International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Smart PhoneIJERA Editor
Smart phones are posed with heat transfer problems due to the space and weight limitation and also due to ever increasing processer speed. In this work, heat transfer in a Xiaomi Mi4i smart phone model has been studied using CFD. Studies at various operating conditions like (i) Basic operation, (ii) Usage of all applications, and (iii) Usage of internet have been considered. Certain hot spots have been identified and solutions to reduce temperature have proposed. Also, a scaled up model of the smart phone has been set up to measure the temperature distribution. It has been found that using copper and aluminium heat spreaders with sufficiently sized and numbered heat taps contributes to reduction in temperatures and thereby would be useful in using the mobile phone with lesser discomfort and yield longer life for the electronic components.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Research of Cooling Characteristics of Hot Surface using Two Inclined ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into cooling characteristics of a hot surface using two inclined air jets at 60 degrees. The researchers conducted experiments varying parameters like Reynolds number, nozzle height, and jet velocity. They measured temperature changes on a target plate under different conditions. Maximum cooling was achieved at a Reynolds number of 8671, nozzle height of 30mm, and 60 degree jet angle. Higher Reynolds numbers and sufficient space between nozzle and target surface led to more effective cooling, with temperatures lowest below the nozzle tip.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Solar Air Heater to Increase Heat Transfer R...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on enhancing heat transfer in solar air heaters through the use of artificial surface roughness. An experimental solar air heater was fabricated with an absorber plate containing V-shaped, discrete fins as artificial roughness. Temperature and pressure measurements were taken at various points along the air flow path through the heater over multiple days. The results showed an increase in heat transfer coefficient of 15-35% compared to a smooth surface, demonstrating that artificial roughness is an effective way to improve solar air heater performance.
The present work shows the importance of using thermal insulation for new building walls. To decrease cooling and heating load, so the electric power consumption for air-conditioning equipment drop to more than 50% of that without insulation. The experimental work includes building of two models of (1X1X1) m width, length and height located at (32.5 latitude) kut city, Iraq. The model is set to be each wall faced south, east, north and west direction exactly. The models built from brick (24cm), thermo-stone (20cm) and sandwich panel (5cm). Another type of insulation material were tested and compared with normal brick wall is styropor. The heat gain was calculated for all the above insulations compared with brick model. The results showed that the best model in energy saving is the sandwich panel model with about 70% energy save, while the thermo-stone model gives 33% and outside styropor 54.28%.
COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF STEPPED AND STRAIGHT MICROCHANNEL HEAT SINK IAEME Publication
The microchannel has always been seen as the thrust area in the field of thermal research inmechanical engineering. The interest is focused on the computational analysis of linear and stepped typemicrochannel and the results are compared on the basis of CFD analysis performed. In this paper thebest profile is chosen by comparing the results of both linear and stepped microchannel of 0.5mm width&1mm depth and varied width of 1mm, 0.8mm, 0.6mm & 1mmdepth respectively; keeping the wettedarea of both the profiles same. The inner and outer plenum of 5mm of square cross section. Tukerman
and Pease were the pioneer in this field and were first to enlighten the concept of microchannel. The
pressure, velocity, temperature and point parametersareanalysed thoroughly using CAD/CAE software
and the obtained result is performed on the test piece in thelater stage.
Design and Performance Analysis of Solar Powered Absorption Cooling System fo...IRJET Journal
- The document discusses the design and performance analysis of a solar powered absorption cooling system for a computer lab located in Bharatpur, India.
- The peak cooling load of the computer lab is calculated to be 34.94 kW, so a 10TR vapor absorption cooling system is adopted.
- Simulations are carried out using the TRANSOL program to analyze the performance of the solar cooling system using different solar collector types and areas. Parameters like solar fraction, primary energy savings, and electrical COP are evaluated.
- It is concluded that the solar thermal cooling system can achieve good solar fractions between 0.52-0.75 and primary energy savings up to 52% for the considered location and collector areas.
Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Smart PhoneIJERA Editor
Smart phones are posed with heat transfer problems due to the space and weight limitation and also due to ever increasing processer speed. In this work, heat transfer in a Xiaomi Mi4i smart phone model has been studied using CFD. Studies at various operating conditions like (i) Basic operation, (ii) Usage of all applications, and (iii) Usage of internet have been considered. Certain hot spots have been identified and solutions to reduce temperature have proposed. Also, a scaled up model of the smart phone has been set up to measure the temperature distribution. It has been found that using copper and aluminium heat spreaders with sufficiently sized and numbered heat taps contributes to reduction in temperatures and thereby would be useful in using the mobile phone with lesser discomfort and yield longer life for the electronic components.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Research of Cooling Characteristics of Hot Surface using Two Inclined ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into cooling characteristics of a hot surface using two inclined air jets at 60 degrees. The researchers conducted experiments varying parameters like Reynolds number, nozzle height, and jet velocity. They measured temperature changes on a target plate under different conditions. Maximum cooling was achieved at a Reynolds number of 8671, nozzle height of 30mm, and 60 degree jet angle. Higher Reynolds numbers and sufficient space between nozzle and target surface led to more effective cooling, with temperatures lowest below the nozzle tip.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Solar Air Heater to Increase Heat Transfer R...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on enhancing heat transfer in solar air heaters through the use of artificial surface roughness. An experimental solar air heater was fabricated with an absorber plate containing V-shaped, discrete fins as artificial roughness. Temperature and pressure measurements were taken at various points along the air flow path through the heater over multiple days. The results showed an increase in heat transfer coefficient of 15-35% compared to a smooth surface, demonstrating that artificial roughness is an effective way to improve solar air heater performance.
The present work shows the importance of using thermal insulation for new building walls. To decrease cooling and heating load, so the electric power consumption for air-conditioning equipment drop to more than 50% of that without insulation. The experimental work includes building of two models of (1X1X1) m width, length and height located at (32.5 latitude) kut city, Iraq. The model is set to be each wall faced south, east, north and west direction exactly. The models built from brick (24cm), thermo-stone (20cm) and sandwich panel (5cm). Another type of insulation material were tested and compared with normal brick wall is styropor. The heat gain was calculated for all the above insulations compared with brick model. The results showed that the best model in energy saving is the sandwich panel model with about 70% energy save, while the thermo-stone model gives 33% and outside styropor 54.28%.
COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF STEPPED AND STRAIGHT MICROCHANNEL HEAT SINK IAEME Publication
The microchannel has always been seen as the thrust area in the field of thermal research inmechanical engineering. The interest is focused on the computational analysis of linear and stepped typemicrochannel and the results are compared on the basis of CFD analysis performed. In this paper thebest profile is chosen by comparing the results of both linear and stepped microchannel of 0.5mm width&1mm depth and varied width of 1mm, 0.8mm, 0.6mm & 1mmdepth respectively; keeping the wettedarea of both the profiles same. The inner and outer plenum of 5mm of square cross section. Tukerman
and Pease were the pioneer in this field and were first to enlighten the concept of microchannel. The
pressure, velocity, temperature and point parametersareanalysed thoroughly using CAD/CAE software
and the obtained result is performed on the test piece in thelater stage.
Design and Performance Analysis of Solar Powered Absorption Cooling System fo...IRJET Journal
- The document discusses the design and performance analysis of a solar powered absorption cooling system for a computer lab located in Bharatpur, India.
- The peak cooling load of the computer lab is calculated to be 34.94 kW, so a 10TR vapor absorption cooling system is adopted.
- Simulations are carried out using the TRANSOL program to analyze the performance of the solar cooling system using different solar collector types and areas. Parameters like solar fraction, primary energy savings, and electrical COP are evaluated.
- It is concluded that the solar thermal cooling system can achieve good solar fractions between 0.52-0.75 and primary energy savings up to 52% for the considered location and collector areas.
THERMAL PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMICS ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE FLOW PACKED BED SOLAR AI...IAEME Publication
Solar air heater is a type of heat exchanger that transforms solar radiation energy into heat energy. Conventional solar air heaters have poor thermal performance due to high heat losses and low convective heat transfer coefficient between absorber and flowing air. Attempts have been made to improve the thermal performance of conventional solar air heater by employing various design and flow arrangements. Double flow solar air heater with packing is an important and effective design improvement that has been proposed to improve the thermal performance. This paper presents the performance and economic analysis of double flow solar air collector with and without packing in the duct. Effect of various parameters on the thermal performance and pressure drop characteristics has been studied experimentally. The study concludes that double flow arrangement with packing is economical and having short payback period. Also, the thermal performance of double flow solar air heater with packing in upper duct is significantly higher compared to double flow solar air heater without packing and conventional solar air heater.
Development of User-Friendly Software to Design Dairy Heat Exchanger and Perf...IJERA Editor
The paper proposes a calculation algorithm and development of a software in Visual Basic(Visual Studio 2012 Express Desktop) used in heat transfer studies when different heat exchangers are involved (e.g. Helical Type Triple Tube Heat Exchanger , Plate Type Heat Exchanger).It includes the easy calculation of heat transfer co-efficient and followed by the design and simulation of heat exchanger design parameter by inputting general known parameters of a heat exchanger into the developed software—-―DAIRY –HE ―. A parametric study is conducted using the software interface to determine the length of tubes or dimensions of heat exchanger.
Combining Infrared Thermography and Numerical Analysis for Evaluating Thermal...IJERA Editor
Energy dispersions for transmission in buildings with highly insulated envelope are mainly due to thermal bridges. And because the energy certification of buildings shall be based on real thermal performance and not on theoretical components, nowadays their incidence on energy saving is relevant. Currently, infrared thermography is considered exclusively as a qualitative tool to detect thermal irregularities in buildings, but thermographic inspection allows not only the localization of thermal bridges, but also the identification of temperature field and, therefore, the quantization of the energy losses through such elements of discontinuities. This approach marks a shift from a qualitative to a quantitative analysis of the thermographic image of a building. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of three different types of thermal bridge, estimated as a percentage increase of the homogeneous wall thermal transmittance. Results are obtained exclusively with thermographic surveys without further information on the wall stratigraphy. Finally, the methodology has been validated by comparing with the results obtained by numerical calculation.
IRJET-Study of Space Cooling System Consisting of Aluminium Ammonia Heat Pipe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on an active space cooling system consisting of an aluminum-ammonia heat pipe and a variable emittance radiator with micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) louvers. The system uses a loop heat pipe to transfer heat from an evaporator to a condenser, where a variable emittance radiator rejects heat to space. A fuzzy logic controller adapts the radiator's emittance by adjusting the number of open MEMS louvers. Simulation results show the controller improves thermal control and ensures safe operation of the heat pipe cooling system.
This document summarizes an analysis of the exergetic performance of a single-ended glass evacuated tube solar collector system. The analysis used the second law of thermodynamics to calculate the net exergy, exergy destroyed, and exergetic efficiency of the system. The results showed that the exergetic efficiency remained steady at around 65.88% despite increases in the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet water temperatures. A comparison of the results to a previous study showed good agreement in exergetic efficiency when the temperature difference was above 50°C. The analysis provides information on improving the system performance by investigating operating conditions where exergy destruction is minimized and exergetic efficiency is maximized.
Three solar air heater having different absorber areas by er. vikas manushendraVikas Manushendra
In earlier years, the entire world has become completely dependent on relic energies such as natural gas, lubricant and coal. This type of resources are existing in limited amount. These resources has been created by natural processes across millions of years. The whole world is completely dependent upon energy. Energy is the basic part of our daily life. The utilization of energy in different purpose such as heating and cooling homes, schools and businesses. Energy is also used for lighting and appliances. In machinery purpose, energy perform different function such as running our vehicle, flying plane, boat sail and running machine. Energy is the player of new generation wealth and also it is significant component of economic development. In future consideration renewable energy is the main source of energy. The complete world is developing day by day and it requires more and more fuel so all the developing countries are focusing on shortage of fuels and necessity for other energy sources. Solar energy is the best alternative source of energy and also it is pollution free and unlimited energy. Nowadays world, the development of country is calculated by the energy utilization of country, the energy of utilization is completely connected with GDP of Country.
This document analyzes the feasibility of using insulated concrete forms (ICF) in hot and humid climates by comparing the thermal performance of an ICF building to a normal concrete building in Oman over three summer months. Data loggers recorded temperature and humidity inside and outside both buildings. Results showed the ICF building had lower indoor temperatures and humidity. Heat gain calculations also indicated less transmission through the ICF walls. Electricity bills revealed the ICF building consumed 20-40% less energy for cooling. Therefore, the study concludes ICF walls perform better than normal concrete in hot, humid climates and can lower energy use.
This document discusses the CFD (computational fluid dynamics) analysis of a solar flat plate collector. It begins by introducing solar collectors and their importance. It then describes the objectives of performing CFD simulation on a flat plate collector to better understand flow and temperature distribution. The document outlines the 3D model created in ANSYS Workbench and simulation performed in ANSYS FLUENT. It validates the CFD results by comparing the outlet air temperature to experimental results, showing good agreement. The overall goal is to analyze the collector's heat transfer capability using CFD and gain insights that are difficult to obtain through experimentation alone.
Experimental investigation of heat transfer through windows with interior blindseSAT Journals
Abstract Windows are designed primarily to control the indoor climate and also to provide proper ventilation (air circulation). The primary objective is achieved by controlling the heat flow through the window from inside to outside in winter & from outside to inside in summer. Window solar gain has a strong influence on the building energy consumption and peak cooling load. Double glazed window are known to prevent the entry of solar gain to inside the room. Shading systems such as Venetian blinds, louver shades, draperies etc. enhances the control of solar gain through windows. In this paper the thermal performance of a double-glazed window with adjacent commercially available blinds has been studied using LBNL research software WINDOWS 6.3 and the results so obtained are validated using a Guarded Heat Plate Apparatus. Though this type of glazing system has already been studied for colder climatic conditions in the west, due to the unavailability of literature on local climatic conditions its use in tropical countries like India is limited. A parametric study for climatic conditions of an Indian city, Chandigarh has been made to give an insight to the thermal performance of glazing systems with interior blinds. In this study the effect of different parameters such as types of glazing systems (single and double glazed) , pane to blind spacing (20mm, 30mm and 40mm), the Slat angle (0o and 90o) and the climatic conditions of Chandigarh (Hot and Dry, Hot and Humid, Cold and Dry) on the Thermal transmittance (U-value) is studied. Index Terms: Heat Transfer, Glazing, U-value, R-value
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Application of thermal imaging for detecting cold air leak location in cold s...IJAAS Team
Nowadays Cold storage has been playing an important role in preserving the perishable food products like fruits, vegetables, dairy products, fish, and meat etc. The major problem of cold storage is unwanted energy transmission during the operation. It is necessary to maintain the constant temperature during storing the products. There are different kinds of energy loss happening during the operation. One of the major causes is cold air leaking from the inside of the cold room to outside. It is due to poor insulation and improper maintenance of cold storage. It is very difficult to identify the exact location of the leak by the naked eye. In this research work, the cold storage was inspected with the thermal imaging system. Thermal cameras are highly sensitive to temperature and it can detect the variation of temperature ranging from 0.1°C. The measured temperatures are further converted into a colour based pattern. It is known as thermogram. These colour-based thermal patterns are further processed for identifying energy transmission location. It is done by applying various image processing methods such as histogram equalization, diffusion error, otsu thresholding and morphologic function. These techniques were applied to images of cold storages and exact cold air transmission locations were identified.
Personal air-conditioning system using evapolar as heat waste managementjournalBEEI
Air-conditioning system that uses compressor-based initiate more energy and affects bill rate. As a result, an application of the Peltier impact module, a portable air-conditioning system is introduced to compensate user convenience by lowering sensible and latent heat inside the office area. Thermoelectric Peltier module is a thermoelectric semiconductor that offers cooling and hot plate once the plate is supplied by electric. The result reduces the cost, power consumption, and give thermal comfort in a dedicated space. The advantage of the study is the ability to cost deduction due to low power consumption and green technology devices factor because without refrigerant that harms the environment. Redesign the product with Evapolar as heat waste management affect the performance and need to be validated. The development stage of this product is better compared to a previous product which offers small scale, light, and portable. This product focuses on the office room, which gives a good feeling to users. This product uses air to remove the heat waste and the result indicates Evapolar is fit enough in dissipating heat. Finally, the performance of this system developed demonstrated that it can attain thermal comfort level.
Optimized mould design of an Air cooler tankIOSR Journals
Proper modeling of mould for an air cooler tank is necessary to facilitate the ease for production line and weight reduction of the complete component assembly. The present research work aims at performing the structural analysis separately on 3 different models of moulds designed: Model-1: Mould extracted from the Pro-E software manufacturing module (say Thickness =‘t’). Model-2: Thickness reduced to half of the previous model for weight reduction. (t1= ½(t)) Model-3: Thickness reduced to half of the previous model for weight reduction. (t2= ¼(t)). The aim of the present work is to study the variation in displacement and stress values between Model-1, Model-2 and Model-3. This analysis is performed using FEM in ANSYS Software. The study is intended for appropriate reduction of thickness there by reducing the weight of complete assembly, which in turn reduces the complete cost of production of mould for an air cooler tank.
Solar air heater lynn, tinsley be 4120 f inal pres.ngtinsl
This document summarizes an experiment testing the efficiency of a solar air heater under free and forced convection. The solar air heater was constructed using black paint and graphite to maximize absorption. Tests measured the temperature increase of air passing through the heater with and without an electric fan producing forced convection. Results showed the temperature increase was higher for free convection at 31°C than forced convection at 17°C, though the efficiency was lower for free convection at 58% versus 47% for forced convection. In conclusion, the solar air heater was able to produce warmer air under natural free convection than with an added electric fan producing forced convection.
Performance evaluation of a air conditioner according to different test stand...IAEME Publication
The document discusses performance testing of air conditioners according to different standards. It describes the experimental setup of an air conditioner test room built according to ASHRAE standards, which consists of indoor and outdoor insulated rooms that maintain specified temperature and humidity conditions. The document outlines the cooling capacity test procedure, which involves recording data over several hours to determine airflow and enthalpy values needed to calculate the air conditioner's cooling capacity in kW and tons of refrigeration according to specified formulas.
The Effects of Tempered Glass with Low Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) Content on the Effi...IJERD Editor
In this study, the effect of glass cover on the energy and exergy efficiencies of conventional type solar air heater was investigated experimentally. Classic and tempered low iron glass were used as a glass cover. Two of collectors whose dimensions are 900x1900x170mm3 were used in the experiments. The experiments were conducted at the air flow rates of 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 kg/s. Energy and exergy efficiencies were evaluated regarding to experimental results. As a result of the experiments, it was found that energy efficiency of the collector equipped with tempered glass with low iron oxide content increases by an amount of 4.5%-5.3%. In case of exergy efficiency, an increase was also observed between 0.4 and 0.82 percent
IRJET-Performance Analysis of Solar Air Heater with Different Absorber Materi...IRJET Journal
1) The document compares the performance of two types of solar air heaters - one with a toughened glass absorber plate and the other with a GI (galvanized iron) absorber plate.
2) Experimental results showed that the efficiency of the solar air heater with the toughened glass plate was higher than the one with the GI plate. The air temperature achieved was also higher with the toughened glass plate.
3) Efficiency increased with higher air velocities for both types of heaters but the toughened glass plate design performed better overall according to the analysis.
This document presents a theoretical analysis of the thermal and thermohydraulic performance of solar air heaters with finned absorber plates. Mathematical models are developed to analyze rectangular and triangular finned absorber plates. Effects of mass flow rate on parameters like collector efficiency factor, heat removal factor, temperature rise and efficiency are analyzed. The concept of effective efficiency is introduced to account for both thermal gain and pumping power losses. Results show that finned absorber plates can enhance thermal efficiency by up to 34% compared to flat plate absorbers. However, increased heat transfer also increases pressure drop, so optimization is needed to balance thermal and hydraulic performance.
Integration of Double Skin Facade with HVAC Systems: The State of the Art on ...paperpublications3
Abstract: The nature of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems of a building, its facade and the system controlling them plays a great role and affects the natural ventilation of the building envelope.
It was reported that about 10–60% of energy consumed by a building is caused by HVAC systems Depending on the building type.
However, the Double Skin Facade in now widely known to be a means of conserving the wasted energy through design of intelligent buildings.
The main aim of this paper is to outline the different systems of the Double Skin Façade systems, examine their characteristics and functions, their advantages and disadvantages and finally the Integration with HVAC System. It will also present recent researches carried out by different authors in relation to the subject. Furthermore, relevant software used for simulation of the Double Skin Facade–HVAC systems Integration and the building envelope in general will be outlined. There is a need for practicing Architects and other related engineers to in-cooperate it in their designs from the design stage since it is a complex subject that needs a careful understanding according to the different individual climatic factors. Finally, it was concluded that building efficiency can be achieved through integration by reducing building’s energy consumption.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Este documento descreve um jogo interativo de 20 perguntas sobre matemática de nível 1, com instruções sobre como jogar, perguntas e respostas múltiplas, e mensagens de feedback para acertos e erros.
Este documento convoca ayudas para el curso 2013-2014 destinadas a estudiantes con necesidades educativas especiales debido a discapacidad o altas capacidades intelectuales. Se establecen los requisitos para solicitar estas ayudas, como los umbrales de renta familiar, los niveles educativos elegibles, y los tipos de ayuda disponibles como ayudas directas, subsidios para familias numerosas y ayudas para programas complementarios. El objetivo es colaborar en los gastos de educación de estos estudiantes y garantizar la igualdad
THERMAL PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMICS ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE FLOW PACKED BED SOLAR AI...IAEME Publication
Solar air heater is a type of heat exchanger that transforms solar radiation energy into heat energy. Conventional solar air heaters have poor thermal performance due to high heat losses and low convective heat transfer coefficient between absorber and flowing air. Attempts have been made to improve the thermal performance of conventional solar air heater by employing various design and flow arrangements. Double flow solar air heater with packing is an important and effective design improvement that has been proposed to improve the thermal performance. This paper presents the performance and economic analysis of double flow solar air collector with and without packing in the duct. Effect of various parameters on the thermal performance and pressure drop characteristics has been studied experimentally. The study concludes that double flow arrangement with packing is economical and having short payback period. Also, the thermal performance of double flow solar air heater with packing in upper duct is significantly higher compared to double flow solar air heater without packing and conventional solar air heater.
Development of User-Friendly Software to Design Dairy Heat Exchanger and Perf...IJERA Editor
The paper proposes a calculation algorithm and development of a software in Visual Basic(Visual Studio 2012 Express Desktop) used in heat transfer studies when different heat exchangers are involved (e.g. Helical Type Triple Tube Heat Exchanger , Plate Type Heat Exchanger).It includes the easy calculation of heat transfer co-efficient and followed by the design and simulation of heat exchanger design parameter by inputting general known parameters of a heat exchanger into the developed software—-―DAIRY –HE ―. A parametric study is conducted using the software interface to determine the length of tubes or dimensions of heat exchanger.
Combining Infrared Thermography and Numerical Analysis for Evaluating Thermal...IJERA Editor
Energy dispersions for transmission in buildings with highly insulated envelope are mainly due to thermal bridges. And because the energy certification of buildings shall be based on real thermal performance and not on theoretical components, nowadays their incidence on energy saving is relevant. Currently, infrared thermography is considered exclusively as a qualitative tool to detect thermal irregularities in buildings, but thermographic inspection allows not only the localization of thermal bridges, but also the identification of temperature field and, therefore, the quantization of the energy losses through such elements of discontinuities. This approach marks a shift from a qualitative to a quantitative analysis of the thermographic image of a building. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of three different types of thermal bridge, estimated as a percentage increase of the homogeneous wall thermal transmittance. Results are obtained exclusively with thermographic surveys without further information on the wall stratigraphy. Finally, the methodology has been validated by comparing with the results obtained by numerical calculation.
IRJET-Study of Space Cooling System Consisting of Aluminium Ammonia Heat Pipe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on an active space cooling system consisting of an aluminum-ammonia heat pipe and a variable emittance radiator with micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) louvers. The system uses a loop heat pipe to transfer heat from an evaporator to a condenser, where a variable emittance radiator rejects heat to space. A fuzzy logic controller adapts the radiator's emittance by adjusting the number of open MEMS louvers. Simulation results show the controller improves thermal control and ensures safe operation of the heat pipe cooling system.
This document summarizes an analysis of the exergetic performance of a single-ended glass evacuated tube solar collector system. The analysis used the second law of thermodynamics to calculate the net exergy, exergy destroyed, and exergetic efficiency of the system. The results showed that the exergetic efficiency remained steady at around 65.88% despite increases in the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet water temperatures. A comparison of the results to a previous study showed good agreement in exergetic efficiency when the temperature difference was above 50°C. The analysis provides information on improving the system performance by investigating operating conditions where exergy destruction is minimized and exergetic efficiency is maximized.
Three solar air heater having different absorber areas by er. vikas manushendraVikas Manushendra
In earlier years, the entire world has become completely dependent on relic energies such as natural gas, lubricant and coal. This type of resources are existing in limited amount. These resources has been created by natural processes across millions of years. The whole world is completely dependent upon energy. Energy is the basic part of our daily life. The utilization of energy in different purpose such as heating and cooling homes, schools and businesses. Energy is also used for lighting and appliances. In machinery purpose, energy perform different function such as running our vehicle, flying plane, boat sail and running machine. Energy is the player of new generation wealth and also it is significant component of economic development. In future consideration renewable energy is the main source of energy. The complete world is developing day by day and it requires more and more fuel so all the developing countries are focusing on shortage of fuels and necessity for other energy sources. Solar energy is the best alternative source of energy and also it is pollution free and unlimited energy. Nowadays world, the development of country is calculated by the energy utilization of country, the energy of utilization is completely connected with GDP of Country.
This document analyzes the feasibility of using insulated concrete forms (ICF) in hot and humid climates by comparing the thermal performance of an ICF building to a normal concrete building in Oman over three summer months. Data loggers recorded temperature and humidity inside and outside both buildings. Results showed the ICF building had lower indoor temperatures and humidity. Heat gain calculations also indicated less transmission through the ICF walls. Electricity bills revealed the ICF building consumed 20-40% less energy for cooling. Therefore, the study concludes ICF walls perform better than normal concrete in hot, humid climates and can lower energy use.
This document discusses the CFD (computational fluid dynamics) analysis of a solar flat plate collector. It begins by introducing solar collectors and their importance. It then describes the objectives of performing CFD simulation on a flat plate collector to better understand flow and temperature distribution. The document outlines the 3D model created in ANSYS Workbench and simulation performed in ANSYS FLUENT. It validates the CFD results by comparing the outlet air temperature to experimental results, showing good agreement. The overall goal is to analyze the collector's heat transfer capability using CFD and gain insights that are difficult to obtain through experimentation alone.
Experimental investigation of heat transfer through windows with interior blindseSAT Journals
Abstract Windows are designed primarily to control the indoor climate and also to provide proper ventilation (air circulation). The primary objective is achieved by controlling the heat flow through the window from inside to outside in winter & from outside to inside in summer. Window solar gain has a strong influence on the building energy consumption and peak cooling load. Double glazed window are known to prevent the entry of solar gain to inside the room. Shading systems such as Venetian blinds, louver shades, draperies etc. enhances the control of solar gain through windows. In this paper the thermal performance of a double-glazed window with adjacent commercially available blinds has been studied using LBNL research software WINDOWS 6.3 and the results so obtained are validated using a Guarded Heat Plate Apparatus. Though this type of glazing system has already been studied for colder climatic conditions in the west, due to the unavailability of literature on local climatic conditions its use in tropical countries like India is limited. A parametric study for climatic conditions of an Indian city, Chandigarh has been made to give an insight to the thermal performance of glazing systems with interior blinds. In this study the effect of different parameters such as types of glazing systems (single and double glazed) , pane to blind spacing (20mm, 30mm and 40mm), the Slat angle (0o and 90o) and the climatic conditions of Chandigarh (Hot and Dry, Hot and Humid, Cold and Dry) on the Thermal transmittance (U-value) is studied. Index Terms: Heat Transfer, Glazing, U-value, R-value
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Application of thermal imaging for detecting cold air leak location in cold s...IJAAS Team
Nowadays Cold storage has been playing an important role in preserving the perishable food products like fruits, vegetables, dairy products, fish, and meat etc. The major problem of cold storage is unwanted energy transmission during the operation. It is necessary to maintain the constant temperature during storing the products. There are different kinds of energy loss happening during the operation. One of the major causes is cold air leaking from the inside of the cold room to outside. It is due to poor insulation and improper maintenance of cold storage. It is very difficult to identify the exact location of the leak by the naked eye. In this research work, the cold storage was inspected with the thermal imaging system. Thermal cameras are highly sensitive to temperature and it can detect the variation of temperature ranging from 0.1°C. The measured temperatures are further converted into a colour based pattern. It is known as thermogram. These colour-based thermal patterns are further processed for identifying energy transmission location. It is done by applying various image processing methods such as histogram equalization, diffusion error, otsu thresholding and morphologic function. These techniques were applied to images of cold storages and exact cold air transmission locations were identified.
Personal air-conditioning system using evapolar as heat waste managementjournalBEEI
Air-conditioning system that uses compressor-based initiate more energy and affects bill rate. As a result, an application of the Peltier impact module, a portable air-conditioning system is introduced to compensate user convenience by lowering sensible and latent heat inside the office area. Thermoelectric Peltier module is a thermoelectric semiconductor that offers cooling and hot plate once the plate is supplied by electric. The result reduces the cost, power consumption, and give thermal comfort in a dedicated space. The advantage of the study is the ability to cost deduction due to low power consumption and green technology devices factor because without refrigerant that harms the environment. Redesign the product with Evapolar as heat waste management affect the performance and need to be validated. The development stage of this product is better compared to a previous product which offers small scale, light, and portable. This product focuses on the office room, which gives a good feeling to users. This product uses air to remove the heat waste and the result indicates Evapolar is fit enough in dissipating heat. Finally, the performance of this system developed demonstrated that it can attain thermal comfort level.
Optimized mould design of an Air cooler tankIOSR Journals
Proper modeling of mould for an air cooler tank is necessary to facilitate the ease for production line and weight reduction of the complete component assembly. The present research work aims at performing the structural analysis separately on 3 different models of moulds designed: Model-1: Mould extracted from the Pro-E software manufacturing module (say Thickness =‘t’). Model-2: Thickness reduced to half of the previous model for weight reduction. (t1= ½(t)) Model-3: Thickness reduced to half of the previous model for weight reduction. (t2= ¼(t)). The aim of the present work is to study the variation in displacement and stress values between Model-1, Model-2 and Model-3. This analysis is performed using FEM in ANSYS Software. The study is intended for appropriate reduction of thickness there by reducing the weight of complete assembly, which in turn reduces the complete cost of production of mould for an air cooler tank.
Solar air heater lynn, tinsley be 4120 f inal pres.ngtinsl
This document summarizes an experiment testing the efficiency of a solar air heater under free and forced convection. The solar air heater was constructed using black paint and graphite to maximize absorption. Tests measured the temperature increase of air passing through the heater with and without an electric fan producing forced convection. Results showed the temperature increase was higher for free convection at 31°C than forced convection at 17°C, though the efficiency was lower for free convection at 58% versus 47% for forced convection. In conclusion, the solar air heater was able to produce warmer air under natural free convection than with an added electric fan producing forced convection.
Performance evaluation of a air conditioner according to different test stand...IAEME Publication
The document discusses performance testing of air conditioners according to different standards. It describes the experimental setup of an air conditioner test room built according to ASHRAE standards, which consists of indoor and outdoor insulated rooms that maintain specified temperature and humidity conditions. The document outlines the cooling capacity test procedure, which involves recording data over several hours to determine airflow and enthalpy values needed to calculate the air conditioner's cooling capacity in kW and tons of refrigeration according to specified formulas.
The Effects of Tempered Glass with Low Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) Content on the Effi...IJERD Editor
In this study, the effect of glass cover on the energy and exergy efficiencies of conventional type solar air heater was investigated experimentally. Classic and tempered low iron glass were used as a glass cover. Two of collectors whose dimensions are 900x1900x170mm3 were used in the experiments. The experiments were conducted at the air flow rates of 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 kg/s. Energy and exergy efficiencies were evaluated regarding to experimental results. As a result of the experiments, it was found that energy efficiency of the collector equipped with tempered glass with low iron oxide content increases by an amount of 4.5%-5.3%. In case of exergy efficiency, an increase was also observed between 0.4 and 0.82 percent
IRJET-Performance Analysis of Solar Air Heater with Different Absorber Materi...IRJET Journal
1) The document compares the performance of two types of solar air heaters - one with a toughened glass absorber plate and the other with a GI (galvanized iron) absorber plate.
2) Experimental results showed that the efficiency of the solar air heater with the toughened glass plate was higher than the one with the GI plate. The air temperature achieved was also higher with the toughened glass plate.
3) Efficiency increased with higher air velocities for both types of heaters but the toughened glass plate design performed better overall according to the analysis.
This document presents a theoretical analysis of the thermal and thermohydraulic performance of solar air heaters with finned absorber plates. Mathematical models are developed to analyze rectangular and triangular finned absorber plates. Effects of mass flow rate on parameters like collector efficiency factor, heat removal factor, temperature rise and efficiency are analyzed. The concept of effective efficiency is introduced to account for both thermal gain and pumping power losses. Results show that finned absorber plates can enhance thermal efficiency by up to 34% compared to flat plate absorbers. However, increased heat transfer also increases pressure drop, so optimization is needed to balance thermal and hydraulic performance.
Integration of Double Skin Facade with HVAC Systems: The State of the Art on ...paperpublications3
Abstract: The nature of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems of a building, its facade and the system controlling them plays a great role and affects the natural ventilation of the building envelope.
It was reported that about 10–60% of energy consumed by a building is caused by HVAC systems Depending on the building type.
However, the Double Skin Facade in now widely known to be a means of conserving the wasted energy through design of intelligent buildings.
The main aim of this paper is to outline the different systems of the Double Skin Façade systems, examine their characteristics and functions, their advantages and disadvantages and finally the Integration with HVAC System. It will also present recent researches carried out by different authors in relation to the subject. Furthermore, relevant software used for simulation of the Double Skin Facade–HVAC systems Integration and the building envelope in general will be outlined. There is a need for practicing Architects and other related engineers to in-cooperate it in their designs from the design stage since it is a complex subject that needs a careful understanding according to the different individual climatic factors. Finally, it was concluded that building efficiency can be achieved through integration by reducing building’s energy consumption.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Este documento descreve um jogo interativo de 20 perguntas sobre matemática de nível 1, com instruções sobre como jogar, perguntas e respostas múltiplas, e mensagens de feedback para acertos e erros.
Este documento convoca ayudas para el curso 2013-2014 destinadas a estudiantes con necesidades educativas especiales debido a discapacidad o altas capacidades intelectuales. Se establecen los requisitos para solicitar estas ayudas, como los umbrales de renta familiar, los niveles educativos elegibles, y los tipos de ayuda disponibles como ayudas directas, subsidios para familias numerosas y ayudas para programas complementarios. El objetivo es colaborar en los gastos de educación de estos estudiantes y garantizar la igualdad
This document discusses clinical audits, which systematically review patient care against criteria to improve outcomes. Clinical audits compare current practices to standards to identify any gaps and drive improvements. They have been incorporated worldwide as part of clinical governance efforts since the 1990s. Some key points made include:
- Clinical audits can reduce risks, ensure cost-effectiveness, and improve patient care and outcomes.
- One of the earliest clinical audits was conducted by Florence Nightingale during the Crimean War, which significantly reduced mortality rates.
- Audits ask if standards are being followed correctly, while research asks if the right approach is being taken.
- Successful audits include clear, measurable criteria; objective data collection; analysis
The Six Highest Performing B2B Blog Post FormatsBarry Feldman
If your B2B blogging goals include earning social media shares and backlinks to boost your search rankings, this infographic lists the size best approaches.
1) The document discusses the opportunity for technology to improve organizational efficiency and transition economies into a "smart and clean world."
2) It argues that aggregate efficiency has stalled at around 22% for 30 years due to limitations of the Second Industrial Revolution, but that digitizing transport, energy, and communication through technologies like blockchain can help manage resources and increase efficiency.
3) Technologies like precision agriculture, cloud computing, robotics, and autonomous vehicles may allow for "dematerialization" and do more with fewer physical resources through effects like reduced waste and need for transportation/logistics infrastructure.
IRJET- CFD based Performance Analysis of a Roughened Solar Air Heater Duc...IRJET Journal
This document presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of heat transfer in a solar air heater duct with artificial roughness. NACA 0030 airfoils were used as the roughness elements on the absorber plate. CFD was used to model air flow and heat transfer for smooth and roughened ducts. The RNG k-epsilon turbulence model provided accurate results compared to experimental data. The CFD analysis found that using NACA 0030 airfoils significantly increased heat transfer rates compared to a smooth duct surface, without significantly increasing friction losses. Correlations were developed for Nusselt number and friction factor that can be used to predict performance of roughened ducts.
Computational fluid dynamic analysis of solar chimney designIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of an inclined solar chimney design both with and without geothermal mechanisms. The CFD analysis was conducted using ANSYS CFX to investigate typical room temperature, air flow rate, and radiation level for different designs. It was found that the design with geothermal mechanism 3 had the lowest average room temperature around 299K, while the generic design without a geothermal mechanism had the highest average room temperature of around 309.69K. Additionally, the mass flow rate decreased with the inclusion of a geothermal process. The geothermal design 2 extracted the most heat from the room compared to the other designs.
Comparative Study Between Cross Flow Air To Air Plate Fin Heat Exchanger With...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study between a cross flow air to air plate fin heat exchanger with triangular fins and one with triangular perforated fins. Computational fluid dynamics analysis was performed on the two designs. Taguchi analysis was then used to optimize the perforated design by varying plate thickness, fluid velocity, and plate height. The optimal design from Taguchi analysis had a plate thickness of 0.1mm, fluid velocity of 2m/s, and plate height of 3mm. CFD analysis found this optimized perforated design improved thermal effectiveness from 30-35% to 45.72% compared to the conventional triangular fin design.
Enhancement of the output power generated from a hybrid solar thermal systemeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper investigates the output power and increased the efficiency of a hybrid Photovoltaic/ Thermal (PV/T) modules through utilizing the heat generated from the surface of panels by one axial tracking of the hybrid PV/Tsystem by means of zenith angle and decreasing the heat generated from the PV modules by controlling the flow rate of the system. A comparison between theoretical and experimental work results for fixed and tracking PV/T hybrid system is presented. Comsol software package used to simulate the electromagnetic waves produced by the sun through solving Maxwell's equations in three dimensions and the sun irradiance is assumed to be Gaussian distribution across the twelve mourning hours. Beside that an experimental work is presented depending on the results conjured from the theoretical experience used in Comsol Multiphysics In the second part of the experimental work, one axial sun-tracking system is designed where the movement of a photo-voltaic module is controlled to follow the Sun’s radiation using a Data acquisition card (DAQ) unit. Finally an active cooling system is designed and conducted to cool the fixed and tracking modules at which an absorber system consists of copper pipe welded with aluminium plate is attached underneath the PV modules to allow water flowing below the modules. In addition to the above an electrical analysis for both systems are presented where I-V, P-V, power with 12 mourning hour’s and electrical efficiency. Beside that the thermal analysis for the fixed and tracking PV modules and the piping water are presented where the input, output temperatures, the total energy of heat losses and thermal efficiency are calculated. As a result, a significant enhancement in the total electrical efficiency is observed with acceptable increase in the output water temperature. Keywords: Cooling systems; DAQ; Hybrid; Comsol Multiphysics; Mat lab; Solid work; Lab view.…
DESIGN, SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF A HYBRID-TYPE (PV/T) SOLAR AIR HEATER FOR ...ijiert bestjournal
This paper deals with the numerical analysis of a H ybrid-Type (PV/T) Solar Air Heater and a study on t he effect of various design parameters that enhance th e performance of the system. The heat transfer improvement in general may be achieved by increasin g the heat transfer coefficient or by increasing th e surface area or by increasing both. The main object ive of the present work is to determine the optimum air mass flow rate at which PV/T systems are to be oper ated and to develop an optimal design of a hybrid t ype (PV/T) solar air heater that shows better performan ce at various heat fluxes due to solar radiation. T his study determines the set of design parameters which lead to the best annual yield of the system. In th is study of a hybrid type (PV/T) solar air heater ICEM CFD (ANSYS) is used to obtain the optimum results,there by increasing the efficiency of the system.
Analysis of Air Conditioning System used in Automobileijtsrd
Air conditioning has great importance in many areas of life. Especially it is crucial in transportation sector. Many people spend long time in an automotive cabin during business, travel, shopping, etc., every day. The aim of this study is to analyze the performance of a bus shell by considering identifying practical solutions in order to reduce the impact of air conditioning on bus, consumption and, therefore, on air pollution. The analysis is carried considering several parameters, including passenger capacity, local climatic conditions, fuel consumptions, and latitude and longitude of starting destination of the places. For the analysis, a bus with passenger capacity of 60 people is selected and then its heat load capacity will be determined by considering different conditions like seasons and various loads. The influence of the refrigerant decrease and the change of the air temperature which gets to exchangers on the refrigeration efficiency of the system to be analyzed. Also, its effectiveness and the power required to drive the compressor will be analyzed. The entire model, its analysis and results are discussed in the below work. Dr. S. Sreenatha Reddy | P. Akhil | N. Raju | K. Vishnu | N. Ashok ""Analysis of Air Conditioning System used in Automobile"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23357.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23357/analysis-of-air-conditioning-system-used-in-automobile/dr-s-sreenatha-reddy
Estimation of Cooling Load Calculations for a Commercial Complexijtsrd
In this project we discussed the cooling load calculations for a commercial building by using revit software Window air conditioners, split air conditioners are used in small buildings and offices etc but in big buildings and commercial complex we use central air conditioning systems this systems are installed far away from the buildings. The cooled air is supplied to the building with the help of ducts. When ducts are not properly designed, then it will lead to problem such as frictional loss, higher installation cost, increased noise and power consumption. For minimizing this problem, a proper design of duct is needed. Equal friction method is used to design the duct it gives the comparison of pressure drop in rectangular duct and circular duct. Central air conditioning is more reliable for easy operation with a lower maintenance cost. Cooling load items such as, people heat gain, lighting heat gain, infiltration and ventilation heat gain can easily by using REVIT SOFTWARE. The programme can also be used to calculate cooling load due to walls and roofs. And results were compared with the standard data given by ASHRAE and CARRIER. The RULE OF THUMB method is used to calculate the heat developed in the rooms. These methods are used for lower power consumption capital cost and improve aesthetics of building I. S. N. V. R. Prashanth | V. Nikitha | B. Aravind | N. Mahesh ""Estimation of Cooling Load Calculations for a Commercial Complex"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23322.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23322/estimation-of-cooling-load-calculations-for-a-commercial-complex/i-s-n-v-r-prashanth
IRJET- Experimental Model Design and Simulation of Air Conditioning System fo...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on modeling and simulating an air conditioning system to reduce energy consumption. The study designed and tested an air conditioning model using MATLAB simulation. Parameters like room dimensions, material properties, and temperature were used to model heat transfer. Experimental tests were conducted in a room to validate the simulation results. Temperature and energy consumption were monitored and found to match closely between the model and experiment. The study concluded the simulated model results are consistent with experimental measuring device results.
Comparative Analysis of Conventional and Energy Efficient Materials for Resid...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of conventional and energy efficient materials for residential buildings in hot, dry climates. Three case studies of homes in Solapur, India were analyzed, measuring indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity. The home using conventional materials like brick walls and RCC slab had higher indoor temperatures than outdoor. The energy efficient homes using materials like AAC blocks, filler slab, and passive cooling strategies like cool roof and landscaping had lower indoor temperatures. Overall, the energy efficient materials and designs were more effective at providing thermal comfort without mechanical cooling. The study concludes energy efficient buildings can reduce energy consumption and improve indoor environmental conditions compared to conventional designs.
Efficiency Analysis For an Experimentally Set-up Double-Pass V-Corrugated Sol...Aakanksha Dubey
This paper presents the efficiency analysis of an experimental set-up double-pass V-corrugated solar air heater. All
the experimental results were obtained with the developed solar air heater kept at an inclination angle of 23.5
degrees (Latitude Angle of Bhopal, India), facing due south, and using DC fans (for forced convection) with
different air flow rates. The efficiency results, gathered on two consecutive typical Indian peak summer days, are
presented taking into consideration the intermittent availability of sunlight at different times on these days. All the
relevant design aspects of the developed double-pass V-corrugated solar air heater such as the material used for
insulation, construction of the outer enclosure, and the solar air heater assembly, are discussed.
This document presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of a domestic direct type multi-shelf solar dryer. The study aims to validate the design of this dryer and demonstrate its temperature distribution and radiation heat flux. The simulation is performed using ANSYS-Fluent software. The results show that the air temperature inside the dryer cabinet increases significantly to around 326K due to natural air circulation. Radiation heat flux contours indicate that the dryer shelves receive sufficient flux to validate the dryer's design for food drying applications.
Design, CFD Analysis and Fabrication of Solar Flat Plate CollectorIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design, CFD analysis, and fabrication of a solar flat plate collector for drying food products. It aims to compare different shapes of absorber plates using CFD to determine the most efficient design. A 3D model was created in NX and analyzed in ANSYS for four plate shapes. Type D showed the highest temperatures in simulation. A prototype of Type D was fabricated and tested, with results matching CFD predictions. The CFD analysis proved an effective design tool for selecting the optimal plate shape to increase collector efficiency without building prototypes of all options.
ANALYSIS OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR COLLECTOR WITH LONGITUDINAL FINSIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a numerical simulation analyzing the thermal performance of solar collectors with longitudinal fins. Six collector models were created with varying fin configurations (number of fins and fin heights). The models were analyzed using ANSYS Fluent software to solve conservation equations for varying values of solar radiation and air velocity. Temperature contours, velocity fields, and outlet temperatures were compared for each model. Results showed that increasing the number of fins and fin height improved thermal performance by increasing the absorber surface area and heat transfer. Validating the numerical model against experimental data also showed good accuracy. The study provides insights into optimizing fin design parameters for maximum efficiency in solar collectors.
IRJET- Thermal Analysis and Management for an Autonomous Underwater VehicleIRJET Journal
This document discusses thermal analysis and management for an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). It begins by introducing AUVs and the heat generated by their electrical, electronic, mechanical and mechatronic systems operating inside the enclosed pressure hull. It then estimates the heat loads on the AUV through theoretical, numerical and experimental analysis to understand temperature variation over time. Various thermal management techniques are discussed, including active cooling with fans/liquid and passive cooling with heat sinks, heat pipes and phase change materials (PCMs). PCM-based thermal management is proposed to absorb heat during phase changes and prevent battery temperature from rising too fast inside the enclosed hull.
CFD Simulation of Air Conditioning System of the Classroomijtsrd
We have focused on the design and modifications of air cooling duct system using Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD considering all air flow patterns affecting the system efficiency. Necessary tools and methods are applied for efficient designing. The different load conditions and the layout of the duct system need to be very accurate because if any deviation will result to problems like uneven cooling, frictional losses, increased noise and vibrations and also more power consumption. The above problems highlight the importance for optimizing the duct design to obtain desired flow conditions. Our work involves use of theoretical and software tools to get a detailed comparative analysis of the costs and benefits involved in selecting a particular shape rectangular or circular for the duct according to the working conditions. The focus of this paper rests on using psychrometry chart to calculate the cooling load and other parameters. Gaurav Srivastava | Aman Kumar | Dipti Chandel | Harsh Dabas | Ashish Mishra | Saurabh ""CFD Simulation of Air Conditioning System of the Classroom"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23824.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23824/cfd-simulation-of-air-conditioning-system-of-the-classroom/gaurav-srivastava
Proper ventilation in one of the primary requirements of any domestic or commercial buildings. The conventional method employs usage of air conditioning or air cooling systems which requires high power consumption. The solar driven ventilation systems can be used in buildings which doesn’t require any external power. The current research reviews various researches conducted in improving system of passive ventilation along use of phase change material as energy storage system. Passive design of buildings does not use the electrical and mechanical systems in providing comfortable indoor environment. Prem Shankar Sahu | Praveen Kumar | Ajay Singh Paikra "Review on Solar Chimney Ventilation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42427.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/mechanical-engineering/42427/review-on-solar-chimney-ventilation/prem-shankar-sahu
Numerical Simulation of Solar Greenhouse Dryer Using Computational Fluid Dyna...RSIS International
Moisture removal from crops and other food items is
one of the ways to preserve them for longer duration. Previously,
drying openly in sun was used to reduce moisture content. But it
had some disadvantages like contamination due to dirt and other
unwanted elements as well as attack by rodents and birds.
Drying in covered close space with vents would be helpful in
overcoming these problems. Solar greenhouse dryers are the
close conduits in which crops can be dried without negatively
affecting the nutrition value. The factors affecting the crop
drying are solar radiation, climatic conditions, material of which
the dryer is made of and shape of the dryer. A lot of
experimental investigations have been done to improve the
drying rate. With the advances in computational power and
numerical techniques, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has
emerged as a powerful tool to optimize any design. In the present
study, simulations have been done on greenhouse dryer with
modifications to identify the temperature distribution with
variation in wind velocity. Different radiation levels have also
been found out at different locations in the dryer. The model of
the dryer has been created in CREO 5.0 and analysis has been
performed using ANSYS 14.0. The simulation has been done for
both forced and natural convection. Obtained results have been
validated with the experimental work done by previous works.
Better drying rate has been obtained for forced circulation as
compared to natural convection which is in agreement with the
available experimental results.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Enhancement of Heat Tranfer in Solar Air Heater Providing with Different Turb...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to study the effect of different turbulator shapes on heat transfer and friction factor in a solar air heater duct.
2) Ellipse, rectangular, semi-circular and NACA profile turbulators were analyzed and compared to a smooth duct surface. The semi-circular turbulators provided the best balance of increased heat transfer and moderate friction losses.
3) CFD analysis was conducted using the RNG k-epsilon turbulence model over a Reynolds number range of 6000 to 18000. Results for Nusselt number and friction factor were compared to empirical correlations and showed good agreement.
IRJET- Efficiency Variation of Solar Panel using PV TechnologyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on improving the efficiency of solar panels through cooling. The researchers designed a system with a copper tube array on the back of the solar panel to reduce its temperature. Testing showed the cooled panel maintained higher efficiency at higher temperatures compared to an ordinary panel. Results indicate the cooled panel produced 0.3-1% more power. Future work may focus on utilizing the heated water from the cooling system.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
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Lo3619861992
1. Sunny Kumar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1986-1992
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Empirical Validation of Parameter Studies on Heat Transfer
through Glazing System Using Window 6.3 Software
Sunny Kumar*, Anuranjan Sharda**and Vijay Kumar***
*Research Scholar, (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rayat Bahra Institute of Engineering And BioTechnology, Mohali (PB), India
** Associate Prof., (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rayat Bahra Institute of Engineering And BioTechnology, Mohali (PB), India
*** Research Scholar, (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rayat Bahra Institute of Engineering And BioTechnology, Mohali (PB), India)
ABSTRACT
Heat transfer through different modes from outside environment to inside occur by conduction, convection and
thermal radiation. Inclusion of automatic-advance-generation-software; „WINDOW 6.3‟ makes possible the
detailed true picture of the impact of glazed material & its thickness/ pane spacing on its Thermal Transmittance.
This software makes the user understand the thermal performance of glazing system without extensive
knowledge of numerical methods of heat transfer. The U-value and solar heat gain coefficient are the key
parameters to analyze heat transfer through window. However in the absence of solar radiations U-values is the
only trigger. Therefore, an attempt has been made to carry out the study to calculate the U-value for different
glazing systems with varying thickness/pane spacing in prevailing seasons. Composite climate of Chandigarh
persisting in different season is considered for the study. The U-value obtained from simulation is validated
using the guarded hot plate apparatus. After through analysis and even considering the economical effects, the
authors recommended Double Glazed window with 25mm pane spacing to be perfectly used in Chandigarh
region.
I.
Introduction
Heat transfer through a single/double –
Glazed Window take place through three modes of
heat transfer i.e. conduction, convection and radiation.
Conduction occurs in window panes and convection in
fluid and radiation through electromagnetic waves.
Hence convection/radiation occurs in cavity and at the
indoor and outdoor faces of window [1].
Window with both good looks and desired
control for heat flow requires a thorough
understanding of mechanism of how glass responds to
solar gain and thereafter measures needs to be taken to
control that heat transfer. Normal clear glass is almost
transparent to high frequency solar radiation, but is a
difficult to low frequency or long wave radiation [2].
The solar heat energy passing through the glazing
warms up the various surrounding surface by
absorption and these surrounding surface then become
heat radiators of low frequency re-emitted heat which
is trapped inside causing the temperature to rise.
Hence ASHRAE devised method for determining heat
transfer through window and presently in order to
calculate the U-value & solar heat gain coefficient
through windows [3].
In the developed countries, windows with
glazing system or double glazed windows are used
where as in India single glazed windows are used.
These are being used since a long ago without proper
investigation of their U-Value, SHGC (Solar Heat
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Gain Coefficient). Till now not much investigation has
done in this field. Hence in the present investigation a
single glazed and double glazed window with different
pane-pane spacing is being considered.
II.
Software And Simulation
2.1 Software
The Window 6.3 software is used, for
simulating the heat transfer through glazed windows.
This software is publicly available LBNL WINDOW
IBM PC compatible computer program, which is
developed by the building technologies group at the
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. It is helpful in
calculating the thermal and optical properties
compulsory for heat transfer analyses of fenestration
products. WINDOW 6.3 is the latest in a series of
programs released by the Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory, in which the new products with measured
thermal and optical properties can also be added to the
software database. Main parametric changes can be
made in this software while modelling geometrical
models of different glazing systems. The parameters
which can be altered include spacing between
different layers, type of glazing, environmental
conditions, fluid in between the panes and so many
more. Thus using different input parameters, results of
various output parameters such as SHGC, U-value,
Keff, (Effective thermal conductivity) etc. can be
determined. All the calculations procedures for
1986 | P a g e
2. Sunny Kumar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1986-1992
determining various responses are available at LBNL
website [4]
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2.2 Simulation
The simulated study is intended on the basis
of one factor approach to take account of the effect of
control factors on response factor. The glass panes of
size 635 x 635 x 3mm are selected for conducting
simulation-runs for various glazing systems. A range
of levels of different input simulation factors is
considered as in table1.
effective sky emissivity and the effective room
emissivity are assumed to be equal to 1.
The glazing systems are used to reduce the
effect of U-Value. The glazing units can be
categorized into single or multiple glazing layers
(often known as Insulating Glazing Units IGUs) are
double glazing, triple glazing, and quadruple glazing.
For the present investigation, a single glazed and
double glazed window with clear glass 3 mm thick is
selected for the analysis of U-value [8].The selected
glazing system is as below table 3.
Table- 1: Control Parameters
Table 3: Description of selected glazing library
Levels
1
2
3
4
5
Control Parameters
Glazing
Pane-Pane
Type
Spacing
(mm)
Single
10
Double
13
16
19
25
Climatic
Conditions
Hot-Dry
Hot-Humid
Cold-Dry
The single response parameter U-value is
measured. The full factorial approach consists of a
design of total 18 experiments, as shown in table 2.
Table 2: Design of Experiments
Level
Glazing
Spacing
Climate
1
A1
B1
C1
2
A1
B1
C2
3
A1
B1
C3
4
A2
B2
C1
5
A2
B2
C2
6
A2
B2
C3
7
A3
B3
C1
8
A3
B3
C2
9
A3
B3
C3
10
A4
B4
C1
11
A4
B4
C2
12
A4
B4
C3
13
A5
B5
C1
14
A5
B5
C2
15
A5
B5
C3
16
A6
B6
C1
17
A6
B6
C2
18
A6
B6
C3
For simulation heat transfer through the
chosen configuration along with the input parameters
having values consequent to composite-climatic zone
of India is used. Averaged wind-speed and solar
radiation are obtained from the internet [5] to feed
inputs to the software. The inner room temperature[6]
is kept at the design conditions according to Indian
climate [7]. For convectional heat transfer,
ASHRAE/NFRC model and Windward Directional
model are selected through the software. Both the
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S.
No
Type of
Glazing
System
Layers
1.
Single
3mm glass
2.
Double
3.
Layer 2
Layer
3
3mm glass
10mm
air gap
3mm
glass
Double
3mm glass
13mm
air gap
3mm
glass
4.
Double
3mm glass
16mm
air gap
3mm
glass
5.
Double
3mm glass
19mm
air gap
3mm
glass
6.
Double
3mm glass
25mm
air gap
3mm
glass
Layer 1
The various solar and optical properties of
clear glass are given in table 4.
Table-4: Solar and optical properties of glass
Description
Glass
Solar
Visible
IR
Trans, Front
(Tsol)
Trans, Back
(Tsol2)
Reflection
Front (Rsol)
Reflection
Back (Rsol2)
Trans, Front
(Tvis)
Trans, Back
(Tvis2)
Reflection
Front (Rvis)
Reflection
Back (Rvis)
Emis, Front
(Emis1)
Emis,
Back
(Emis2)
0.83
0.83
0.08
0.08
0.9
0.9
0.08
0.08
0.84
0.84
1987 | P a g e
3. Sunny Kumar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1986-1992
The software gives freedom to select the fluid
between the pane .It has the eight types of fluid:
i) Air ii) Argon iii) Krypton iv) Xeon v) Air 5% and
Argon 95% vi) Air 12%, Argon 22% and Krypton
66% mix vii) Air 5% and Krypton 95% mix viii) Air
10% and Argon 90% mix.
For the present investigation air is considered
.The properties of air at standard temperature and
pressure is given in the below table 5.
Table- 5: Properties of air
Name
Air
Type
Pure
Conductivity W/m-k
2
0.024069
Viscosity Ns/m
0.00017
Cp J/kg-K
1006.103271
Density Kg/m3
1.292171
Prandtl
0.7197
Table-6: Full factorial design for evaluating U-value
Glazi Spaci
Experim Simulat
S.
Clima
ng
ng
ental Ued UNo
te
Type
(mm)
value
Value
Singl
Hot1
5.62
6.46
e
Dry
Doubl
Hot –
2
10
2.98
3.35
e
Dry
Doubl
Hot3
13
2.68
3.20
e
Dry
Doubl
Hot –
4
16
2.87
3.13
e
Dry
Doubl
Hot –
5
19
2.86
3.08
e
Dry
Doubl
Hot6
25
2.73
3.07
e
Dry
Hot –
Singl
7
Humi
5.11
5.88
e
d
Hot –
Doubl
8
10
Humi
2.8
3.15
e
d
HotDoubl
9
13
Humi
2.68
3.02
e
d
Hot –
Doubl
10
16
Humi
2.7
2.94
e
d
HotDoubl
11
19
Humi
2.67
2.88
e
d
HotDoubl
12
25
Humi
2.5
2.82
e
d
Singl
Cold13
5.06
5.82
e
Dry
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14
15
16
17
18
Doubl
e
Doubl
e
Doubl
e
Doubl
e
Doubl
e
10
13
16
19
25
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Cold Dry
ColdDry
Cold Dry
ColdDry
ColdDry
2.59
2.92
2.48
2.79
2.53
2.75
2.53
2.73
2.44
2.75
III.
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
The apparatus consists of primarily two
copper plate‟s (i.e. hot copper plate, cold copper plate)
water bath, copper tubes, temperature indicators of the
bath, rota-meter, heaters i.e. main and guard heaters,
glazing system, power supply system and other
accessories. This apparatus is similar to the apparatus
used by Wright and Sullivan [9]. The size of two
copper plates (hot plate and cold plate) is
635x635x12.5 mm each. The plates are placed in such
a arrangement so that they keep facing each other and
can be maintained at constant temperatures. Both
plates are held at required constant temperature by a
circulating a steady flow mixture of water and glycol
through a manifold of tubes attached at the back of the
copper plates. The warm copper plate contains three
guarded heater plates, in the vertical position at equal
distance. The heat transfer that takes place over the
face of each of the guarded heater can be measured.
The adjustment of the electrical power supplied to the
heater plate is made until zero temperature difference
is achieved between the heater plate and the warm
copper plate. At this position, there will be no heat
transfer between the heater and the warm copper plate
and all the electrical energy supplied is transferred
across the gap the cold copper plate. The constant
temperature baths which feed the two copper plates
can be started.
Fig-1: Schematic of experiment set up
1988 | P a g e
4. Sunny Kumar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1986-1992
3.1
Methodology:
The outer pane and inner pane temperature
difference from simulated study is considered for
temperature difference of hot and cold plate in the
guarded hot plate apparatus. The sample is
sandwiched between the hot and cold plates to
determine its U-Value. The measuring methodology
[9] used is discussed below:
For measuring the heat flux from the exposed
surface of a GHP, the rate of electrical energy
supplied to the heater plate Q, is determined by
measuring the heater wire voltage V and current I,
directly by using a digital volt meter and an ammeter.
𝑄= 𝐼∗ 𝑉
--------------- (i)
The heat flux from the face of heater plate, P is then
calculated by using heat flux meter output voltage, v
as:
P = (Q − a. v)/Ahp
--------------- (ii)
Where a = heat flux meter calibration constant
Ahp = Face area of the heater plate
After the heat flux, has been measured; the glass to
glass C-value of the glazing system, can be measured
as:
C = ((∆T/P) − 2Rn)−1
------------ (iii)
Where ∆T = temperature difference between the warm
and cold copper plate
And
Rn = thermal resistance of neoprene sheet =
0.017m2 C/W
The U- value based on the above measurements can
finally be find out as:
U = (𝐶 −1 + ℎ1−1 + ℎ2−1 )−1
.........(iv)
Where h1= indoor heat transfer coefficient
h2= Outdoor heat transfer coefficient
Observations according to full factorial design are
made by keeping one parameter fix and varying the
rest parameters one by one. Both the simulated and
experimental response values for the planned design
are shown in the table 8.
IV.
Table-8: Simulated and Experimental U-Values
S.N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Table -7: Composite climatic condition
15
14
Composite Climate Condition
16
Tout
(oC)
Tin
(oC)
17
Hot- Dry
43.0
HotHumid
Cool-Dry
25.0
Solar
radiation
W/m2
6570
Wind
speed
m/s
4.815
34.0
25.0
5470.0
4.02
5.0
25.0
3948.0
3.95
The effect influence of different parameters
viz. type glazing system (single glazing, double
glazing), pane-pane spacing and climatic conditions
(Hot-Dry, Hot-Humid, Cold-Dry) is investigated.
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4. Results
4.1 Comparison of experimental and simulated UValues
In this investigation the extreme climate &
temperature condition of Chandigarh, India has been
considered as shown in table 7.
Climate
Condition
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18
Glazi
ng
Type
Singl
e
Doub
le
Doub
le
Doub
le
Doub
le
Doub
le
Singl
e
Doub
le
Doub
le
Doub
le
Doub
le
Doub
le
Singl
e
Doub
le
Doub
le
Doub
le
Doub
le
Doub
le
Spaci
ng
(mm)
10
13
16
19
25
10
13
16
19
25
10
13
16
19
25
Climate
Hot Dry
Hot Dry
Hot Dry
HotDry
HotDry
HotDry
HotHumid
HotHumid
HotHumid
HotHumid
HotHumid
HotHumid
ColdDry
ColdDry
ColdDry
ColdDry
ColdDry
ColdDry
Experim
ental Uvalue
Simula
ted UValue
5.62
6.46
2.98
3.35
2.73
3.20
2.87
3.13
2.86
3.08
2.68
3.07
5.11
5.88
2.8
3.15
2.68
3.02
2.7
2.94
2.67
2.88
2.5
2.82
5.06
5.82
2.59
2.92
2.48
2.79
2.53
2.75
2.53
2.73
2.44
2.75
A perusal of data represented in the Table 8
shows the significant variation in the simulated
software U- value due to all the three factors i.e.
season, type of glazing system and pane-pane spacing
(for Double glazed windows). Highest U–value is
observed in single glazed window having 6.46 W/m2K
in Hot-Dry season while the lowest U–value is 2.68
1989 | P a g e
5. Sunny Kumar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1986-1992
W/m2K in the double glazed window having 19 mm
pane-pane spacing
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3.5
DG,H-D
SG,H-H
3
DG,H-H
SG,C-D
2.5
2
1.5
1
DG,C-D
SG- Single
Glaze
DG- Double
Glaze
H-D - HotDry
H-H HotHumid
C-D - ColdDry
0.5
0
10 mm 13 mm15 mm19 mm25 mm
Fig: 2 Graphical representation of Experimental and
Simulated U-Value
4.2 The effect of spacing
It has been investigated the effect of
changing pane spacing from 10mm to 13mm, 16mm,
19mm and then to 25 mm the U-value decreases for
all climatic conditions (Hot-Dry, Hot-Humid, ColdDry) at different levels, whose results are listed as
under:
Case1: The U-Value decreases by a minimum of
10% while increasing the pane-pane spacing from
10mm to 13mm, 16mm, 19mm and then to 25 mm in
Hot-Dry Conditions for double glazing system.
Case2: The U-Value decreases by a minimum of
11% while increasing the pane-pane spacing from
10mm to 13mm, 16mm, 19mm and then to 25 mm in
Hot-Humid Conditions for double glazing system.
Case3: The U-Value decreases by a minimum of 6%
while increasing the pane-pane spacing from 10mm to
13mm, 16mm, 19mm and then to 25 mm in Cold -Dry
Conditions for double glazing system.
The result are similar Collins(1999) [10]
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Fig: 3 Graphical representation of the effect of PanePane Spacing
4.3 The effect of climate
It has been observed that by changing pane
spacing from 10mm to 13mm, 16mm, 19mm and then
to 25 mm the U-value decreases for all climatic
conditions (Hot-Dry, Hot-Humid, Cold-Dry) at
different levels, whose results are listed as under:
Case1: The U-Value decreases by a minimum of
0.001% while increasing the pane-pane spacing from
10mm to 13mm, 16mm, 19mm and then to 25 mm in
Hot-Dry Conditions for double glazing system.
Case2: The U-Value decreases by a minimum of
0.001% while increasing the pane-pane spacing from
10mm to 13mm, 16mm, 19mm and then to 25 mm in
Hot-Humid Conditions for double glazing system.
Case3: The U-Value decreases by a minimum of
0.0005% while increasing the pane-pane spacing from
10mm to 13mm, 16mm, 19mm and then to 25 mm in
Cold -Dry Conditions for double glazing system.
1990 | P a g e
6. Sunny Kumar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1986-1992
www.ijera.com
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SG
DG,10 DG,13 DG,16 DG,19 DG,25
Hot-Dry
Hot-Humid
Cold-Dry
Fig: 4 Graphical representations of effect of climate
It has been observed that the minimum Uvalue decreases by less than 1% in all the under taken
climatic conditions, Thus climatic conditions does not
have much influence on the U-Value. Hence it may be
neglected.
4.4 The effect of different glazing systems (single
glazed and double glazed)
It has been observed that by shifting from
single to double glazed window, the U-Value
decreases for all climatic conditions (Hot-Dry, HotHumid, Cold-Dry).
Case 1: The U-Value decreases from 5.62 W/m2K to
2.68 W/m2K , when double glazed window having
pane-pane spacing 25mm is used inplace of single
glazed, in Hot-Dry Climate.
Case 2: The U-Value decreases from 5.11 W/m2K to
2.5 W/m2K , when double glazed window having
pane-pane spacing 25mm is used inplace of single
glazed, in Hot-Dry Climate.
Case 3: The U-Value decreases from 5.06 W/m2K to
2.44 W/m2K , when double glazed window is used
inplace of single glazed, in Hot-Dry Climate.
Fig: 5 Graphical representation of the effect of glazing
system on U-Value
V.
Conclusion
As lower U-value of the glazing system are desired,
the following conclusions are made from the present
work:
Single glazed windows should be avoided as these
have higher U-Value.
Pane-Pane spacing has significant impact on the
U-value.
During Hot-Humid season double glazed windows
with a pane-pane spacing of 25 mm is better as its
U-Value is 2.5 W/m2K.
During Cold-Dry season double glazed windows
with a pane-pane spacing of 25 mm is better as its
U-Value is 2.44 W/m2K.
During Hot-Dry season double glazed window
with a pane-pane spacing of 25 is recommend by
the author as its U-Vale is 2.68 W/m2K.
As most of the months in India, there is HotDry/Hot-Humid climate, hence double glazed
window with 25mm pane-pane spacing is
recommend.
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