Model driven process for real time embeddedcaijjournal
Embedded systems shape our world nowadays. It’s almost impossible to imagine our day to day life without
it. Examples can include cell phones, home appliances, energy generators, satellites, automotive
components …etc. it is even far more complex if there are real-time and interface constraints.
Developing real-time embedded systems is significantly challenging to developers. Results need not be only
correct, but also in a timely manner. New software development approaches are needed due to the
complexity of functional and non-functional requirements of embedded systems.
Due to the complex context of embedded systems, defects can cause life threatening situations. Delays can
create huge costs, and insufficient productivity can impact the entire industry. The rapid evolution of
software engineering technologies will be a key factor in the successful future development of even more
complex embedded systems.
Software development is shifting from manual programming, to model-driven engineering (MDE). One of
the most important challenges is to manage the increasing complexity of embedded software development,
while maintaining the product’s quality, reducing time to market, and reducing development cost.
MDE is a promising approach that emerged lately. Instead of directly coding the software using
programming languages, developers model software systems using expressive, graphical notations, which
provide a higher abstraction level than programming languages. This is called Model Based Development
(MBD).
Model Based Development if accompanied by Model Based Validation (MBV), will help identify problems
early thus reduce rework cost. Applying tests based on the designed models not only enable early detection
of defects, but also continuous quality assurance. Testing can start in the first iteration of the development
process.
As a result of the model based approach, and in addition to the major advantage of early defects detection,
several time consuming tasks within the classical software development life cycle will be excluded. For
embedded systems development, it’s really important to follow a more time efficient approach.
Software architecture refers to the high-level structures of a software system and the discipline of designing these structures. It involves making fundamental choices about components, interactions, and properties that are difficult to change later. Documenting software architecture facilitates communication between stakeholders and allows reuse of design elements. It provides an abstract understanding of a complex system before implementation to enable analysis, reuse, risk management, and cost reduction. The concepts of software architecture have developed since the 1960s with increased research in the 1990s focusing on styles, documentation, and formal methods.
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1) How early days of software development have affected modern practices.
2) Definitions of software engineering from different sources.
3) The stages of software design including problem analysis, solution identification, and abstraction description.
4) Object-oriented design principles like information hiding, independent objects, and service-based communication.
This document discusses key concepts in software architecture including:
- The core activities of software architecture are architectural analysis, synthesis (design), evaluation, and evolution.
- Important supporting activities are knowledge management, design reasoning, documentation, and architecture description.
- Common views for documenting architecture include logical, process, physical, development, and use case views.
- Architectural styles and patterns provide reusable solutions for common architectural problems.
The document discusses software architecture and engineering. It defines software architecture as the fundamental organization of a system, including its components, relationships, and governing principles. Software engineering is described as the application of engineering principles to software development, including all aspects of software production. The document emphasizes that software architecture must balance potentially conflicting requirements related to cost, efficiency, reliability, and user experience.
The document discusses software architecture and its importance. It makes three key points:
1) Software architecture includes diagrams that define the elements (boxes) and interactions (lines) of a system. This is a first cut at designing the system.
2) A software architecture represents the earliest design decisions, which are the hardest to change but most critical to get right. It communicates the design to stakeholders.
3) Functional requirements define what the system must do but not essential quality attributes like performance, reliability, and security. The architecture must be analyzed to determine if it will deliver these qualities.
The document discusses software architecture, where it comes from, and what it is. Architectures are influenced by system stakeholders and their requirements, the developing organization, and the architects' experience. An architecture defines elements, their relationships, and properties. It is important because it represents early design decisions, dictates implementation, organizational structure, and quality attributes. Architectural patterns, reference models, and reference architectures capture common architectural elements but are not full architectures themselves.
This document outlines the course objectives and content for a software architectures course. The key topics covered include:
- Understanding what constitutes software architecture, architectural drivers, styles and views.
- Examining quality attribute workshops, architectural views, styles and documenting architectures.
- Exploring specific architectural styles, views, patterns and how they are used to specify system architecture.
- Analyzing architectures for emerging technologies like service-oriented architectures, cloud computing and adaptive structures.
The course aims to help students understand how to design architectures that meet requirements and explain the influence of architecture on technical and business activities. It covers important architectural concepts and how to apply styles and views.
Model driven process for real time embeddedcaijjournal
Embedded systems shape our world nowadays. It’s almost impossible to imagine our day to day life without
it. Examples can include cell phones, home appliances, energy generators, satellites, automotive
components …etc. it is even far more complex if there are real-time and interface constraints.
Developing real-time embedded systems is significantly challenging to developers. Results need not be only
correct, but also in a timely manner. New software development approaches are needed due to the
complexity of functional and non-functional requirements of embedded systems.
Due to the complex context of embedded systems, defects can cause life threatening situations. Delays can
create huge costs, and insufficient productivity can impact the entire industry. The rapid evolution of
software engineering technologies will be a key factor in the successful future development of even more
complex embedded systems.
Software development is shifting from manual programming, to model-driven engineering (MDE). One of
the most important challenges is to manage the increasing complexity of embedded software development,
while maintaining the product’s quality, reducing time to market, and reducing development cost.
MDE is a promising approach that emerged lately. Instead of directly coding the software using
programming languages, developers model software systems using expressive, graphical notations, which
provide a higher abstraction level than programming languages. This is called Model Based Development
(MBD).
Model Based Development if accompanied by Model Based Validation (MBV), will help identify problems
early thus reduce rework cost. Applying tests based on the designed models not only enable early detection
of defects, but also continuous quality assurance. Testing can start in the first iteration of the development
process.
As a result of the model based approach, and in addition to the major advantage of early defects detection,
several time consuming tasks within the classical software development life cycle will be excluded. For
embedded systems development, it’s really important to follow a more time efficient approach.
Software architecture refers to the high-level structures of a software system and the discipline of designing these structures. It involves making fundamental choices about components, interactions, and properties that are difficult to change later. Documenting software architecture facilitates communication between stakeholders and allows reuse of design elements. It provides an abstract understanding of a complex system before implementation to enable analysis, reuse, risk management, and cost reduction. The concepts of software architecture have developed since the 1960s with increased research in the 1990s focusing on styles, documentation, and formal methods.
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1) How early days of software development have affected modern practices.
2) Definitions of software engineering from different sources.
3) The stages of software design including problem analysis, solution identification, and abstraction description.
4) Object-oriented design principles like information hiding, independent objects, and service-based communication.
This document discusses key concepts in software architecture including:
- The core activities of software architecture are architectural analysis, synthesis (design), evaluation, and evolution.
- Important supporting activities are knowledge management, design reasoning, documentation, and architecture description.
- Common views for documenting architecture include logical, process, physical, development, and use case views.
- Architectural styles and patterns provide reusable solutions for common architectural problems.
The document discusses software architecture and engineering. It defines software architecture as the fundamental organization of a system, including its components, relationships, and governing principles. Software engineering is described as the application of engineering principles to software development, including all aspects of software production. The document emphasizes that software architecture must balance potentially conflicting requirements related to cost, efficiency, reliability, and user experience.
The document discusses software architecture and its importance. It makes three key points:
1) Software architecture includes diagrams that define the elements (boxes) and interactions (lines) of a system. This is a first cut at designing the system.
2) A software architecture represents the earliest design decisions, which are the hardest to change but most critical to get right. It communicates the design to stakeholders.
3) Functional requirements define what the system must do but not essential quality attributes like performance, reliability, and security. The architecture must be analyzed to determine if it will deliver these qualities.
The document discusses software architecture, where it comes from, and what it is. Architectures are influenced by system stakeholders and their requirements, the developing organization, and the architects' experience. An architecture defines elements, their relationships, and properties. It is important because it represents early design decisions, dictates implementation, organizational structure, and quality attributes. Architectural patterns, reference models, and reference architectures capture common architectural elements but are not full architectures themselves.
This document outlines the course objectives and content for a software architectures course. The key topics covered include:
- Understanding what constitutes software architecture, architectural drivers, styles and views.
- Examining quality attribute workshops, architectural views, styles and documenting architectures.
- Exploring specific architectural styles, views, patterns and how they are used to specify system architecture.
- Analyzing architectures for emerging technologies like service-oriented architectures, cloud computing and adaptive structures.
The course aims to help students understand how to design architectures that meet requirements and explain the influence of architecture on technical and business activities. It covers important architectural concepts and how to apply styles and views.
This document provides an introduction to software architecture concepts. It defines key terms like software architecture, architectural styles, patterns, elements and stakeholders.
It describes software architecture as the set of principal design decisions about a system. The main elements are components, connectors and configuration. Architectural styles and patterns provide general and specific design decisions to organize systems. Models are used to capture architectural designs. Architecture influences various software development processes. Stakeholders in architecture include architects, developers, testers, managers and users.
The document discusses assessing software complexity and security metrics from UML class diagrams for software reengineering. It proposes developing a Software Reverse Engineering Tool (SRET) that can automatically calculate metrics like coupling, cohesion, and security metrics from a UML class diagram generated from source code. This would help analysts and developers evaluate software metrics more quickly and efficiently during reengineering compared to manual methods. The tool would extract metrics based on rules applied to the class diagram to measure things like data access, operation access, and interactions between methods and attributes.
IMPLEMENTATION OF MOSRE FRAMEWORK FOR A WEB APPLICATION - A CASE STUDYijwscjournal
The Security Engineering discipline has become more and more important in the recent years. Security requirements engineering is essential to assure the Quality of the resulting software. An increasing part of the communication and sharing of information in our society utilize Web Applications. Last two years have
seen a significant surge in the amount of Web Application specific vulnerabilities that are disclosed to the public because of the importance of Security Requirements Engineering for Web based systems and as it is still underestimated. Integration of Web and object technologies offer a foundation for expanding the Web to a new generation of applications. In this paper, we outline our proposed Model- Oriented Security Requirement Engineering (MOSRE) Framework for Web Applications. By applying Object-Oriented technologies and modeling to Security Requirement phase. So the completeness, consistency, traceability and reusability of Security Requirements can be cost effectively improved. We implemented our MOSRE Framework for E-Voting Application and set of Security Requirements are identified.
Software architecture is the set of principal design decisions about a software system. It includes decisions about the system's structure, behavior, and interactions. Principal design decisions are those that have a significant impact on the system and are important to stakeholders. A software system's architecture can change over time as design decisions are made and remade throughout the system's lifetime.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Architectural styles and patterns provide abstract frameworks for structuring systems and solving common problems. [1] An architectural style defines rules for how components interact and is characterized by aspects like communication, deployment, structure, and domain. [2] Examples include service-oriented architecture, client/server, and layered architecture. [3] Similarly, architectural patterns are reusable solutions to recurring design problems documented with elements, relationships, constraints, and interaction mechanisms.
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Techn...ijcseit
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology
(IJCSEIT) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in
theory, methodology and applications of Computer Science, Engineering and Information
Technology. The Journal looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Computer
Science and Information Technology in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the Journal
is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry
to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
All submissions must describe original research, not published or currently under review for another
conference or journal.
System engineering involves determining operational requirements and modeling relationships between elements like hardware, software, and people to accomplish goals. It can focus on business processes or product development. The engineering process follows a hierarchy from overall objectives to domain specifications to element implementations. It is iterative to adapt to changing needs. Business process engineering derives data, application, and technology architectures, while product engineering defines architectures and infrastructure for software, hardware, data, and people components.
The data design action translates data objects into data structures at the software component level.
Data Design is the first and most important design activity. Here the main issue is to select the appropriate data structure i.e. the data design focuses on the definition of data structures.
Data design is a process of gradual refinement, from the coarse "What data does your application require?" to the precise data structures and processes that provide it. With a good data design, your application's data access is fast, easily maintained, and can gracefully accept future data enhancements.
DESQA a Software Quality Assurance FrameworkIJERA Editor
In current software development lifecycles of heterogeneous environments, the pitfalls businesses have to face are that software defect tracking, measurements and quality assurance do not start early enough in the development process. In fact the cost of fixing a defect in a production environment is much higher than in the initial phases of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) which is particularly true for Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). Thus the aim of this study is to develop a new framework for defect tracking and detection and quality estimation for early stages particularly for the design stage of the SDLC. Part of the objectives of this work is to conceptualize, borrow and customize from known frameworks, such as object-oriented programming to build a solid framework using automated rule based intelligent mechanisms to detect and classify defects in software design of SOA. The implementation part demonstrated how the framework can predict the quality level of the designed software. The results showed a good level of quality estimation can be achieved based on the number of design attributes, the number of quality attributes and the number of SOA Design Defects. Assessment shows that metrics provide guidelines to indicate the progress that a software system has made and the quality of design. Using these guidelines, we can develop more usable and maintainable software systems to fulfill the demand of efficient systems for software applications. Another valuable result coming from this study is that developers are trying to keep backwards compatibility when they introduce new functionality. Sometimes, in the same newly-introduced elements developers perform necessary breaking changes in future versions. In that way they give time to their clients to adapt their systems. This is a very valuable practice for the developers because they have more time to assess the quality of their software before releasing it. Other improvements in this research include investigation of other design attributes and SOA Design Defects which can be computed in extending the tests we performed.
This document provides an overview of software engineering. It defines software engineering as an engineering discipline concerned with all aspects of software production. It discusses how the economies of developed nations depend on software and how software costs, including maintenance, often exceed development costs. It also summarizes common software processes, the differences between software, computer science and systems engineering, attributes of good software, and the role of computer-aided software engineering tools.
The document discusses the importance of architecture in software systems. It notes that architecture provides a common language for stakeholders, helps make early design decisions, and defines transferable abstractions. It then lists several key benefits of architecture, including constraining implementation, dictating organizational structure, enabling or inhibiting quality attributes, allowing prediction of qualities without full development, and easing management of change. Finally, it discusses how architecture can promote reuse across systems and product lines, composition using external elements, restricted design choices, template-based development, and serve as a basis for training.
The document summarizes Tamara Lopez's PhD research proposal on reasoning about flaws in software design. The research aims to analyze software failures by taking a situational approach between the broad scope of systemic analyses and narrow focus of means analyses. It will apply qualitative methods to examine how failures manifest and are addressed in software development. The goal is to better understand why some software fails and other succeeds.
Multiagent Based Methodologies have become an
important subject of research in advance Software Engineering.
Several methodologies have been proposed as, a theoretical
approach, to facilitate and support the development of complex
distributed systems. An important question when facing the
construction of Agent Applications is deciding which
methodology to follow. Trying to answer this question, a
framework with several criteria is applied in this paper for the
comparative analysis of existing multiagent system
methodologies. The results of the comparative over two of them,
conclude that those methodologies have not reached a sufficient
maturity level to be used by the software industry. The
framework has also proved its utility for the evaluation of any
kind of Multiagent Based Software Engineering Methodology
This academic article discusses content management system (CMS) development using agile programming methodologies like extreme programming (XP). It finds that XP shares characteristics with open source CMS development such as iterative development, simplicity in design, collective ownership of code, and treating users as co-developers. The article concludes that agile methodologies are well-suited for open source CMS development.
This document discusses and compares several agent-assisted methodologies for developing multi-agent systems:
- It reviews Gaia, HLIM, PASSI, and Tropos methodologies, outlining their key models and phases. Gaia focuses on analysis and design, HLIM models internal and external agent behavior, and PASSI and Tropos incorporate UML modeling.
- It then proposes a new MAB methodology intended to address shortcomings of existing approaches. MAB includes requirements, analysis, design, and implementation phases and models such as use case maps and agent roles.
- Finally, it concludes that agent technologies represent a promising approach for developing complex software systems, but that matching methodologies to problem domains and developing princip
The document discusses architectural adaptation and software evolution. It characterizes different types of changes that can occur, including corrective changes, new features, and changes to the operating environment. It also describes different levels at which changes can be made, from the component interior to the overall system configuration. Effective adaptation requires techniques like explicit architectural models, adaptable connectors, and message-based communication. The roles of change agents, strategic and tactical planning, and quiescence are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It defines software as computer programs and documentation, and software engineering as the application of engineering principles to software development. Software engineering aims to produce high-quality software on time and on budget that meets requirements. It relies on techniques, methodologies, and tools to aid in analysis and synthesis during the software development process. The document outlines characteristics software should have like maintainability, dependability, efficiency, and acceptability. It also notes that every software project must balance functionality, resources, and timeliness.
The document discusses various aspects of software processes and life cycles. It describes three types of reusable software components: web services, object collections, and stand-alone systems. It also outlines common phases in a software life cycle like requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Incremental delivery approaches are discussed where early increments are delivered to customers.
1. Emergence of Software EngineeringIn the software industry, we.docxjackiewalcutt
1. Emergence of Software Engineering
In the software industry, we have seen the complexity of computer-based systems increase dramatically over the past decades along with advances in technology. This new technology has increased the demand for computer-based systems to control many infrastructures with software. As a result, designing and building cost-effective, reliable, and high-quality software has become the focus of software engineering in the computer industry.
In the past the processes used for designing and developing software were very informal, which contributed to the rise in development and maintenance costs. The results of ad hoc development processes contributed to a higher percentage of unreliable and lesser quality products entering the marketplace. Many accidents resulted from failures in computer-based systems with hardware devices that were controlled with software. At the time, the industry was considered to be in a crisis state, which then led to the emergence of new practices and methods in software engineering.
Technological advances have had a big impact on the complexity level required in software systems. The emergence of new communication protocols, hardware devices, and graphical user interface components have placed a greater demand on software engineers to design quality, reliable, and safe software.
A Brief History of Software Engineering
In the 1950s and the early 1960s, the various engineering disciplines were beginning to analyze how aspects of the engineering field could be applied to methods used in developing software products. As computing power evolved over the decades, the demand increased along with the complexity of the problems that needed to be addressed in the design of software. The term software engineering was introduced in 1968 at the first international software engineering conference, held by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Science Committee (Mahoney 2004). Many practitioners believe this is the milestone that marked the emergence of the software engineering discipline.
Software was developed to control critical hardware devices in the mid- to late-1960s and early 1970s. During this time, cases emerged that involved operational errors and accidents resulting in the loss of human lives and damage to property. Defects in software were uncovered, which heightened public awareness to the need for better quality and reliability of software. The escalating cost of building quality and reliable software was on the rise in the computer industry and the demand for skilled programmers could not be met. The state of software development was viewed by practitioners as being in a "crisis" state and was commonly referred to as the software crisis.
In response to the software crisis, researchers and practitioners have been trying to develop a set of methodologies, processes, and tools as the "silver bullet" for building software. The combination of these methodologies, processes, and tools i ...
ITERATIVE AND INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS STUDY OF VOCATIONAL CAREER INF...ijseajournal
Software development process presents various types of models with their corresponding phases required to be accordingly followed in delivery of quality products and projects. Despite the various expertise and skills of systems analysts, designers, and programmers, systems failure is inevitable when a suitable development process model is not followed. This paper focuses on the Iterative and Incremental Development (IID)model and justified its role in the analysis and design software systems. The paper adopted the qualitative research approach that justified and harnessed the relevance of IID in the context of systems analysis and design using the Vocational
Career Information System (VCIS) as a case study. The paper viewed the IID as a change-driven software development process model. The results showed some system specification, functional specification of system and design specifications that can be used in implementing the VCIS using the IID model. Thus, the paper concluded that in systems analysis and design, it is imperative to consider a suitable development process that reflects the engineering mind-set, with heavy emphasis on good analysis and design for quality assurance.
ARCHITECTING IN THE CONTEXT OF AGILE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT: FRAGILITY VERSUS F...IJCSEA Journal
As the size and complexity of software systems increase, software development process couldn’t be bound to just codifying some modules that serve needed functionality and finding the appropriate configuration of these modules. Instead, a growing need emerges to sketch a big picture of the whole system that not only identifies basic parts of functionality, but also harmonizes these parts internally, manages how these parts will provide needed functionality, and paves the way for future adaptation. The answer to this need was software architectures. The agile approach to software development wasn’t about introducing a magical solution that will handle all development problems. However, the agile architecting approach is believed to be a source of new problems. Through this paper, we are going to explore agile architecting problems and what is needed to achieve an architecting approach that can be agile, while serving its purpose of
producing a stable architecture.
This document provides an introduction to software architecture concepts. It defines key terms like software architecture, architectural styles, patterns, elements and stakeholders.
It describes software architecture as the set of principal design decisions about a system. The main elements are components, connectors and configuration. Architectural styles and patterns provide general and specific design decisions to organize systems. Models are used to capture architectural designs. Architecture influences various software development processes. Stakeholders in architecture include architects, developers, testers, managers and users.
The document discusses assessing software complexity and security metrics from UML class diagrams for software reengineering. It proposes developing a Software Reverse Engineering Tool (SRET) that can automatically calculate metrics like coupling, cohesion, and security metrics from a UML class diagram generated from source code. This would help analysts and developers evaluate software metrics more quickly and efficiently during reengineering compared to manual methods. The tool would extract metrics based on rules applied to the class diagram to measure things like data access, operation access, and interactions between methods and attributes.
IMPLEMENTATION OF MOSRE FRAMEWORK FOR A WEB APPLICATION - A CASE STUDYijwscjournal
The Security Engineering discipline has become more and more important in the recent years. Security requirements engineering is essential to assure the Quality of the resulting software. An increasing part of the communication and sharing of information in our society utilize Web Applications. Last two years have
seen a significant surge in the amount of Web Application specific vulnerabilities that are disclosed to the public because of the importance of Security Requirements Engineering for Web based systems and as it is still underestimated. Integration of Web and object technologies offer a foundation for expanding the Web to a new generation of applications. In this paper, we outline our proposed Model- Oriented Security Requirement Engineering (MOSRE) Framework for Web Applications. By applying Object-Oriented technologies and modeling to Security Requirement phase. So the completeness, consistency, traceability and reusability of Security Requirements can be cost effectively improved. We implemented our MOSRE Framework for E-Voting Application and set of Security Requirements are identified.
Software architecture is the set of principal design decisions about a software system. It includes decisions about the system's structure, behavior, and interactions. Principal design decisions are those that have a significant impact on the system and are important to stakeholders. A software system's architecture can change over time as design decisions are made and remade throughout the system's lifetime.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Architectural styles and patterns provide abstract frameworks for structuring systems and solving common problems. [1] An architectural style defines rules for how components interact and is characterized by aspects like communication, deployment, structure, and domain. [2] Examples include service-oriented architecture, client/server, and layered architecture. [3] Similarly, architectural patterns are reusable solutions to recurring design problems documented with elements, relationships, constraints, and interaction mechanisms.
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Techn...ijcseit
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology
(IJCSEIT) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in
theory, methodology and applications of Computer Science, Engineering and Information
Technology. The Journal looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Computer
Science and Information Technology in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the Journal
is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry
to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
All submissions must describe original research, not published or currently under review for another
conference or journal.
System engineering involves determining operational requirements and modeling relationships between elements like hardware, software, and people to accomplish goals. It can focus on business processes or product development. The engineering process follows a hierarchy from overall objectives to domain specifications to element implementations. It is iterative to adapt to changing needs. Business process engineering derives data, application, and technology architectures, while product engineering defines architectures and infrastructure for software, hardware, data, and people components.
The data design action translates data objects into data structures at the software component level.
Data Design is the first and most important design activity. Here the main issue is to select the appropriate data structure i.e. the data design focuses on the definition of data structures.
Data design is a process of gradual refinement, from the coarse "What data does your application require?" to the precise data structures and processes that provide it. With a good data design, your application's data access is fast, easily maintained, and can gracefully accept future data enhancements.
DESQA a Software Quality Assurance FrameworkIJERA Editor
In current software development lifecycles of heterogeneous environments, the pitfalls businesses have to face are that software defect tracking, measurements and quality assurance do not start early enough in the development process. In fact the cost of fixing a defect in a production environment is much higher than in the initial phases of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) which is particularly true for Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). Thus the aim of this study is to develop a new framework for defect tracking and detection and quality estimation for early stages particularly for the design stage of the SDLC. Part of the objectives of this work is to conceptualize, borrow and customize from known frameworks, such as object-oriented programming to build a solid framework using automated rule based intelligent mechanisms to detect and classify defects in software design of SOA. The implementation part demonstrated how the framework can predict the quality level of the designed software. The results showed a good level of quality estimation can be achieved based on the number of design attributes, the number of quality attributes and the number of SOA Design Defects. Assessment shows that metrics provide guidelines to indicate the progress that a software system has made and the quality of design. Using these guidelines, we can develop more usable and maintainable software systems to fulfill the demand of efficient systems for software applications. Another valuable result coming from this study is that developers are trying to keep backwards compatibility when they introduce new functionality. Sometimes, in the same newly-introduced elements developers perform necessary breaking changes in future versions. In that way they give time to their clients to adapt their systems. This is a very valuable practice for the developers because they have more time to assess the quality of their software before releasing it. Other improvements in this research include investigation of other design attributes and SOA Design Defects which can be computed in extending the tests we performed.
This document provides an overview of software engineering. It defines software engineering as an engineering discipline concerned with all aspects of software production. It discusses how the economies of developed nations depend on software and how software costs, including maintenance, often exceed development costs. It also summarizes common software processes, the differences between software, computer science and systems engineering, attributes of good software, and the role of computer-aided software engineering tools.
The document discusses the importance of architecture in software systems. It notes that architecture provides a common language for stakeholders, helps make early design decisions, and defines transferable abstractions. It then lists several key benefits of architecture, including constraining implementation, dictating organizational structure, enabling or inhibiting quality attributes, allowing prediction of qualities without full development, and easing management of change. Finally, it discusses how architecture can promote reuse across systems and product lines, composition using external elements, restricted design choices, template-based development, and serve as a basis for training.
The document summarizes Tamara Lopez's PhD research proposal on reasoning about flaws in software design. The research aims to analyze software failures by taking a situational approach between the broad scope of systemic analyses and narrow focus of means analyses. It will apply qualitative methods to examine how failures manifest and are addressed in software development. The goal is to better understand why some software fails and other succeeds.
Multiagent Based Methodologies have become an
important subject of research in advance Software Engineering.
Several methodologies have been proposed as, a theoretical
approach, to facilitate and support the development of complex
distributed systems. An important question when facing the
construction of Agent Applications is deciding which
methodology to follow. Trying to answer this question, a
framework with several criteria is applied in this paper for the
comparative analysis of existing multiagent system
methodologies. The results of the comparative over two of them,
conclude that those methodologies have not reached a sufficient
maturity level to be used by the software industry. The
framework has also proved its utility for the evaluation of any
kind of Multiagent Based Software Engineering Methodology
This academic article discusses content management system (CMS) development using agile programming methodologies like extreme programming (XP). It finds that XP shares characteristics with open source CMS development such as iterative development, simplicity in design, collective ownership of code, and treating users as co-developers. The article concludes that agile methodologies are well-suited for open source CMS development.
This document discusses and compares several agent-assisted methodologies for developing multi-agent systems:
- It reviews Gaia, HLIM, PASSI, and Tropos methodologies, outlining their key models and phases. Gaia focuses on analysis and design, HLIM models internal and external agent behavior, and PASSI and Tropos incorporate UML modeling.
- It then proposes a new MAB methodology intended to address shortcomings of existing approaches. MAB includes requirements, analysis, design, and implementation phases and models such as use case maps and agent roles.
- Finally, it concludes that agent technologies represent a promising approach for developing complex software systems, but that matching methodologies to problem domains and developing princip
The document discusses architectural adaptation and software evolution. It characterizes different types of changes that can occur, including corrective changes, new features, and changes to the operating environment. It also describes different levels at which changes can be made, from the component interior to the overall system configuration. Effective adaptation requires techniques like explicit architectural models, adaptable connectors, and message-based communication. The roles of change agents, strategic and tactical planning, and quiescence are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It defines software as computer programs and documentation, and software engineering as the application of engineering principles to software development. Software engineering aims to produce high-quality software on time and on budget that meets requirements. It relies on techniques, methodologies, and tools to aid in analysis and synthesis during the software development process. The document outlines characteristics software should have like maintainability, dependability, efficiency, and acceptability. It also notes that every software project must balance functionality, resources, and timeliness.
The document discusses various aspects of software processes and life cycles. It describes three types of reusable software components: web services, object collections, and stand-alone systems. It also outlines common phases in a software life cycle like requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Incremental delivery approaches are discussed where early increments are delivered to customers.
1. Emergence of Software EngineeringIn the software industry, we.docxjackiewalcutt
1. Emergence of Software Engineering
In the software industry, we have seen the complexity of computer-based systems increase dramatically over the past decades along with advances in technology. This new technology has increased the demand for computer-based systems to control many infrastructures with software. As a result, designing and building cost-effective, reliable, and high-quality software has become the focus of software engineering in the computer industry.
In the past the processes used for designing and developing software were very informal, which contributed to the rise in development and maintenance costs. The results of ad hoc development processes contributed to a higher percentage of unreliable and lesser quality products entering the marketplace. Many accidents resulted from failures in computer-based systems with hardware devices that were controlled with software. At the time, the industry was considered to be in a crisis state, which then led to the emergence of new practices and methods in software engineering.
Technological advances have had a big impact on the complexity level required in software systems. The emergence of new communication protocols, hardware devices, and graphical user interface components have placed a greater demand on software engineers to design quality, reliable, and safe software.
A Brief History of Software Engineering
In the 1950s and the early 1960s, the various engineering disciplines were beginning to analyze how aspects of the engineering field could be applied to methods used in developing software products. As computing power evolved over the decades, the demand increased along with the complexity of the problems that needed to be addressed in the design of software. The term software engineering was introduced in 1968 at the first international software engineering conference, held by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Science Committee (Mahoney 2004). Many practitioners believe this is the milestone that marked the emergence of the software engineering discipline.
Software was developed to control critical hardware devices in the mid- to late-1960s and early 1970s. During this time, cases emerged that involved operational errors and accidents resulting in the loss of human lives and damage to property. Defects in software were uncovered, which heightened public awareness to the need for better quality and reliability of software. The escalating cost of building quality and reliable software was on the rise in the computer industry and the demand for skilled programmers could not be met. The state of software development was viewed by practitioners as being in a "crisis" state and was commonly referred to as the software crisis.
In response to the software crisis, researchers and practitioners have been trying to develop a set of methodologies, processes, and tools as the "silver bullet" for building software. The combination of these methodologies, processes, and tools i ...
ITERATIVE AND INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS STUDY OF VOCATIONAL CAREER INF...ijseajournal
Software development process presents various types of models with their corresponding phases required to be accordingly followed in delivery of quality products and projects. Despite the various expertise and skills of systems analysts, designers, and programmers, systems failure is inevitable when a suitable development process model is not followed. This paper focuses on the Iterative and Incremental Development (IID)model and justified its role in the analysis and design software systems. The paper adopted the qualitative research approach that justified and harnessed the relevance of IID in the context of systems analysis and design using the Vocational
Career Information System (VCIS) as a case study. The paper viewed the IID as a change-driven software development process model. The results showed some system specification, functional specification of system and design specifications that can be used in implementing the VCIS using the IID model. Thus, the paper concluded that in systems analysis and design, it is imperative to consider a suitable development process that reflects the engineering mind-set, with heavy emphasis on good analysis and design for quality assurance.
ARCHITECTING IN THE CONTEXT OF AGILE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT: FRAGILITY VERSUS F...IJCSEA Journal
As the size and complexity of software systems increase, software development process couldn’t be bound to just codifying some modules that serve needed functionality and finding the appropriate configuration of these modules. Instead, a growing need emerges to sketch a big picture of the whole system that not only identifies basic parts of functionality, but also harmonizes these parts internally, manages how these parts will provide needed functionality, and paves the way for future adaptation. The answer to this need was software architectures. The agile approach to software development wasn’t about introducing a magical solution that will handle all development problems. However, the agile architecting approach is believed to be a source of new problems. Through this paper, we are going to explore agile architecting problems and what is needed to achieve an architecting approach that can be agile, while serving its purpose of
producing a stable architecture.
ARCHITECTING IN THE CONTEXT OF AGILE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT: FRAGILITY VERSUS F...IJCSEA Journal
As the size and complexity of software systems increase, software development process couldn’t be bound to just codifying some modules that serve needed functionality and finding the appropriate configuration of these modules. Instead, a growing need emerges to sketch a big picture of the whole system that not only identifies basic parts of functionality, but also harmonizes these parts internally, manages how these parts will provide needed functionality, and paves the way for future adaptation. The answer to this need was software architectures. The agile approach to software development wasn’t about introducing a magical solution that will handle all development problems. However, the agile architecting approach is believed to be a source of new problems. Through this paper, we are going to explore agile architecting problems and what is needed to achieve an architecting approach that can be agile, while serving its purpose of producing a stable architecture.
This document summarizes a research paper on software architecture reconstruction methods. It discusses how software architectures can drift over time from the original design due to changes and deviations. Architecture reconstruction is used to recover the original architecture by applying reverse engineering techniques. The document reviews different bottom-up, top-down, and hybrid methods for architecture reconstruction, including tools like ARMIN and Rigi. It also defines key terms related to architecture reconstruction and the challenges of architectural aging, erosion, drift, and mismatch.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE STYLESijfcstjournal
Software architecture is the structural solution that achieves the overall technical and operational
requirements for software developments. Software engineers applied software architectures for their
software system developments; however, they worry the basic benchmarks in order to select software
architecture styles, possible components, integration methods (connectors) and the exact application of
each style.
The objective of this research work was a comparative analysis of software architecture styles by its
weakness and benefits in order to select by the programmer during their design time. Finally, in this study,
the researcher has been identified architectural styles, weakness, and Strength and application areas with
its component, connector and Interface for the selected architectural styles.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE STYLESijfcstjournal
Software architecture is the structural solution that achieves the overall technical and operational requirements for software developments. Software engineers applied software architectures for their software system developments; however, they worry the basic benchmarks in order to select software architecture styles, possible components, integration methods (connectors) and the exact application of each style. The objective of this research work was a comparative analysis of software architecture styles by its weakness and benefits in order to select by the programmer during their design time. Finally, in this study, the researcher has been identified architectural styles, weakness, and Strength and application areas with its component, connector and Interface for the selected architectural styles.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE STYLESADEIJ Journal
Software architecture is the structural solution that achieves the overall technical and operational
requirements for software developments. Software engineers applied software architectures for their
software system developments; however, they worry the basic benchmarks in order to select software
architecture styles, possible components, integration methods (connectors) and the exact application of
each style.
The objective of this research work was a comparative analysis of software architecture styles by its
weakness and benefits in order to select by the programmer during their design time. Finally, in this study,
the researcher has been identified architectural styles, weakness, and Strength and application areas with
its component, connector and Interface for the selected architectural styles.
1) The document discusses various ways that artificial intelligence can be applied to different phases of the software engineering lifecycle, including requirements specification, design, coding, testing, and estimation.
2) It provides examples of using techniques like natural language processing to clarify requirements, knowledge graphs to manage requirements information, and computational intelligence for requirements prioritization.
3) For design, the document discusses using intelligent agents to recommend patterns and designs to satisfy quality attributes from requirements and assist with assigning responsibilities to components.
Here are the key advantages and disadvantages of software engineering discussed in the paper:
Advantages:
- Rigorous process-based approach: Software engineering follows well-defined processes and methodologies to develop software. This makes the development process systematic and organized.
- Reusability: Components and modules developed using software engineering principles can be reused, reducing development effort and costs.
- Reliability: Proper testing and validation ensures software developed using engineering principles is more reliable.
- Maintainability: The modular nature of software and documentation of processes makes software more maintainable.
- Predictability: Following standardized processes makes project timelines and costs more predictable.
Disadvantages:
- Increased costs: The processes
Reverse Engineering for Documenting Software Architectures, a Literature ReviewEditor IJCATR
Recently, much research in software engineering focused on reverse engineering of software systems which has become one
of the major engineering trends for software evolution. The objective of this survey paper is to provide a literature review on the
existing reverse engineering methodologies and approaches for documenting the architecture of software systems. The survey process
was based on selecting the most common approaches that form the current state of the art in documenting software architectures. We
discuss the limitations of these approaches and highlight the main directions for future research and describe specific open issues for
research.
Architectural Styles And The Design Of Network-Based Software ArchitecturesAndrea Porter
This document summarizes an academic paper on architectural styles for network-based software architectures. It defines key terms related to software architecture like elements, configurations, properties, and styles. It discusses how architectural styles can be used to guide the design of network-based application software and classify styles based on the properties they induce. It specifically introduces the Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style and how it was used to guide the design of the modern Web architecture.
Lecture-_-5-_SDA_software design and architecture.docesrabilgic2
This lecture discusses software architecture. It begins by explaining that software architecture refers to the structure of a system, including its software elements, their properties, and relationships. An example diagram is shown but it is noted that the diagram alone does not represent the full architecture. Common architectural structures like patterns, reference models, and reference architectures are introduced. The lecture emphasizes that architecture is important because it enables communication between stakeholders, represents early critical design decisions, and can provide reusable abstractions of systems.
This document provides an overview of software architecture. It defines software architecture as the set of structures needed to reason about a computing system, including elements, relations among them, and their properties. Good architecture is important as poor design decisions can lead to project cancellation. It also discusses the differences between architecture and design. Additionally, it describes why documenting architecture is important to allow stakeholders to use it effectively. Finally, it briefly introduces the Model-View-Controller pattern used in web development to separate user interface, data, and application logic.
David vernon software_engineering_notesmitthudwivedi
This document provides an overview of the Software Engineering 2 course, including its aims, objectives, course contents, and recommended textbooks. The course aims to provide knowledge of techniques for estimating, designing, building, and ensuring quality in software projects. The objectives cover understanding software metrics, estimating project costs and schedules, quality assurance attributes and standards, and software analysis and design techniques. The course content includes topics like software metrics, estimation models, quality assurance, and object-oriented analysis and design. The document also summarizes several software engineering process models and risk management approaches.
Software Archtecture.
Software design is a process to transform user requirements into some suitable form, which helps the programmer in software coding and implementation.
Software design is the important step in SDLC (Software Design Life Cycle), which moves the concentration from problem domain to solution domain. It tries to specify how to fulfill the requirements mentioned in SRS.
Software design plays an important role in developing software: during software design, software engineers produce various models that form a kind of blueprint of the solution to be implemented
BitLocker is drive encryption software included with Windows that encrypts the entire contents of the drive to protect against unauthorized access to data even if the drive is removed from the device. It stores the encryption key in the computer's Trusted Platform Module (TPM) chip or on an external USB drive for added security. BitLocker requires a Trusted Platform Module version 1.2 or higher, or the ability to store the recovery key on an external drive in order to encrypt the system drive.
Constructing a software requirements specification and design for electronic ...Ra'Fat Al-Msie'deen
Requirements engineering process intends to obtain software services and constraints. This process is essential to meet the customer's needs and expectations. This process includes three main activities in general. These are detecting requirements by interacting with software stakeholders, transferring these requirements into a standard document, and examining that the requirements really define the software that the client needs. Functional requirements are services that the software should deliver to the end-user. In addition, functional requirements describe how the software should respond to specific inputs, and how the software should behave in certain circumstances. This paper aims to develop a software requirements specification document of the electronic IT news magazine system. The electronic magazine provides users to post and view up-to-date IT news. Still, there is a lack in the literature of comprehensive studies about the construction of the electronic magazine software specification and design in conformance with the contemporary software development processes. Moreover, there is a need for a suitable research framework to support the requirements engineering process. The novelty of this paper is the construction of software specification and design of the electronic magazine by following the Al-Msie'deen research framework. All the documents of software requirements specification and design have been constructed to conform to the agile usage-centered design technique and the proposed research framework. A requirements specification and design are suggested and followed for the construction of the electronic magazine software. This study proved that involving users extensively in the process of software requirements specification and design will lead to the creation of dependable and acceptable software systems.
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts covered in lecture notes. It discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) which includes key stages like requirements gathering, design, coding, testing, integration and maintenance. The SDLC framework aims to develop software efficiently using a well-defined process. Software engineering principles like abstraction and decomposition are used to reduce complexity when developing large programs.
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Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...
The critical need for software architecture practices in software development process
1. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 3, No.7, 2012
The Critical Need for Software Architecture Practices in Software
Development Process
Ishaya Gambo1* Rhoda Ikono2 Olaronke Iroju2 Theressa Omodunbi1
1. Computer Science and Engineering Department, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
2. Computer Science Department, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo State, Nigeria
* E-mail of the corresponding author: ipgambo@gmail.com
Abstract
Software architecture is the master plan of every reliable software system. It is the building block of any kind of
software system which greatly determines the success of the system. This paper argues that every system needs a
good architecture and that requires the use of good architecture engineering practices in a software development
process. The paper recognized software architecture practice as a discipline pervading all phases of software
development and then identifies some of the pertinent areas where architectural practice can be used based on a
framework. In addition a model showing how software architecture fits into the phases of a generic software
development process lifecycle was presented. The model is to enable software developers and acquirers to use
effective software architecture practices during software development in order to exert significantly greater control
over software product qualities.
Keywords: Software architecture, Software Development, Software, Quality, Stakeholders, Software engineering
1. Introduction
With a view to finding a lasting solution to problems emanating from software complexities so as to ensure the
delivery of high quality systems, provide strong management support, maximise available resources, enhance
stakeholders’ communication and increase productivity; a dynamic design approach is needed. For decades,
software designers have been taught to build systems based exclusively on the technical requirements. Conceptually,
the requirements document is tossed over the wall into the designer's cubicle, and the designer must come forth with
a satisfactory design. Consequently, requirements are meant to beget design, which in turn begets the system.
However, this practice still poses a lot of complexity on software systems. According to Bass et al. (2003), “modern
software development methods recognize the naïveté of this model and provide all sorts of feedback loops from
designer to analyst”. Even with this notion, they still make the implicit assumption that design is a product of the
system's technical requirements. These technical requirements can be architecturally represented where the
relationship of the various components and elements can be shown.
In practice, effective software engineering requires facility in architectural software design. Architectural practices
have emerged as a crucial part of the design process, which is critical to any software intensive system. The
architecture serves as building block of any kind of software system and determines the degree of success of a
system. Software architecture in software engineering (SE) practices was introduced to help manage complexity and
risk during development and maintenance of software systems. It guides and documents the structure of the system
as well as the role each system’s components play within the structure. It embodies the earliest software design
decisions that enables or preclude the achievement of a desired system quality, such as reliability, modifiability,
security, performance, testability and usability etc. The architecture also forms the basis for the development
approach and acts as the blueprint that guides the teams building the system. Architectural decisions are the most
critical to get right and the most difficult to change downstream in the development life cycle. It is the result of
assembling a certain number of architectural elements in some well-chosen forms to satisfy the major functionality
and performance requirements of the system as well as some other non-functional requirements such as the quality
attributes listed above and described in Chung (2000). According to Clements et al. (2002), “software architecture is
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2. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 3, No.7, 2012
developed as the first step toward designing a system that has a collection of desired properties”. Perry and Wolfe
(1992) put it very nicely in this formula “(Software architecture = {Elements, Forms, Rationale/Constraints})”. This
was modified by Boehm (1995) with the opinion that “software architecture deals with abstraction, with
decomposition and composition, and with style and aesthetics.”
However, the role software architecture plays in the overall system quality has been established by Clements et al.
(2002). If the architecture is not right, the system will not meet its requirements. Software architecture has been
identified as an increasingly important part of software development. With the architecture, software developers are
able to define the internal structure of any system. The requirements towards software systems usually go beyond the
correct functionality, the presence of certain quality demands are also very essential for the systems' acceptance by
the stakeholders and users. All these are the promises from architectural practices in a software development process.
Therefore, in this paper we recognized software architecture as the master plan of every reliable software system,
which greatly determines the success of the system. The paper opined that every system needs a good architecture
and that requires the use of good architecture engineering practices in a software development process. We also
recognized that software architecture practice as a discipline should be integrated into all phases of software
development in a generic software process lifecycle.
2. Software Architecture Practice
To practitioners, researchers, educationist and/or academia in industries and government, software architecture is an
area of growing importance. The April 1995 issue of IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering and the November
1995 issue of IEEE Software were all devoted to software architecture. Industry and government working groups on
software architecture are becoming more frequent. Workshops and presentations on software architecture are
beginning to populate software engineering conferences. Most science and technology based reputable journals
always welcome contributions on software architectural issues. Another example is the October 1996 ACM
Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering, which strictly had a focus on software architecture. Today,
software architecture practice is one sub-discipline within software engineering that is concerned with the high-level
design of the software of one or more systems. Software architecture are created, evolved, and maintained in a
complex environment. In Bass et al. (2003) we have the architecture business cycle illustrated as shown in figure 1
below. From the left we have different factors that influence a software architecture through an architect. We also
have from figure 1 the factors that are formed by requirements which are gotten from the stakeholders and
developing organization.
Figure1. The architecture business cycle (Source: Bass et al., 2003)
The requirements clearly states what the system is expected to achieve, and the architect need to capture this by
making sure the architecture defines how it could be achieved. From the business lifecycle, we have a feedback loop
where the perceptions of the system and architecture influences are conveyed to the stakeholders. With this, the
architecture is able to serve as a communication vehicle among stakeholders. The feedback loop is depicted in figure
1 with the arcing arrows from the system and architecture to the stakeholders’ influences. The architecture business
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ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 3, No.7, 2012
lifecycle shows that the architecture can be used;
a) to outlined a design for the software system
b) to plan ahead the evolution of the software system, where it can be used as part of a technology roadmap
c) to communicate major decisions among stakeholders, which can influence the software system
d) to decompose software into smaller parts, which enables developers and/or engineers to work comparably
on the software.
e) to predict the quality of the system
3. Software Development Process and Architectural Design
Soriyan (2004) opined that “software development process is a transformation process executed by series of agents
(people and machine) which perform a variety of activities and whose association results in the production of a
software system. Software development process is an engineering practice that is concern with the analysis, design,
deployment/implementation and maintenance of software system using a framework and/or model with a view of
sociotechnical influences. This further support the idea by Soriyan (2004) that “the wide use of software systems has
made software engineering an integral part of human existence”. As an engineering process practice, it traditionally
focuses on the practical means of developing software (Warsta, 2002). Salo (2006) emphasizes that software
development process is aimed at providing the technological framework for applying tools and people to the
software task. The essence of systems development process include ensuring that high quality systems are delivered,
providing strong management controls over the projects, and maximizing the productivity of the development team
(Bender, 2003). However, in today’s software development process for example, quality requirements is a
fundamental issues to the stakeholders (developers, users, architect, analyst etc), and it is in our opinion that this can
be determined during architectural design and decision. For example, developers and acquirers of software systems
need their systems to be modifiable and perform predictably. They also need them to be secure, interoperable,
portable, usable and reliable. This quality attributes depend on choosing the correct software architecture. As systems
become larger and more complex, software architecture takes on an even more important role in software
development. Thus, software architecture drives software development throughout the life cycle. In literature
different development process model exists such as the Waterfall, Prototype, Agile, Incremental, Iterative, and Spiral
models etc. In the phases of each process model in the development cycle, software architecture can come in
between the requirement and design phases, and then we can also establish it roles in each phase of the development
process. This is shown in figure 3 where software architecture is integrated into all phases of the lifecycle. In the
model we note that during the requirements, an architecture may be used to identify, prioritize, and record system
concerns and desired. During design and analysis, an architecture may be used to model, visualize, and analyze
design decisions chosen to address the principal concerns and achieve the desired qualities. Decisions may be guided
by adopting one or more architectural styles. During implementation and testing, an architecture may be used to
drive testing, instantiate a product, support runtime dynamism, or enforce security policies. Rather than thrown out
an architecture at this point, as is often done, an architecture remains part of the product. During maintenance, an
architecture may be used as a basis for incorporating new features, or increasing modeling detail.
At the software development process level, the architectural design can be determined based on what the architecture
is use for. The criterion to determine this whether it is a component, or a relationship between components, or a
property (of components or relationships) that needs to be externally visible in order to reason about the ability of the
system to meet its quality requirements or to support decomposition of the system into independently implementable
pieces.
4. Utilizing Software Architecture Practice
The description of software architecture has taken different views which can be utilized for several indispensable
tasks during the development process of any system. Consequently, modern approaches to software architecture have
taken a multi-view approach. However, some literatures like Kazman et al. (2003), Kruchten (1995), and Hofmeister
et al. (1995) agree at a point that for a software architecture description, different views are necessary for describing
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Vol 3, No.7, 2012
the different aspects of a software system. Among these views are the description of the static organisation of the
software system and the development environment as well as the description of the hardware architecture. A view is
the representation of one or more structures present in the system. The use of multiple views allows to address
separately the concerns of the various ‘stakeholder’ of the architecture, and to handle separately the functional and
non-functional requirements, which are referred to as software quality. A typical example of this could be the
architecture of a building where various stakeholders (such as the construction engineer, the plumber, and the
electrician) all have an interest in how the building is to be constructed. Although they are interested in different
components and different relationships, each of their views is valid. Each view represents a structure that maps to
one of the architecture of the construction goals of the building, and these multiple views are necessary to represent
the architecture of the building fully. Similarly, a software architecture has a variety of stakeholders, including
developers, maintainers, testers, integrators, system administrators, project managers, analysts, certification
authorities, and end users. Each of these stakeholders has a vested interest in different system properties and goals
that are represented by different structural views of the system. The views provide the basis for reasoning about the
appropriateness and quality of the architecture for achieving system quality goals. The views also address one
specific set of concern using several concurrent views.
Furthermore, the architecture can be utilized in the aspect of defining what exactly has to be developed. This makes
it a guideline and a means of control for the system development. In terms of relating quality issues of a system, the
architecture can be used as a reference tool for evaluation. This makes it possible to use the architecture for quality
control and assurance. Further utilization of the architecture should be primarily engineered by the architects who
codify the design decisions by providing a machine-readable design artifact. The design artifact when imagined can
be used to enhance communication and understanding by providing different perspective for interaction among
stakeholders.
5. Pertinent Areas of Software Architecture Practices
In the conceptual framework shown in figure 2, we established a flow of possible areas where software architecture
practice can be used. As shown in the framework, the architect designs the architecture of the system, which has to
satisfy some quality requirements from the stakeholders’ perspective. Secondly, the architect will need to design the
system to meet the quality requirements of stakeholders for the system. Thirdly, the system need to be evaluated
using the architecture as the reference tool. On the evaluation for quality issues, the question of “what method” and
“on what model” arises. From literary source, there exists lots of architecture evaluation methods and/or tools such as;
Software Architecture Analysis Method (SAAM) by Kazman et al. (1994), Architectural Trade-off Analysis Method
(ATAM) by Kazman et al. (1998), Scenario-Based Architecture Reengineering (SBAR), Architecture Level
Prediction of Software Maintenance (ALPSM), A Software Architecture Evaluation Model (SAEM), Architecture
Level Analysis Method (ALMA), Family Architecture Assessment Method (FAAM), Cost-Benefit Analysis Method
(CBAM), Active Reviews for Intermediate Designs (ARID), PASA (Performance Assessment of Software
Architecture), QAW (Quality Attribute Workshop) and SALUTA ( Scenario-based Architecture Level UsabiliTy
Analysis), which can be used for evaluation purposes. Following the framework in figure 2, we deduced some of the
pertinent areas of software architecture practice which include:
• Development of software system using architecture-based development methodologies and design tools.
This includes; the styles, patterns, and tactics.
• Evaluating, analyzing and/or assessing software architecture for suitability, conformance or fitness of
purpose. To support this, the work of Jan Bosch in Bosch (2000) gave three types of architecture assessment
methods. This includes; Scenario based assessment, Simulation and mathematical modeling. All of these
methods can be used in practice.
• Predicting of quality attributes of systems to satisfy the developed system and meet the quality requirements
of stakeholders. This can be done using software quality models by relating it at the architectural level. An
example is the relationship between software architecture and testing. This gives an idea into the
investigation of testability. Another example could be investigating the usability of the system from the
architectural perspective. This is because quality attributes of a software system are to a large extent
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determined by a system’s software architecture.
Quality
Requirements Satisfy
Meets
System
PC Client
Functional and stylistic user interface standard
• What
Web browser application (Not
Method?
Design Visual Basic application
Implemented)
Delphi application • On what
Basic file Transactio Reports Login,
entry,
edit,
n
functions
security,
menus,
Model?
Functional component interface
Architect/Developer Java components
Visual Basic components
Pascal components
XFID XFID
comp. comp.
FM Components PRC log-in
M Remote Procedure Call API
RPC Broker Client
Evaluates
TCP/IP network
for
RPC Broker Remote Proc File
Server
M Remote Procedure Call API
Fileman Kernel 8 XFIX 1.0 M Application
21
FileMan database
M server
Software Architecture
Figure 2. Conceptual framework of software architecture practice
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6. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 3, No.7, 2012
6. How Software Architecture Practice fits into Software Development Process Lifecycle
Software architecture practice can be integrated into all the phases of software development methodologies and
models. This is used to distinguish it from particular analysis and design methodologies. Since the architecture
determines the quality of the system, it then makes a lot of sense to have architectural design built into the software
development process. As shown in figure 3 below, software architecture is integrated into all the phases in
development process. The role of software architecture in each phase of the software development process is
established. The model shows that during the requirements phase of development, an architecture may be used to
identify, prioritize, and record system concerns and desired. During design and analysis, an architecture may be used
to model, visualize, and analyze design decisions chosen to address the principal concerns and achieve the desired
qualities. Decisions may be guided by adopting one or more architectural styles. During implementation and testing,
an architecture may be used to drive testing, instantiate a product, support runtime dynamism, or enforce security
policies. Rather than thrown out an architecture at this point, as is often done, an architecture remains part of the
product. During maintenance, an architecture may be used as a basis for incorporating new features, or increasing
modeling detail.
Figure-3. A model integrating architecture into software development process
7. Conclusion
Just like any other complex structure, all software must be built on a solid foundation. Obviously, the failure to
consider fundamental scenarios, failure to gratify the long term consequences of key decisions can put most software
applications at risk. In this regards, software architecture should stand as the solid foundation upon which software
systems are built. Software architecture should be seen and taken as a key business asset for an organization. The
development process is well known as a contributor to software product quality, leading to application of software
process improvement as a key technique for the overall improvement of the software product. This can be said for
any form of software development. Consequently, software developers and system acquirers can use effective
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software architecture practices across the life cycle to ensure predictable product qualities, cost, and schedule. We
establish in this paper that software architecture is the bridge between mission/business goals and a software system.
Secondly, software architecture drives software development throughout the life cycle, and finally the paper
identifies some of the issues to consider in order to make software architecture useful in practical software
development process for developers, researchers, and acquirers, thereby enabling them to embrace the central role of
software.
References
Bass, L., Clements, P., and Kazman, R. (2003). “Software Architecture in Practice”, second ed. Addison-Wesley,
Reading, MA.
Chung, L. Nixon, B. Yu E. and Mylopoulos, J. (2000). “Non-functional requirements in software engineering”.
Kluwer Academic, Boston, 2000.
Clements, P., Kazman, R., and Klein, M. (2002). “Evaluating Software Architecture: Methods and Case Studies”:
Addison-Wesley, Boston, MA.
Perry, D., and Wolf, A. (1992). "Foundations for the Study of Software Architecture," ACM SIGSOFT Software
Engineering Notes, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 40-52.
Boehm, B. (1995): “Cost Models for Future Software Processes: COCOMO 2.0,” Annals of Software Engineering.
Soriyan (2004): Soriyan, H. (2004). “A Conceptual Framework for Information Systems Development
Methodologies for Education And Industrial Sector In Nigeria”. PhD Thesis, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife.
Warsta, J. (2002). “Agile Software Development Methods Review and Analysis”. VTT Publications.
Salo, O. (2006). “Enabling Software Process Improvement in Agile Software Development Teams and
Organizations”. VTT Publications.
Bender RBT Inc. (2003). “Systems Development Lifecycle: Objectives and Requirements”. Bender RBT Inc,
Queensbury, New York.
Kazman, R., Bass, L., Clements, P. (2003). “Software Architecture in Practice”. Addison Wesley, second edition.
Kruchten, P. (1995). “Architectural Blueprints - The .4+1. View Model of Software Architecture”. IEEE Software 12
(6), pp. 42-50.
Hofmeister, C., Soni, D., and Nord, R. (1995). “Software architecture in industrial applications”. Proceedings of the
17th international conference on Software engineering. pages 196-207, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Kazman, R., Abowd, G., and Webb, M. (1994) "SAAM: A Method for Analyzing the Properties of Software
Architectures", Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, pp. 81-90.
Kazman, R., Klein, M., Barbacci, M., Longstaff, T., Lipson, H., and Carriere, J. (1998) "The Architecture Tradeoff
Analysis Method", Proceedings of ICECCS'98.
Bosch, J. (2000). “Design and Use of Software Architectures: Adopting and Evolving a Product Line Approach”,
Pearson Education (Addison-Wesley and ACM Press).2000.
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