs). Rather
than focusing on ADLs for capturing and representing
architectural information, the framework presented in
this paper is more concerned with the visualization of
architectures in the large, whether they have been
encoded with an ADL or not. Visualizations may
indeed use the paradigm of components and
connectors, but this is at a lower level.
2.2 Software Visualization
The most prominent types of visualization
defined in the literature are Scientific Visualization,
Information
Visualization,
and
Software
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Visualization. Scientific Visualization is concerned
with creating visualizations for physically-based
systems, whereas Information Visualization is
concerned
III.
THE WORKING PRINCIPLE
Before describing the framework itself, the
motivation for its development is given. Next, the
framework itself is described while indicating the
process by which it was derived.
3.1
Motivation for an Architecture Framework
A number of frameworks and taxonomies
exist for the evaluation of software visualizations. As
software visualization has tended to appeal to its roots
in program comprehension, these visualizations are
typically concerned with the representation of
software at code level, supporting programmers and
maintainers. Existing frame-works and taxonomies
reflect this focus by looking at low-level areas such as
source code, algorithms, and data structures.
The proposed framework will provide a
mechanism to discuss key areas and related features of
tools and will indicate the trade-offs made by the
stakeholders. This is similar to the trade-off technique
applied in the cognitive dimensions discussed by
Green and Petre in their work on visual programming
environments. In supporting developers and
maintainers, software visualization has been largely
concerned with represent-ing static and dynamic
aspects of software at the code level. Architecture
visualizations require a larger set of stakeholders.
Stakeholders prescribed by IEEE 1471 are general
classes of users. For the purpose of software
architecture visualization, the list of stakeholders from
the left column in Table 1 can be expanded to the list
in the right column in Table 1. The extended list on
the right in Table 1 illustrates the point that
architecture visualization must support a larger
number of stakeholders than that supported by
traditional software visualization. The right column in
Table 1 could also be extended to include other
intended stakeholders, such as suppliers, configuration
management staff, chief information officers, and
auditors.
3.2
Framework Overview
The proposed framework has seven key areas
for describing software architecture visualization:
Static Representation, Dynamic Representation,
Views, Navigation and Interaction, Task Support,
Implementation, and Representation Quality. The
dimensions identified in the framework are not
proposed as a formal representation of the
characteristics of software architecture visualizations,
but are necessary for discussion about, and evaluation
of, such visualizations. Whether they are sufficient is
an open question and the subject of future research.
Each of the seven key areas of the proposed
framework is discussed in detail below. The
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Goal/Metric/Question (GQM) paradigm [1] was used
to identify the questions and to then enable the
formation of the framework features. GQM was
chosen because it defines a measurement model on
three levels:
3.3 Relationship to Other Frameworks
The proposed framework has a strong basis
in software visualization evaluation. Frameworks and
taxonomies such as those by Price et al. Storey et al.
and Roman and Cox have been used to categorize and
evaluate software visualizations. These works have
influenced the creation of the framework. Our
approach here is similar to that by Storey et al. “[A
framework] can serve several purposes: 1) as a
formative evaluation tool... 2) for potential tool
users...; and 3) as a comparison tool...”. The principal
difference is that this work is about architecture,
whereas theirs is about development.
Price et al. use a phenomenological approach
to derive properties from existing tools, then
generalize to a framework. The framework engenders
a set of open-ended questions. Our proposed
framework attempts to “qualitatively quantify” using
an enumeration of possible responses, similar to a
Likert scale; such an approach leaves room for
judgment on the part of the responder and removes the
judgment from the questioner. It is also easier to
measure. The measures are qualitative, following
Bassil and Keller .
The proposed framework has some degree of
overlap with the taxonomy proposed by Price et al.
The distinction between Static and Dynamic
Representation in this framework has some grounding
in the “Data Gathering Time” questions posed by
Price et al. Static Representation is concerned with the
collection of static elements of the software system
(gathered at compile time) and Dynamic
Representation is concerned with runtime information.
Dynamic Representation also has relationships with
Price et al.’s taxonomy in its discussion of
“Invasiveness.” Ideally, a visualization system should
be able to collect data from the target system in such a
way that the collection of that data does not change
the behavior of that system.
A common theme running throughout both
Software Architecture and Software Visualization
research is the concept of Multiple Views. Price et al.
identify the need for “multiple synchronized views”
within visualization, but the proposed framework also
considers the view definition, in line with the
recommendations of the IEEE 1471 standard.
Questions & Problems
In this section, we touch on the main
problems and questions recent research has been
trying to tackle. Research in the area of software
architecture visualization is centered on finding a
meaningful and effective mapping scheme between
the software architecture elements and visual
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metaphors. Recent research has been trying to answer
different questions such as: “why is the visualization
needed?”, “who will use [it]?”, and “how to represent
it?”.
Others like questioned the effectiveness and
expressiveness of the visuals to use. In general the
various questions asked in this discipline can be
grouped into three broad categories:
• Who are the different groups of audience for
architecture visualization?
• What questions do they wish to answer through this
visualization?
• How can visual metaphors and interaction
techniques are used to answer their questions
As will be discussed later in this paper, these
three questions can be thought of as determinants of
what is to be visualized and how.
3.4 Framework Derivation
The primary goal of the proposed framework is to
assess system architectures. The framework was
derived from an extensive analysis of the literature in
the area of software visualization with special
emphasis on software architecture. Each of the seven
key areas is a conceptual goal which the framework
must satisfy. It is this that makes the application of the
Goal Question Metric paradigm straightforward.
Rather than describing the complete GQM
derivation for each sub goal of the framework, its
application in the Static Representation sub goal/key
area is demonstrated only. A goal needs a purpose,
issue, object, and viewpoint. Thus, here, the need is to
assess (the purpose) the adequacy (the issue) of static
representation(the object) from the researcher’s
perspective
(viewpoint). Then, the question “Does the
visualization support a multitude of software
architectures?” is posed. This process yields the first
question in Table 2 and feature SR 1 in Table 3.
Continuing in a like manner yields the other three
questions in Table 2 and items SR 2-4 in the Static
Representation portion in Table 3. Following this
process in all key areas provides a straightforward
way to generate questions for use in GQM. The metric
for the GQM used is the Likert scale with four ordered
values plus two nonvalues as this does not
overcomplicate the application of the frame-work, and
the responses have intrinsic meaning.
These values are summarized in Table 4. The
response “Not applicable” (NA) is used where the
question is not relevant because the feature is not in
the scope of the tool and is different from “No
support” (N) in which the scope of the tool would
suggest that it should support the feature but it does
not. The “Unable to determine” (?) response is used
where the question is relevant, but the presence or
absence of the feature was not determined.
3.5
Framework Detail
There are some
aspects
of
software
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architecture visualization that are not addressed at all
in existing software visualization evaluation
frameworks. This presents an opportunity to develop a
framework for the comparison of such architecture
visualizations. The proposed framework is divided
into seven key areas. Static representation
characterizes the size and accessibility of the
architectural information. Dynamic Representation
characterizes the support for runtime collection and
observation of architectural information. Views
characterize the perspective of the observer.
Navigation Interaction characterizes the ease of use of
the tool. Task Support characterizes the operational
use of the visualization. Implementation assesses the
suitability of the information for the particular
computational environment. Representation Quality
characterizes the quality of the information presented
to the observer. In the following sections,
parenthetical references refer to the leftmost column
in Table 3. The intent is to point the discussion of a
key area to the embodiment of the feature in the
framework by including the GQM questions.
3.5.1 Static Representation (SR)
Static Representation is the architectural
information which can be extracted before runtime,
for example, source code, test plans, data dictionaries,
and other documentation. It is possible that a
visualization system will be restricted to a small
number of possible architectures. Visualization need
not support a multitude of software architectures if
that is not the intention of the visualization. In some
cases, the software architecture is clearly defined and
a single data source exists from which the
visualization can take its input. Often, architectural
data does not reside in a single location and must be
extracted from a multitude of sources. Architecture
visualization certainly benefits from the ability to
support the recovery of data from a number of
disparate sources. Moreover, with multiple data
sources, there should be a mechanism for ensuring
that the data can be consolidated into a meaningful
model for the visualization. Architectural information
may not be available directly but is recovered from
sources that are non-architectural. For example, file
systems may not be directly architecturally related,
but they can contain important information that relates
to architecture. Even more so, namespaces, modules,
classes, methods, and variables can all contribute to a
view of the software architecture and, so, a
visualization system should support language-specific
constructs.
If architectural data is to be retrieved from
non architectural data, there is a potential for the data
repository to contain large amounts of data from lower
levels of abstraction. If this is the strategy employed
by the visualization, then the visualization should be
able to deal with large volumes of information, that is,
the system should be scalable.
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3.5.2 Dynamic Representation (DR)
Dynamic Representation is the architectural
information that can be extracted during runtime.
Some relationships between components of a system
will be formed only during execution due the nature
of late-binding mechanisms such as inheritance and
polymorphism.
Runtime information can indicate a number
of aspects of the software architecture. Visualizations
should support the collection of runtime information
from dynamic data sources in order to relay runtime
information. Typically, for smaller software systems,
this runtime information will only be available from
one source, but, for larger distributed software
systems, the visualization may need the capability of
recovering data from a number of different sources.
These data sources may not reside on the same
machine as the visualization system, so the ability to
use remote dynamic data sources is useful. Some
sources may produce data of one type, where another
source produces different data. In this case, the
visualization should provide a mechanism by which
this data is made coherent. When dynamic events
occur, the visualization should be able to display these
events appropriately and within the context of the
architecture. The visualization must therefore be able
to associate incoming events with architectural
entities.
3.5.3 Views (V)
Kruchten identifies four specific views of
software architecture, whereas the IEEE 1471
standard allows for the definition of an arbitrary
number of views. Visualization may support the
creation of a number of views of the software
architecture and may wish to allow simultaneous
access to these views. In the IEEE 1471 standard,
architectural views have viewpoints associated with
them. A viewpoint defines a number of important
aspects about that view, including the stakeholders
and concerns that are addressed by that viewpoint,
along with the language, modeling techniques, and
analytical methods used in constructing the view
based on that viewpoint. Visualization may make this
information available to the user in order to assist in
their understanding of the view they are using.
3.5.4 Navigation and Interaction (NI)
Interactive visualizations systems provide a
means by which users will move within, and interact
with, the graphical environment. Common user
navigation techniques such as panning, zooming,
bookmarking, and rotating are usually offered in both
2D and 3D environ-ments. Interaction with the
environment can involve selection, deletion, creation,
modification, and so on.
An important part of the comprehension
process is the formulation of relationships between
concepts. Having the ability to follow these
relationships is fundamental. Storey et al. indicate that
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a software visualization system should provide
directional navigation. The visualization should
support the user being able to follow concepts in order
to gain an understanding of the software architecture.
Searching is the data-space navigation process that
allows the user to locate information with respect to a
set of criteria. Storey et al. label this as arbitrary
navigation—being able to move to a location that is
not necessarily reachable by direct links. Sim et al.
identify the need for searching architectures for
information; so, the visualization should support this
searching for arbitrary information.
3.5.5 Task Support (TS)
Task Support is crucial for any usable
software visualization system. This area of the
framework explores the ability of the visualization to
support stakeholders while they are developing and
understanding the software architecture. The
visualization should support architectural analysis
tasks. As comprehension strategies are task
dependent, architecture visualizations should support
either of top-down or bottom-up strategies, or a
combination of the two. An important comprehension
task is the identification of anomalies. Architectures
may be broken or misused and exhibit unwarranted
behavior. The ability to tag graphical elements in
visualization is important for various activities.
Annotation can allow users to tag entities with
information during the formulation of a hypothesis.
Visualizations should support any number of
stakeholders. In order to facilitate the communication
of the architecture to a stakeholder, the visualization
must represent the architecture in a suitable manner.
Stakeholders may require very different views from
other stakeholders. Software architecture can evolve
over time. Subsystems may be redesigned;
components replaced, new components added, new
connectors added, and so on. Architecture
visualization should provide a facility to show the
evolution. This support may be basic, showing
architectural snapshots, or the support may be more
advanced by using animation. Visualizations may
offer the capability for the users to create, edit, and
delete objects in the visualization. In order to be able
to fully support the construction of software
architecture, the visualization must be able to allow
the user to create objects in the domain of the
supported viewpoint. Of course, the visualization
should also then support the editing and deleting of
those objects. Architectural descriptions can be used
for the planning, managing, and execution of software
development . In order for the visualization to support
this task, it should provide rudimentary functionality
of a project management tool—or have the ability to
communicate with an existing project
3.5.6 Implementation (I)
Visualizations should be able to be generated
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automatically. If platform choice prohibits remote
capture of system data, the visualization should be
able to execute on the same platform as the software it
is intended to visualize.
3.5.7 Representation Quality (RQ)
Representation Quality is an area of the
framework that deals with the capability of the
visualization to adequately represent the software
architecture. For software architecture visualization,
the visualization must present the architecture
accurately and represent all of that architecture if the
visualization purports to do so. During its execution,
software may change its configuration in such a way
that its architecture has changed. Software that
changes its architecture in such a way is labeled
software that has a dynamic architecture. If the
visualization is able to support architectural views of
the software at runtime, then it may be capable of
showing the dynamic aspects of the architecture. In
order to do so, the visualization may either support
snapshot views of the progression or animate the
changes.
3.6
Framework Summary
The two left-hand columns in Table 3 show
the outcomes of the application of the GQM paradigm
for each key area. The abbreviated key area names in
the leftmost column are used in Figs. 1 and 2. The
values in the right-hand columns are discussed and
developed in Section4.
3.7 Multiplicity of view
With regards to the multiplicity of view, two
schools of thoughts can be identified. On the one
hand, the first school asserts that any visualization
should support multiple views of the architecture at
different levels of detail in order to satisfy the
audience’s different interests. That is, for the
visualization to be deemed useful, it has to provide a
means of looking at the different aspects of software
architecture through different views, and possibly via
multiple windows. For instance, if one view provides
an insight into the internal structure of software
entities composing the architecture, another view
should, on a higher level, focus on the relationships
and communication between these entities. The other
school of thought; on the other hand, believes that a
carefully designed single view of the visualization
might be more effective and meaningful in conveying
the multiple aspects of the architecture than the
multiple view approach [10, 14]. For example, the
tool can provide different levels of detail in a single
view (e.g. internal structures of entities along with the
relationships between them) and leave it up to the
viewers to draw their own mental maps at the level of
interest to them.
3.7.1 Multiple-view visualization
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Lanza et al. [23, 24] introduced a software
visualization tool called CodeCrawler (CC). Through
a 2D visualization of reverse-engineered object
oriented software systems, CC offers the advantage of
having multiple views of the same architecture. The
multiplicity of views aims to uncover the different
aspects of the architectural design and emphasize
specific metrics in the software system. In general, CC
represents the architecture in a polymeric view in
which entities (classes, methods … etc) are
represented as nodes and relationships as edges
connecting these nodes. The node’s size, position and
color are used to represent the metrics of interest in
the software system. There are four different views
that CC has to offer:
1) Coarse-grained view by which the system
complexity is emphasized.
2) Fine grained view which hierarchically represents
the class blueprint in the architecture.
3) Coupling view which, as the name suggests,
underscores coupling amongst modules in the
architecture, and
3.7.2 Single-view visualization
Single-view visualization was one of the
early attempts to visualize multiple aspects of the
architecture through a single view. Storey et al.
suggested the use of a unified single view
visualization that presents information at different
levels of the software system, especially the
architectural level. However, according to Panas et al.
SHriMP did not consider stakeholder communication.
Therefore, proposed an enhanced single-view
model that addresses three main issues. For one, it
enhances communication between the different
stakeholders by allowing them to reach a common
understanding of the architecture. Secondly, it reduces
the “significant cognitive burden” resulting from
trying to comprehend multiple views. And thirdly, it
rapidly summarizes systems especially large-scale
ones. The proposed model uses common (rather than
varying) interests amongst stakeholders to come up
with a collective comprehension of the architecture.
Figure 4 shows an example of this visualization.
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Figure 2.4 A unified view of software architecture by
Panas et al.
In the figure above, the green landscapes
represent directories (high level groups); whereas the
blue plates indicate source files. And methods are
represented by buildings.
3.7.3 Virtual Environments visualization
The ultimate goal of using Virtual
Environments to visualize software architecture is to
make it possible and easy for the viewer to compare
metrics of the different components in the architecture
and realize the relationships amongst them. Also,
amplifying cognition is another advantage of VEs, for
they allow for navigation in an open 3D space that has
commonalities with physical environments in our
everyday life. EvoSpaces is a reverse engineering tool
that provides an architectural level visualization of
software systems as a virtual environment. It takes
advantage of the fact that software systems are often
structured hierarchically to suggest the use of a virtual
city metaphor. Entities along with their relationships
are represented as residential glyphs (e.g. house,
apartment, office, hall … etc); whereas metrics of
these entities are represented as positions and visual
scales in the 3D layout . The tool provides different
interaction modes with zooming and navigation
capabilities. Figure 10 shows an instance of
visualizing a software architecture using EvoSpaces.
Figure 2.5 - EvoSpaces virtual city by Alam et al.
Users can navigate through this virtual city
with a road map that would be available in one of the
corners of the screen. They can zoom inside buildings
to see stickmen who represent methods and functions.
Each stickman may be surrounded by his resources
(yellow-colored boxes) which represent local
variables. In addition, Panas et al. [10], as we showed
earlier in Figure 4, also used the city metaphor as a
theme for a virtual environment. This work aimed for
a reduction of the visual complexity of the single-view
visualization Panas proposed.
IV.
IMPLEMENTATION OF SYSTEM
4.1 ArchView (AV)
The ArchView tool uses the architecture
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7. B. Srinivasulu et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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analysis activities of extraction, visualization, and
calculation. It produces an architecture visualization
that presents the use relations in software systems.
The relations are stored in a set of files that are read
by a browser. The browser reads layout information
files and allows the selection of shapes and the
manual configuration of layout. A collection of tools
is used to manipulate the set of relations to perform
selected operations. A VRML generator creates a 3D
representation using the 2D layouts and layer position.
4.2 SoftArch (SA)
SoftArch is both a modeling and
visualization system for software, allowing
information from software systems to be visualized in
architectural views. SoftArch supports both static and
dynamic visualization of software architecture
components and does so at various levels of
abstraction. SoftArch’s implementation of dynamic
visualization is that of annotating and animating static
visual forms. SoftArch defines a metamodel of
available architecture component types from which
software systems can be modeled. In this way, a
system’s behavior can be visualized using copies of
static visualization views at varying levels of
abstraction to show both the highly detailed or highly
abstracted running.
.
4.4 Ideal Tool
Representing architecture visualization tools
through star-plots gives an immediate impression as to
the tool’s capability. Each tool has its own relative
merit and none supports all of the framework’s
elements and thus represents the trade-offs made by
the tool developers. This highlights a potential
problem, where an organization may want a single
tool to give all stakeholders a central repository for
architectural information that can be represented in
different ways to each stakeholder. Fig. 2 illustrates a
hypothetical tool that combines the features of all
tools analyzed under the framework. A salient feature
is that this would still not provide full support of all
elements of the framework. It is not the direction of
this paper to suggest whether or not such a “perfect”
tool may be possible to construct. Further, it is
undecided whether such a tool is desirable.
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Fig 5.2 Software Architecture Visualization tool home
window
Fig 5.3 ArchViz Connect to JVM
Fig 5.4 Connection between input application and
visualization tool
Fig 5.5 Static Call graph of given input application
Fig 5.6 Static Call tree of given input application
V.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The concept of this paper is implemented and
different results are shown below.
Fig 5.7 Static Memory information of given input
application
Fig 5.1 Input of the Software Architecture
visualization
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8. B. Srinivasulu et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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Fig 5.8 Static Class list of given input application
Fig 5.9 Static Threads information of given input
application
Fig 5.10 Downloading the file using gdownloader
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Fig 7.15 Dynamic Call tree of given input
application
Fig 7.16 Dynamic Memory information of given input
application
Fig-7.17 Dynamic Class list of given input
application
Fig 5.11 Taking the URL link from the net
Fig-7.18 Static and dynamic flow between the given
input application’s methods
VI.
Fig 5.12 Start the downloading file
Fig 5.13 Completion of downloading file
Fig 5.14Dynamic Call graph of given input
application
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CONCLUSION
Software architecture is the gross structure of
a system; as such, it presents a different set of
problems for visualization than those of visualizing
the software at a lower level of abstraction. We have
developed and presented a framework for the
assessment of the capabilities of software architecture
visualization tools and evaluated six tools in this
framework. It turns out that no one tool meets all of
the criteria of our framework. This is not a bad thing.
Moreover, it may be that a one-size-fits-all approach
may increase information overload and that a
collection of small tools appropriate to each
stakeholder’s task may be preferable. A side effect of
the application of the framework is that it has
highlighted features not present in existing tools, for
example, Planning and execution and Dynamically
changing architecture. These are shown clearly in Fig.
2 and open up the possibility of future research and
development.
The issue of the completeness and sufficiency of
the framework is an open one and needs to be
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addressed by further research. One approach to
increase confidence in the framework is by applying it
to a larger population of tools. Software engineering
theory and practice are evolving, and the notion of
software architecture is changing; thus, the definition
of software architecture itself will necessarily change.
These new developments may give insights into the
questions of completeness and sufficiency.
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Author’s Profile
Mr. B.Srinivasulu, Post Graduated in
Computer Science
Engineering
(M.Tech) From JNTU, Hyderabad in
2010 and Graduated in Computer
Science Engineering (B.Tech) from
JNTUH, in 2008. He is working as Assistant Professor
in Department of Computer Science & Engineering in
St.Martin’s Engineering College, R.R Dist, AP,
India. He has 3+ years of Teaching Experience. His
Research Interests Include Network Security, Cloud
Computing & Data Warehousing and Data Mining.
Mr Mutyala Ravi kumar, Post
Graduated in Computer Science &
Engineering (M.Tech) , S R M Deemed
University,Chennai
,
2006,
and
graduated in Computer Science &
Engineering (B.E) From Velagapudi Ramakrishna
Siddhartha
Engineering
college,
Vijayawada
(Nagarjuna University,Guntur,AP),2001. He is
working presently as Senior.Assistant Professor in
Department of Computer Science & Engineering in
Abhinav Hi-tech college of Engineering, RR Dist,
A.P, INDIA. He has 7+ years Experience.
Mrs N.Sirisha, Post Graduated in
Software Engineering
(M.Tech),
JNTUH, 2012, and Graduated in
Computer Science & Engineering
(B.Tech) From JNTU Hyderabad, 2009.
She is working presently as an Assitant Professor in
Department of Computer Science & Engineering in
St. Martin’s Engineering College, RR Dist, A.P,
INDIA. She has 4+ years Experience. Her Research
Interests Include Software Engineering, Cloud
Computing, Operating Systems and Information
Security.
Mr. P.Srinivas, Post Graduated in
Computer
Science
&Engineering
(M.Tech) From Lords Institute of
Engineering
&
Technology,
Hyderabad in 2013 and Graduated in
Information Technology (B.Tech) form
Nirmala Engineering College, Manchiriala, 2006.
He is working as an Assistant Professor in Department
of Information Technology in Nalla Malla Reddy
Engineering College, Divya Nagar, Near Narapally,
Ghatkesar, R.R Dist, AP, and India. He has 6 years of
Teaching Experience. His Research Interests Include
Software Engineering Data Warehousing and Data
Mining, Network Security & Cloud Computing.
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