1) Locusts undergo phase changes between solitarious and gregarious phases in response to crowding, resulting in morphological, behavioral, and physiological differences.
2) Serotonin plays a key role in initiating phase transitions, as its levels spike within hours of crowding and induce gregarious behaviors even without other locusts present.
3) During long flights, locusts primarily use lipids from their fat bodies as fuel, as fat provides over 9 times more energy than carbohydrates or proteins per unit of mass and weight. Triglycerides are broken down to diacylglycerols which are transported via hemolymph to power flight muscle metabolism through beta-oxidation.
The insect nervous system consists of three main parts: the central nervous system (CNS), the visceral nervous system, and the peripheral nervous system. The CNS contains a brain and a ventral nerve cord made up of fused ganglia. It receives and processes sensory information. The visceral nervous system innervates internal organs. The peripheral nervous system connects the CNS and visceral nervous system to muscles and sense organs via motor and sensory neurons. Together these systems allow insects to respond to their environment and control bodily functions through neural pathways and chemical signaling between different neuron types.
Insects exhibit several types of defense mechanisms including behavioral, structural, chemical, and colorational defenses. Behavioral defenses include jumping, reflex dropping, thanatosis, and threatening poses. Structural defenses include hardened exoskeletons, sclerotized cerci, raptorial legs, and tentacles. Chemical defenses can be endogenous like stink glands and poisonous setae, or exogenous like osmeteria. Colorational defenses include cryptic coloration, revealing coloration, and warning coloration like Batesian and Mullerian mimicry.
This document discusses insect communication and interactions with plants. It covers how insects communicate through semiochemicals like pheromones, light production, sound production, and body language. Specific examples are provided, such as fig wasps and fig trees having a mutualistic relationship where the wasp pollinates the fig in exchange for food. Different types of pheromones are classified, including sex, aggregation, spacing, trail-marking, and alarm pheromones. The roles of light production and sound production in courtship and prey finding are also briefly explained.
The document describes the reproductive systems of male and female insects. It discusses the key parts of each system, including ovaries/ovarioles in females which contain developing eggs, and testes in males which produce sperm. Different types of ovariole structures and egg development processes are described. The male system includes testes, vas deferens for sperm transport, and accessory glands. Sexual reproduction through the joining of male and female systems is covered, as well as other types of insect reproduction like parthenogenesis.
The document discusses the structure and modifications of insect wings. It describes the different types of longitudinal and cross veins that make up the venation patterns on wings. The document outlines the various wing margins, angles, and regions. It also summarizes different types of specialized wings across insect orders, such as tegmina, elytra, hemelytra, halteres, fringed wings, scaly wings, and membranous wings. Finally, it details different mechanisms of wing coupling in insects, including hamulate, amplexiform, frenate, and jugate systems.
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects – biochemical aspectsMogili Ramaiah
Diapause is a period of suspended or arrested development during an insect's life cycle. Insect diapause is usually triggered by environmental cues, like changes in daylight, temperature, or food availability.
“State of arrested development in which the arrest is enforced by a physiological mechanism rather than by concurrently unfavorable environmental conditions”.
(Beck, 1962)
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects : Why?
1) There are two main types of insect young - nymphs of exopterygotes which resemble adults, and larvae of endopterygotes which differ significantly from adults.
2) Larvae can be categorized based on number of legs - oligopod larvae have legs on the thorax, polypod larvae have legs on the thorax and abdomen, and apodous larvae are legless.
3) Pupae can be decticous or adecticous based on presence of mandibles, and exarate, obtect, coarctate or enclosed in a cocoon based on freedom of appendages.
The insect nervous system consists of three main parts: the central nervous system (CNS), the visceral nervous system, and the peripheral nervous system. The CNS contains a brain and a ventral nerve cord made up of fused ganglia. It receives and processes sensory information. The visceral nervous system innervates internal organs. The peripheral nervous system connects the CNS and visceral nervous system to muscles and sense organs via motor and sensory neurons. Together these systems allow insects to respond to their environment and control bodily functions through neural pathways and chemical signaling between different neuron types.
Insects exhibit several types of defense mechanisms including behavioral, structural, chemical, and colorational defenses. Behavioral defenses include jumping, reflex dropping, thanatosis, and threatening poses. Structural defenses include hardened exoskeletons, sclerotized cerci, raptorial legs, and tentacles. Chemical defenses can be endogenous like stink glands and poisonous setae, or exogenous like osmeteria. Colorational defenses include cryptic coloration, revealing coloration, and warning coloration like Batesian and Mullerian mimicry.
This document discusses insect communication and interactions with plants. It covers how insects communicate through semiochemicals like pheromones, light production, sound production, and body language. Specific examples are provided, such as fig wasps and fig trees having a mutualistic relationship where the wasp pollinates the fig in exchange for food. Different types of pheromones are classified, including sex, aggregation, spacing, trail-marking, and alarm pheromones. The roles of light production and sound production in courtship and prey finding are also briefly explained.
The document describes the reproductive systems of male and female insects. It discusses the key parts of each system, including ovaries/ovarioles in females which contain developing eggs, and testes in males which produce sperm. Different types of ovariole structures and egg development processes are described. The male system includes testes, vas deferens for sperm transport, and accessory glands. Sexual reproduction through the joining of male and female systems is covered, as well as other types of insect reproduction like parthenogenesis.
The document discusses the structure and modifications of insect wings. It describes the different types of longitudinal and cross veins that make up the venation patterns on wings. The document outlines the various wing margins, angles, and regions. It also summarizes different types of specialized wings across insect orders, such as tegmina, elytra, hemelytra, halteres, fringed wings, scaly wings, and membranous wings. Finally, it details different mechanisms of wing coupling in insects, including hamulate, amplexiform, frenate, and jugate systems.
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects – biochemical aspectsMogili Ramaiah
Diapause is a period of suspended or arrested development during an insect's life cycle. Insect diapause is usually triggered by environmental cues, like changes in daylight, temperature, or food availability.
“State of arrested development in which the arrest is enforced by a physiological mechanism rather than by concurrently unfavorable environmental conditions”.
(Beck, 1962)
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects : Why?
1) There are two main types of insect young - nymphs of exopterygotes which resemble adults, and larvae of endopterygotes which differ significantly from adults.
2) Larvae can be categorized based on number of legs - oligopod larvae have legs on the thorax, polypod larvae have legs on the thorax and abdomen, and apodous larvae are legless.
3) Pupae can be decticous or adecticous based on presence of mandibles, and exarate, obtect, coarctate or enclosed in a cocoon based on freedom of appendages.
Animals are classified into the animal kingdom. Each kingdom is then further divided into increasingly smaller groups based on similarities. The taxonomists names different levels of groups. The development of insects classification gets further advancement when compared to the earlier classification.
The insect abdomen contains 11 segments plus a telson. The basic structures include 8 pairs of spiracles and tympanum auditory organs in grasshoppers. Abdominal modifications include reduced segments in springtails and house flies. Ant abdomens fuse segments and queen termite abdomens become bloated. Abdominal appendages include styli in silverfish, gills in aquatic larvae, dolichasters and prolegs in larvae, and cerci, ovipositors, and genitalia in adults. The document provides details on the morphology and functions of these various abdominal structures in insects.
This document summarizes the respiratory system of insects. It describes how insects obtain oxygen and release carbon dioxide through a system of internal air-filled tubes called tracheae that branch throughout the body and connect to external openings called spiracles. The document outlines the different types of respiratory organs in insects including spiracles, tracheae, and air sacs. It also describes the mechanisms of gas exchange and different types of respiration in aquatic versus terrestrial insects.
Temperature acts directly on insects' survival and development, and indirectly through other factors like food, humidity, and wind. All insects are cold-blooded and their body temperature depends on the environment. Temperature influences insects' development time, activity, fecundity, and ability to undergo diapause or hibernation. Moisture is essential for insects' metabolic processes but too much or too little can harm them. Light and photoperiod affect insects' behaviors like oviposition and induction of diapause or dimorphism. Other abiotic factors like wind, rainfall, soil type, and water currents also impact insects.
The document discusses the order Apterygota within the class Insecta. It notes that Apterygota has 4 orders: Thysanura, Collembola, Protura, and Diplura. For each order, it provides key characteristics such as body structure, presence of eyes and antennae, mouthpart type, wing presence, abdominal segmentation, and reproductive features.
This document provides details about the internal and external structures of insect wings. It discusses the various veins and folds that make up the wing, including the costa, radius, media, cubitus, anal veins, and cross veins. It describes how the wings are composed of a membrane supported by a system of veins, and how the veins contain nerves, trachea, and hemolymph. It also summarizes the different regions of the wing, including the remigium, vannus, jugum, and axillary area.
its all about respiratory system of insects, arrangement and position of spiracles system. Types of different respiratory systems in aquatic insects.
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
There are three main types of insects larvae
1. oligopod: Scarabeiform, Campodeiform
2. polypod: Hairy caterpillar, Slug caterpillar, Looper, Semilooper
3. apodous: Euciphalous, Hemicephalous, acephalous
1) OLIGOPOD: a) Campodeiform:
• Have resemblance to the dipluran genus campodea.
• Body is elongate, depressed dorso ventrally and well
sclerotised.
• Head is prognathous.
• Thoracic legs are long.
• A pair of abdominal cerci
is usually present.
• Larvae are generally predators
and are very active.
• Eg: grub of ant lion, grub of lady bird beetle
b) Scarabaeiform:
• Body is ‘C’ shaped, stout and subcylindrical.
• Head is well developed.
• Thoracic legs are short.
• Caudal processes are absent.
• Larva is sluggish, burrowing into wood or
soil.
• Eg: grub of rhinocerous beetle.
The document discusses the structure, function, and classification of insect antennae. It notes that antennae are segmented appendages located near the eyes that serve sensory functions. There are three main segments: the scape, pedicel, and flagellum. The flagellum contains many sensory receptors. Antennae can detect chemicals, smells, sounds, temperature, and vibrations. They help with functions like hearing, communication, grasping mates and prey. The document classifies 15 different types of insect antennae based on their structure, such as filiform, pectinate, and geniculate types.
The document discusses the muscular system of insects. It describes the three main types of muscle tissue - striated, cardiac, and smooth muscle. It notes that insects only have striated muscle. The structure and organization of insect muscle fibers and myofibrils are explained. Insect muscles are classified as either synchronous or asynchronous skeletal muscles. The mechanisms of muscle attachment to the exoskeleton via tonofibrillae and apodemes are outlined. Finally, the key functions of the muscular system in insects are listed.
The document discusses the digestive system of insects. It notes that insects have different digestive structures depending on whether they feed on solid foods or liquids. The main parts of the insect digestive system are the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The foregut includes the mouth, esophagus, crop, and gizzard. The midgut is where most digestion occurs through enzymes secreted by epithelial cells. The hindgut absorbs water and nutrients before waste is excreted through the anus. Certain insects also have symbiotic microbes or structures like a filter chamber that aid their digestion.
1) Insects have various sensory receptors called mechanoreceptors that allow them to detect stimuli like touch, vibration, gravity and sound.
2) The main mechanoreceptors are tactile organs, campaniform sensilla, chordotonal organs, and static organs. Tactile organs are sensory hairs that detect touch and vibration. Campaniform sensilla detect forces on the cuticle from muscles or gravity. Chordotonal organs contain scolopidia that detect movement and tension. Static organs help with balance and orientation using statoliths.
3) Specialized mechanoreceptors include Johnston's organ in antennae, subgenual organs in legs, tympanal organs for hearing
The document discusses the order Diptera, which includes flies and mosquitoes. It has 3 suborders - Nematocera, Brachocera, and Cyclorrhapha - which are distinguished based on antennae structure, mesopleural structure, presence of disc cell, and cubital wing vein closure. Nematocera contains 6 families including craneflies, sandflies, mosquitoes, midges, fungus gnats, and black flies. Brachocera contains 3 families - horse flies, robber flies, and bee flies. Cyclorrhapha contains 7 families such as hoverflies, fruit flies, drosophila, bot flies, house flies, warble flies, and
1. The insect head is a hardened capsule that bears sensory organs like eyes and antennae, as well as feeding appendages around the mouth.
2. It develops from the fusion of six ancestral segments and is divided into an anterior procephalon and posterior gnathocephalon.
3. The procephalon bears the eyes and antennae while the gnathocephalon bears the mandibles, maxillae, and labium used for feeding.
The insect head is composed of sclerites including the vertex, frons, clypeus, gena, and occiput. It is divided by sutures and contains openings like the occipital foramen. The head supports appendages like the antennae and mouthparts. There are three basic head types - hypognathous, prognathous, and opisthognathous - which differ in the orientation of the mouthparts. Antennae are jointed sensory organs that can be filiform or modified into various shapes like capitate, clavate, geniculate, and pectinate. They are composed of segments including the scape, pedicel, and flagello
1. The abdomen of insects is segmented, with the basic number being 11 segments plus a telson bearing the anus. The 8th and 9th abdominal segments in females and the 9th in males contain external reproductive organs or genitalia.
2. Abdominal segments contain structures like spiracles, tympanums, and appendages that vary between insect groups. Appendages include styli, collophores, retinacula, furculae, gills, dolichasters, and prolegs.
3. Winged adults have appendages like cornicles, caudal breathing tubes, cerci, median caudal filaments, pygostyles, anal styli,
An insect's nervous system consists of three main parts:
1) The central nervous system is a double chain of ganglia connected by nerve fibers that control the insect's behavior and innervate its senses, muscles, and organs.
2) The visceral nervous system connects to the brain and supplies nerves to the foregut, midgut and heart.
3) The peripheral nervous system is a network of sensory cells just below the integument that detects stimuli from the environment.
FEY Lec. 5 RKP_Importance of Entomology.pptRajuPanse
This document discusses the importance and scope of entomology. It outlines 14 branches of entomology and explains the importance of studying insects. Insects can be injurious pests of crops, livestock, households and carriers of disease. However, some insects are also beneficial as they produce goods like silk, honey, lac. Others act as pollinators, predators, parasites that control pest populations or decompose waste. The scope of entomology includes roles in agriculture, ecology, medicine, food science and more.
This document discusses the roles of carbohydrates in insect systems. Carbohydrates play roles in reproduction by providing energy for sperm and egg development, in diapause maintenance by serving as energy reserves, and in locomotion by fueling flight muscles. They also serve structural roles as the main component of chitin, fuel metamorphosis, aid in detoxification through conjugation reactions, help regulate excretion, and support digestion.
AIM
To study the factors on which the self-inductance of a coil depends by observing the effect of this coil, when put in series with a resistor/bulb in a circuit connected to an AC source of adjustable frequency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
• Enamelled copper wire
R
L
Animals are classified into the animal kingdom. Each kingdom is then further divided into increasingly smaller groups based on similarities. The taxonomists names different levels of groups. The development of insects classification gets further advancement when compared to the earlier classification.
The insect abdomen contains 11 segments plus a telson. The basic structures include 8 pairs of spiracles and tympanum auditory organs in grasshoppers. Abdominal modifications include reduced segments in springtails and house flies. Ant abdomens fuse segments and queen termite abdomens become bloated. Abdominal appendages include styli in silverfish, gills in aquatic larvae, dolichasters and prolegs in larvae, and cerci, ovipositors, and genitalia in adults. The document provides details on the morphology and functions of these various abdominal structures in insects.
This document summarizes the respiratory system of insects. It describes how insects obtain oxygen and release carbon dioxide through a system of internal air-filled tubes called tracheae that branch throughout the body and connect to external openings called spiracles. The document outlines the different types of respiratory organs in insects including spiracles, tracheae, and air sacs. It also describes the mechanisms of gas exchange and different types of respiration in aquatic versus terrestrial insects.
Temperature acts directly on insects' survival and development, and indirectly through other factors like food, humidity, and wind. All insects are cold-blooded and their body temperature depends on the environment. Temperature influences insects' development time, activity, fecundity, and ability to undergo diapause or hibernation. Moisture is essential for insects' metabolic processes but too much or too little can harm them. Light and photoperiod affect insects' behaviors like oviposition and induction of diapause or dimorphism. Other abiotic factors like wind, rainfall, soil type, and water currents also impact insects.
The document discusses the order Apterygota within the class Insecta. It notes that Apterygota has 4 orders: Thysanura, Collembola, Protura, and Diplura. For each order, it provides key characteristics such as body structure, presence of eyes and antennae, mouthpart type, wing presence, abdominal segmentation, and reproductive features.
This document provides details about the internal and external structures of insect wings. It discusses the various veins and folds that make up the wing, including the costa, radius, media, cubitus, anal veins, and cross veins. It describes how the wings are composed of a membrane supported by a system of veins, and how the veins contain nerves, trachea, and hemolymph. It also summarizes the different regions of the wing, including the remigium, vannus, jugum, and axillary area.
its all about respiratory system of insects, arrangement and position of spiracles system. Types of different respiratory systems in aquatic insects.
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
There are three main types of insects larvae
1. oligopod: Scarabeiform, Campodeiform
2. polypod: Hairy caterpillar, Slug caterpillar, Looper, Semilooper
3. apodous: Euciphalous, Hemicephalous, acephalous
1) OLIGOPOD: a) Campodeiform:
• Have resemblance to the dipluran genus campodea.
• Body is elongate, depressed dorso ventrally and well
sclerotised.
• Head is prognathous.
• Thoracic legs are long.
• A pair of abdominal cerci
is usually present.
• Larvae are generally predators
and are very active.
• Eg: grub of ant lion, grub of lady bird beetle
b) Scarabaeiform:
• Body is ‘C’ shaped, stout and subcylindrical.
• Head is well developed.
• Thoracic legs are short.
• Caudal processes are absent.
• Larva is sluggish, burrowing into wood or
soil.
• Eg: grub of rhinocerous beetle.
The document discusses the structure, function, and classification of insect antennae. It notes that antennae are segmented appendages located near the eyes that serve sensory functions. There are three main segments: the scape, pedicel, and flagellum. The flagellum contains many sensory receptors. Antennae can detect chemicals, smells, sounds, temperature, and vibrations. They help with functions like hearing, communication, grasping mates and prey. The document classifies 15 different types of insect antennae based on their structure, such as filiform, pectinate, and geniculate types.
The document discusses the muscular system of insects. It describes the three main types of muscle tissue - striated, cardiac, and smooth muscle. It notes that insects only have striated muscle. The structure and organization of insect muscle fibers and myofibrils are explained. Insect muscles are classified as either synchronous or asynchronous skeletal muscles. The mechanisms of muscle attachment to the exoskeleton via tonofibrillae and apodemes are outlined. Finally, the key functions of the muscular system in insects are listed.
The document discusses the digestive system of insects. It notes that insects have different digestive structures depending on whether they feed on solid foods or liquids. The main parts of the insect digestive system are the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The foregut includes the mouth, esophagus, crop, and gizzard. The midgut is where most digestion occurs through enzymes secreted by epithelial cells. The hindgut absorbs water and nutrients before waste is excreted through the anus. Certain insects also have symbiotic microbes or structures like a filter chamber that aid their digestion.
1) Insects have various sensory receptors called mechanoreceptors that allow them to detect stimuli like touch, vibration, gravity and sound.
2) The main mechanoreceptors are tactile organs, campaniform sensilla, chordotonal organs, and static organs. Tactile organs are sensory hairs that detect touch and vibration. Campaniform sensilla detect forces on the cuticle from muscles or gravity. Chordotonal organs contain scolopidia that detect movement and tension. Static organs help with balance and orientation using statoliths.
3) Specialized mechanoreceptors include Johnston's organ in antennae, subgenual organs in legs, tympanal organs for hearing
The document discusses the order Diptera, which includes flies and mosquitoes. It has 3 suborders - Nematocera, Brachocera, and Cyclorrhapha - which are distinguished based on antennae structure, mesopleural structure, presence of disc cell, and cubital wing vein closure. Nematocera contains 6 families including craneflies, sandflies, mosquitoes, midges, fungus gnats, and black flies. Brachocera contains 3 families - horse flies, robber flies, and bee flies. Cyclorrhapha contains 7 families such as hoverflies, fruit flies, drosophila, bot flies, house flies, warble flies, and
1. The insect head is a hardened capsule that bears sensory organs like eyes and antennae, as well as feeding appendages around the mouth.
2. It develops from the fusion of six ancestral segments and is divided into an anterior procephalon and posterior gnathocephalon.
3. The procephalon bears the eyes and antennae while the gnathocephalon bears the mandibles, maxillae, and labium used for feeding.
The insect head is composed of sclerites including the vertex, frons, clypeus, gena, and occiput. It is divided by sutures and contains openings like the occipital foramen. The head supports appendages like the antennae and mouthparts. There are three basic head types - hypognathous, prognathous, and opisthognathous - which differ in the orientation of the mouthparts. Antennae are jointed sensory organs that can be filiform or modified into various shapes like capitate, clavate, geniculate, and pectinate. They are composed of segments including the scape, pedicel, and flagello
1. The abdomen of insects is segmented, with the basic number being 11 segments plus a telson bearing the anus. The 8th and 9th abdominal segments in females and the 9th in males contain external reproductive organs or genitalia.
2. Abdominal segments contain structures like spiracles, tympanums, and appendages that vary between insect groups. Appendages include styli, collophores, retinacula, furculae, gills, dolichasters, and prolegs.
3. Winged adults have appendages like cornicles, caudal breathing tubes, cerci, median caudal filaments, pygostyles, anal styli,
An insect's nervous system consists of three main parts:
1) The central nervous system is a double chain of ganglia connected by nerve fibers that control the insect's behavior and innervate its senses, muscles, and organs.
2) The visceral nervous system connects to the brain and supplies nerves to the foregut, midgut and heart.
3) The peripheral nervous system is a network of sensory cells just below the integument that detects stimuli from the environment.
FEY Lec. 5 RKP_Importance of Entomology.pptRajuPanse
This document discusses the importance and scope of entomology. It outlines 14 branches of entomology and explains the importance of studying insects. Insects can be injurious pests of crops, livestock, households and carriers of disease. However, some insects are also beneficial as they produce goods like silk, honey, lac. Others act as pollinators, predators, parasites that control pest populations or decompose waste. The scope of entomology includes roles in agriculture, ecology, medicine, food science and more.
This document discusses the roles of carbohydrates in insect systems. Carbohydrates play roles in reproduction by providing energy for sperm and egg development, in diapause maintenance by serving as energy reserves, and in locomotion by fueling flight muscles. They also serve structural roles as the main component of chitin, fuel metamorphosis, aid in detoxification through conjugation reactions, help regulate excretion, and support digestion.
AIM
To study the factors on which the self-inductance of a coil depends by observing the effect of this coil, when put in series with a resistor/bulb in a circuit connected to an AC source of adjustable frequency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
• Enamelled copper wire
R
L
This document discusses physiological processes in plants and their impact on crop productivity. It covers topics like photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and translocation. Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy through light and dark reactions. Respiration breaks down organic compounds to produce energy. Transpiration and transpiration involve the movement of water and minerals in plants. These physiological processes are important determinants of crop yields. High leaf area ratio, leaf area duration, and optimal environmental factors like rainfall can increase agricultural productivity.
Bioluminescence is the production of light by living organisms. It occurs through a chemical reaction between luciferin and luciferase or photoproteins within photophores in organisms. Bioluminescence serves defensive, offensive, and communicative functions for marine creatures found throughout the water column. It has evolved as an adaptation for survival in the deep sea where little sunlight penetrates. Fluorescent proteins like green fluorescent protein are an important tool in research due to their ability to act as reporter genes and have commercial applications like bioluminescent crops.
This document provides an overview of insect pheromone biosynthesis and endocrine regulation. It discusses how insects have evolved to modify normal metabolic pathways through additional tissue-specific enzymes to produce pheromones. Pheromone biosynthesis pathways are described for cockroaches, beetles, flies, and moths, many of which involve modifying fatty acid biosynthesis. The major hormones regulating pheromone production are juvenile hormone in cockroaches and beetles, ecdysteroids in flies, and pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide in moths. While regulation is not fully understood, juvenile hormone can increase expression of enzymes involved in biosynthesis. The document aims to compare and unify themes in pheromone biosynthesis across
This document provides information on protists, including their characteristics, models of eukaryotic origins, evidence for the endosymbiotic hypothesis, candidate kingdoms of protists, life cycles of various protist groups, and the evolution of multicellularity. It addresses topics such as amoeboid movement, the life cycle of Plasmodium, conjugation in Paramecium, classification of algae, and differences between plasmodial and cellular slime molds.
This document discusses entomology and insects. It begins by defining entomology as the study of insects and describes how entomologists observe and experiment with insects. It then discusses why biologists study insects, noting their ease of culturing, rapid life cycles, and minimal ethical concerns compared to vertebrates. The document outlines the diversity of insects in terms of feeding habits and habitats. It also describes the importance of insects for ecosystem functions like nutrient recycling, plant propagation, and as a food source. The document concludes by discussing insect classification systems and the three main types of metamorphosis: ametabolous, hemimetabolous, and holometabolous.
The document discusses the four main types of organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates function to provide short-term energy and structure, with a monomer of monosaccharides like glucose. Lipids serve as energy stores and building blocks of cell membranes, with fatty acids and glycerol as monomers. Proteins perform many functions in the body and are made of amino acid monomers joined by peptide bonds. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA carry genetic information and use nucleotides as monomers.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
HISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS OF ENZYMES DURING ESTROUS CYCLE IN THE ADRENAL GLA...paperpublications3
Abstract:Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would seem to transform adrenocortical cells into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal which attributes to the oxidation of Pregnenolone to Progesterone and Corticosteroids towards maturation. In view of this, a study of in situ changes in various enzymes viz. ∆53β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase, Cytochrome oxidase, Acid & Alkaline phosphatases & Lipids in the adrenal gland at different stages of reproductive cycle in Rat (Rattus rattus) had been studied.
HISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS OF ENZYMES DURING ESTROUS CYCLE IN THE ADRENAL GLA...paperpublications3
Abstract:Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would seem to transform adrenocortical cells into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal which attributes to the oxidation of Pregnenolone to Progesterone and Corticosteroids towards maturation. In view of this, a study of in situ changes in various enzymes viz. ∆53β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase, Cytochrome oxidase, Acid & Alkaline phosphatases & Lipids in the adrenal gland at different stages of reproductive cycle in Rat (Rattus rattus) had been studied.
Keywords:Enzymes, Estrous Cycle, Adrenal, Pregnenolone to progesterone & Biosynthetic machinery.
Effect of acrylamide on the stomach, cerebellum, and testis in albino ratProf. Hesham N. Mustafa
The thesis explores the harmful effects of acrylamide, a chemical used industrially and in water treatment, on the stomach, cerebellum, and testis of albino rats. Acrylamide is thought to form in some cooked foods and may pose health risks to humans. The study will divide rats into groups that receive either oral or parental acrylamide doses and will examine tissue samples from the stomach, cerebellum, and testis for histological effects of acrylamide exposure. The aim is to clarify the potential risks of acrylamide to human health.
This study investigated the substrate specificity of the CYP1A enzyme from Pterygoplichthys sp., a species of catfish. The CYP1A gene from Pterygoplichthys sp. was expressed in yeast cells. The catalytic activity of the expressed enzyme was then tested against 15 potential substrates. Results showed that the enzyme had a much higher activity for coumarin derivatives than resorufin derivatives, unlike most other vertebrate CYP1As. The enzyme was also able to metabolize some flavones and ethoxyfluorescein but not resveratrol. These findings suggest the Pterygoplichthys sp. CYP1A has a divergent substrate
Mutation, evolution, and natural selection cookniall highland
Mutation, evolution, and natural selection were discussed. DNA sometimes makes mistakes during copying called mutations, which can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral. Beneficial mutations may lead to adaptations over generations through natural selection, where organisms better suited to the environment are more likely to survive and pass on their genes. Over time, this process can result in evolution, as populations change inherited traits to become better adapted to their environments.
The Fabrication And Modification Of T Cuas With Cellulose...Christy Hunt
The document discusses modifications made to T-CUAs (templated copper ultramicroelectrodes) to detect nitric oxide (NO). Specifically, it details adding a cellulose acetate gas permeable membrane selective to NO and introducing chitosan and gold nanoparticles to enhance catalytic activity, sensitivity, and limit of detection for NO. The cellulose acetate membrane filters out non-gaseous molecules while maintaining a pore size of around 6 angstroms. Scanning electron microscopy images show the unmodified and modified T-CUAs, with the modified having chitosan gold nanoparticles ranging in size from 5 to 80 nanometers deposited on the surface.
Carcass, Organ Weights and Histo-morphology of Internal Organs of Sows Fed Fe...Premier Publishers
Fresh cassava peels were subjected to submerged fermentation, sundried for 3-5 days and also subjected to proximate analysis. Fermentation reduced cyanide and improved crude protein. A group of 27 weaner gilts (Largewhite x Duroc), aged 8-9 weeks and weighed 10.61±0.27kg were fed fermented cassava-peels-based-diets. They were allotted to three treatments comprising T1 (control), T2 (fermented CPM) and T3 (fermented CPM + enzyme) in a completely randomized design and fed for 22 weeks. Data on carcass and some visceral organs weights were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Histo-morphology on the organs was conducted. The dressing percentages were 66.53, 60.25 and 64.11% for T1, T2 and T3 respectively whereas the head, heart, lungs and kidney were the weightiest for T1, the stomach/intestine for T2 and the liver and spleen for T3 while the histo-morphology of T1 sows were all normal except for mild architectural deviation in the duodenum and ileum. Histo-morphological changes were observed in the ileum and duodenum of T2 and T3. It is therefore recommended that fermented peels be supplemented with enzyme for improvement in dressing percentage and watch-out for pathological lesions in the visceral organs.
Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus...ijtsrd
Attempts were made to develop a technique to rear the phyllosoma larvae of Panulirus homarus. The biological characters like fecundity, hatching percentage, larval morphological changes, feed inputs and moulting frequency till the fourth moult were studied. Morphometric and meristic characters of the larvae were also studied till the 42ndday. The larval output was directly proportional to the size of the gravid brood stock. Relationship between the duration of culture X and length of the larvae Y were shown by the relationships Y intercept = 0.5780 ± 0.1074 and X intercept = 0.7283 r2 = 0.8519 . There was significant p 0.0001 positive relationship between total length TL and carapace width CW of phyllosoma larvae. S. Lazarus | J. C. Nisha | R. Thangaraja "Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus Linnaeus, 1758" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31676.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/molecular-biology/31676/studies-on-the-phyllosoma-larva-of-the-indian-rock-lobster-panulirus-homarus-linnaeus-1758/s-lazarus
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to the cellular level of organization, including:
- The three main parts of a eukaryotic cell are the plasma membrane, organelles, and cytoplasm.
- Plasma membranes consist of phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol.
- Organelles in eukaryotic cells include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and vacuoles.
- The document also discusses cellular transport mechanisms, DNA structure and replication, transcription and translation of DNA to synthesize proteins, and cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Dinoflagellates are mostly unicellular, motile organisms that contain chlorophyll. They can be autotrophic, saprophytic, symbiotic or holozoic. Their cells consist of two unequal flagella and plates that divide the cell into regions. They reproduce asexually through aplanospores and cysts or sexually through isogamous or anisogamous gametes. Some dinoflagellates cause harmful algal blooms that can poison marine life or humans. Brown algae are mainly found in marine environments and contain chlorophyll and fucoxanthin. They have cellulose cell walls and store laminarin. They reproduce sexually through oogamy. Red algae also live mainly in
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
1. Research Supervisor and
Convener, Chairman
Dr. S. Manickavasagam
Professor and Head
Department of Entomology
Advisory committee
members
Dr. Arivudainambi Professor,
Department of Entomology
(Intra Expert Member)
Dr. A. Shakila, Professor,
Department of Horticulture
(Inter Expert Member)
Research scholar
V.Mary floret
2. 1) What is locust
2) Phase change, feature of locust biology
3) Epigenetics & locust life phase transitions
4) Role of serotonin
5) Role of octopamine
6) Role of Adepokinetic hormone
7) What is migration & Physiology?
8) Carbohydrate pathway
9) Lipid pathway
10) What fuel used for flight?
11) Energy reserve during flight of the desert locust
12) Flight muscle metabolism
13) Glycolosis ?.
10/23/2019 2All about locust
3. What are locusts?
Locusts are any of a group of insects that belongs to the family
Acrididae of order Orthoptera.
Locusts are commonly known as short-horned grasshoppers.
They often increase greatly in numbers and migrate long distances
in destructive swarms.
They are distributed worldwide.
10/23/2019 3All about locust
4. SOME COMMON LOCUSTS ARE
American locust: Schistocerca americana
Bombay locust: Nomadacris succincta
Tree locusts: Anacaridium spp.
Red locust: Nomadacris septemfasciata
Migratory locust: Locusta migratoria
Italian locust: Callipta musitalicus
Desert locust: Schistocerca gregaria
Brown locust: Locusta anapardalina
10/23/2019 4All about locust
5. Phase change: the defining feature of
locust biology
Reared alone
Solitary phase
Reared
crowded
Gregarious
phase
Transient phase (Rogers et al., 2010).10/23/2019 5All about locust
8. EPIGENETICS & PHASE TRANSITIONS
Serotonin
dopamine
GABA
Glutamate
corazonin,
Acetylcholine and
histamine
noradrenaline
Figure 4.13. Changes from solitarious to gregarious behavior occur rapidly and are mediated
by serotonin. Diagrammatic summary of the behavioral gregarization pathway and the role of
serotonin is shown.
Octopamine
10/23/2019 8All about locust
9. Sub:
1) Comparing solitarious and gregarious phases:
morphology, behaviour and physiology
2) Hypothetical model for epigenetic
remodelling in locust phase transitions.
3) Making the switch: initiation of phase
transition
4) Neuroendocrine control of phase transition:
corazonin, juvenile hormone, serotonin and
dopamine
10/23/2019 9All about locust
10. COMPARING SOLITARIOUS AND GREGARIOUS PHASES:
MORPHOLOGY,BEHAVIOUR AND PHYSIOLOGY
Mechanical stimulation of the
hindlegs, and combined sight
and smell of other locusts.
Gregarisation results in altered
morphology, physiology,
behaviour and colour.
(Pener and Simpson, 2009; Uvarov, 1966).
10/23/2019 10All about locust
11. Body coloration of S. gregaria depends
largely on phase and developmental stage.
•
Solitarious locusts are larger and cryptically coloured; gregarious locusts display
aposematic colours. Males are shown in the gregarious phase as last instar larva (A)
and imago (B), and in the solitarious phase as last instar larva (C) and imago (D).10/23/2019 11All about locust
12. Regions in the midbrain (MBr) include the olfactory antennal lobe (AL) and three neuropils in the mushroom
body: the olfactory primary calyx (pcx), the gustatory accessory calyx (acx), and the multimodal lobes (lb).
The optic lobe (OL) comprises three successive visual neuropils: the lamina (la), the medulla (me), and the
lobula (lo). Absolute total brain size is 27% larger in gregarious locusts. The remaining numbers refer to the
differences in proportions of different brain regions relative to the total brain size. Positive numbers indicate
that a region is disproportionally larger in gregarious locusts than in solitarious locusts
10/23/2019 12All about locust
13. MAKING THE SWITCH: INITIATION OF
PHASE TRANSITION
No of factors involved in Phase transition
of locust1
2
Two distict sensory pathway s are
involved in aggregation behaviour.
3
Cerebral pathway (Visual $ olfactory stimuli
Thoracic pathway (Hind leg Tactile Stimuli
(Ellis, 1959; Simpson et al., 2001).
10/23/2019 13All about locust
14. Hypothetical model for epigenetic
remodelling in locust phase transitions
Eggs may be primed
in the ovary and in the egg pod by
an egg foam factor. When offspring
Also experience crowding, epigenetic
alterations may accumulate that
subsequently lead to morphological
changes and the phenotype of
longterm gregarious locusts.
10/23/2019 14All about locust
15. Neuroendocrine control of phase transition: corazonin,
juvenile hormone, serotonin and dopamine
JH & its analogues induce green body colour in solitarious forms
Dopamine- induce gregarious like behaviour
Corazonin account s for body colour polyphenism, in both
desert and migratory locusts (Tanaka, 2006). It induces a more convex pronotum in isolated
locusts
locustsCorazonin an undecapeptide released from the corpora cardiaca, causes darkening
Serotonin is involved in both the gregarisation and solitarisation decision.
Serotonin displays a peak in the optic lobes (located in the head cavity) shortly after isolation,
while a similar peak is seen in the thoracic ganglia
(Rogers et al., 2004).
10/23/2019 15All about locust
16. Case study
Role of serotonin
When Serotonin was blocked two
times no gregariousness
But when injected, locust turns into G
even in the absence of other locusts
Final chemical natural synthesis of
serotonin enhance gregarization when
locust exposed to tickling stimuli
study says synthesis of serotonin by
this specific stimuli and in turn
changes the behaviour
(Pener and Simpson, 2009).10/23/2019 16All about locust
17. • Although the concentration of several potential neurochemicals differs between
solitarious and gregarious locusts, only serotonin shows a dramatic transient increase
within hours of crowding
(Rogers et al., 2004).
10/23/2019 17All about locust
18. Role of octopamine
*Energy metabolism during flight initiated by
octopamine regulated by Adipokinetic hormone.
*
*Trehalose serve as the major fuel at the onset
of flight.
*Octopamine have several other effects on flight behaviour
@Stimulating interneurons.
@Interneurons are involved in maintaining flight
Pener and Simpson, 2009
10/23/2019 18All about locust
19. Role of Adepokinetic hormone
AKH activates on adenylate cyclase that
increase levels & activate protein kinase.
Protein kinase then phosphorylates activate
lipase that induce release of diacylglycerols from
the triacylglycerols stored in fat body
AKH induce production of lipoprotein carrier
from the fat body that transports these
diacylglycerols through hemolymph to flight
muscles
The metabolism of carbohydrates stored in
flight muscles during lipid mobilization is also
inhibited by AKH so lipid reserves are used
exclusively.
10/23/2019 19All about locust
20. What is Migration ?
Persistent
prolonged
movement
Distinct
departure
and arrival
behavior
Reallocation
of energy in
advance of
migration
10/23/2019 20All about locust
21. What is Migration Physiology?
• Many physiological
changes
• High intensity
exercise Up to 11
days without
stopping to rest!
• Migrants are
extreme endurance
athletes
• Specialized
structure
10/23/2019 21All about locust
22. 3 Metabolic Fuels
Carbohydrate (mostly glucose) is stored
as glycogen in liver and muscle.
Protein has no storage form. It is all
functional (enzymes, transporters,
structural).
Fat is stored as triacylglycerol in adipose
and muscle.
10/23/2019 22All about locust
23. What are Carbohydrates?
• It composed of elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Key terms:
Saccharide
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Carbohydrates serve as the storage
form of energy Glycogen and trehalose to meet energy demand.
The conversion of carbohydrates in to smaller sugars which get
converted in to energy with the help of enzymes and hormones
is the carbohydrate metabolism.
10/23/2019 23All about locust
24. The function of
carbohydrate in
locust
This enzyme activities provide an estimate relative rates of oxidation of
glucose and fattyacids in the flight muscles.10/23/2019 24All about locust
25. Oxidation of fatty acids provides the energy for
sustainable flight in locust.
Jutsum and Goldworthy
(1976).
30 min
oxidation
carbohydrates.
10/23/2019 25All about locust
26. Lipids
• Def : are organic substances soluble in organic
solvent insoluble in water.
• Classification of lipid:
• Simple lipid
• Complex
• Derived lipid
• Miscelleneous lipid
• Neutral lipid
Fat are stored and transported principally in the form of tri- and
diacylglycerol
Sacktor (1975).10/23/2019 26All about locust
27. fatty acid
pathway
Carnitine Plays major important role in Oxidation of fatty acids
Carnitine requirement more during intial stage of flight at low
temparature
Locust are
maintained 40˚c
are able to oxidise
long chain fatty
acid
10/23/2019 27All about locust
28. What fuel is used during flight?
•
CARBOHYD
RATES protein Fat
Fat
????
10/23/2019 28All about locust
29. Using protein or glycogen can also:
–Liberate water
–Replenish Krebs Cycle intermediates
(Fats burn in the flame of carbohydrates)
–Fuel anaerobic exercise
•
Glycogen
(carbohydrat
e)
Protein Lipid
Water
content (%)
75 70 5
10/23/2019 29All about locust
30. Migrants primarily use fats!
Glycogen
(carbohydrate)
Protein Lipid
Energy Content
DRY matter (kJ/g)
17.5 17.8 39.6
Water content (%) 75 70 5
Energy Content
WET matter (kJ/g)
4.4 5.3 37.6
WHY?
---Fat is ~9 times more energy dense than
other substrates!! Sacktor (1975).
10/23/2019 30All about locust
31. Chemical energy and ATP
• Fat store maximum energy
• 80% of energy
• About 146 ATP from a triglyceride
Molecule Energy
Corbohydrate 4 calories per g
Lipid 9 calories per g
Protein 4 calories per g
Sacktor (1975).10/23/2019 31All about locust
32. Energy reserves during flight of the
desert locust ----
Case study
--Insect flight
muscles are
obligate aerobic
--Derive energy
from oxygen via
substrate
oxidation to Co2
and H2o
--During
flight aerobic
metabolism
take place.
--Energy used
for flight
Co2
(Trehalose)
Fat --
(diacylglycerol
)
Proline (amino
acid)
Are used for
fuel flight
10/23/2019 32All about locust
34. Flight muscle metabolism
#Crestine phosphate used as a resorvoir for high energy phosphorl group.
#Muscle fuel proline, glycogen, triglycerol that drawn upon the flight
#Initial flight –small amount require
# Later initial store of ATP in muscle cell are sufficient for flight
#Energy of flight muscle draw several sources
# These substrate are suituated in muscles.
# 10% of chemical energy are used for flight – translated into mechanical energy
#Head can be used for thermoregulation in some insect allow them to fly even when ambient temp is too
low for optimal muscle activity
#Flight require enormous amount of energy bz of high cost of flight
# Conersation of energy in flight muscles operated –aerobically.
10/23/2019 34All about locust
36. $Flightmuscle draw immiediate source of energy from
hemolymph
$Dissaccharide trehalose present concentration as a
circulating energy source during early phase of flight
$hemolymph diacylglycerol also baths muscle cell
& amino acid proline is utilized in some insect for
flight.
$Hemolyph are mobilized from fat body and
maintain their levels in hemolymph.
10/23/2019 36All about locust
37. Cont...
$Fuel for long flight stored in fat body & tansport to
flight muscles through hemolymph.
$During long flight dipterans, hymenopterans they
convert fat body glycogen into trehalose that is
distributed to muscles through hemolymph.
# Migratory orthopterans utilize triglycerols in fat
body convert to diaclyglycerols.
#Flight muscle completely oxidise corbohydrates to
co2 & H2o in absence of any an aeronic metabolism.
$Glycolysis in insect flight muscle occurs much like
that in other animals.
10/23/2019 37All about locust
38. The process
where glycolysis
take place
Each and every
cell –ellocation
of glycolysis in
cytoplasm
Glycolysis occur
in the presence
and absence of
oxygen.
2 types of
glycolysis
Aerobic
An aerobic
Glycolysis is the enzymatic degradation of glucose production of ATP
molecule.
10/23/2019 38All about locust
42. Glycolysis is the first step in the process of energy production from a glucose molecule which
ends with the production of 2 molecules of pyruvate which then gets converted to citric acid
and enters the citric acid cycle also known as Kreb’s cycle for further production of energy
GLYCOLYSIS KREB’S CYCLE
The reactant is one molecule of glucose The reactant is pyruvate which gets
converted to citric acid which then enters
the cycle
The product is 2 molecule of pyruvic acid Pyruvate is oxidised to carbondioxide and
water
It occurs in cytoplasm of a cell It occurs in the mitochondria of a cell
It can take place both aerobically and
anaerobically
It can take place only in the presence of
oxygen
8 ATP molecules produced 24 ATP molecules produced
2 NADH molecules produced 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 molecules
produced
10/23/2019 42All about locust
43. Gaining Weight
• Generally, longer distance migrants have higher %
body fat.
• Monarchs can carry 60% of body mass as fat, Aphids
only about 30%.
10/23/2019 43All about locust
44. Mixing Fat and Water
• Moving fat through the body is difficult!
• Requires transporters (Fatty Acid Binding
Protein, Fatty Acid Translocase)
FAT
FABP
Mitochondria
Fatty
acid
Sacktor (2000).
10/23/2019 44All about locust
45. Cont..
• Locusts must increase FABP in order to migrate.
• FABP becomes nearly 20% of all protein in the
muscle!!!
Migration
10/23/2019 45All about locust
46. Cont..
FABP is LOW in winter and before
migration
• FABP is High during migration
10/23/2019 46All about locust
47. Other aspects of exercise
physiology
• Locomotory muscle mass
increases
• Mitochondrial density
increases
• Capillary density increases.
10/23/2019 47All about locust
48. More migration physiology
• Endocrine system
– Coordination of behavior and physiology
– Examples:
• Insects: Juvenile Hormone can stimulate flight at
intermediate levels, but suppress migration at high
levels
10/23/2019 48All about locust