Loci Analysis

Loci Analysis
via ad memoriam
The method of loci is a method of memory enhancement, which uses visualizations with the use of
spatial memory and familiar information about one's environment. This in turn effectively allows for
us to recall information. The method of Loci is also classified as a mnemonic device adopted in
ancient Roman and Greek times. People often use this technique to recall faces, digits, or lists of
words. It has been said to have been used as early as the 19th century.
The method was developed by the poet Simonides.He was the only survivor of a building that
collapsed while attending a dinner. Simonides was able to identify each of the dead, even those who
were crushed beyond recognition. He had done this by remembering where each of the guests had
been sitting at the dinner. From that point he realized that it would be ... Show more content on
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By defining a journey with noticeable locations along a route you are familiar with. Also, like with
any journey, you need to have a fixed beginning point. This in turns acts a guide, which reveals
anything else also related to this particular place, thing or point. As far as use today, the method is
mainly used by people such as experts, performers, and on places like TV or on stage. It's also used
recreationaly in things like competitions.
The Loci method, although known by many names, in some places it has become a naturally
integrated aspect or characteristic. Memory is not something that is defined by intelligence, but
generally through the combination of it and spatial memory. Spatial Memory is the part of memory
responsible for recording information about one's environment and spatial orientation. It's normally
used to navigate through places like cities, which coincides with the application of the loci method.
This could also be used to attribute to the fact why this was so popular, since the use of spatial
memory is
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Genetic Identification And Forensic Analysis
Genetics are known for being common identifiers for individual people. If you have a sample of
DNA, you can determine who it came from. This technique is used in forensics, or the scientific
investigation of crime. Things as small as Fingerprints and strands of hair can solve entire crimes
and determine the culprits involved. Without these techniques, many crimes may remain unsolved
forever.
The concept of genetic profiling through fingerprints was first introduced in the 1980's (Paul
Johnson, Robin Williams, 2006). While at first it was primarily carried out on high–profile cases,
most modern crime investigations use some form of genetic identification technique. The
technology behind DNA identification has been rapidly growing. Instead of

What Are Molecular Markers?
What are molecular markers?
DNA sequences that show polymorphisms (variations in size or sequence) in the population. They
provide information about allelic variation at a given locus.
Properties of molecular markers:
1. Polymorphic
2. Frequently distributed along the genome
3. Easily detected
4. Reproducible
5. Most are co–dominant but a few are dominant (RAPD)
Common Molecular Markers:
RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
AFLP: Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism
RAPD: Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA
VNTR: Variable Number Tandem Repeat
STR: Short Tandem Repeat
SNP: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
Types of useful Polymorphisms and Laboratory Methods
Polymorphism Structure Detection Method
RFLP One or more nucleotide changes that affect the size of restriction enzyme products Southern
Blot
VNTR Repeats of 10–50bp sequences in tandem Southern Blot, PCR
STR Repeats of 1–10bp sequences in tandem PCR
SNP Alterations of a single nucleotide Sequencing
Buckingham and Flaws. Molecular Diagnostics: Fundamentals, Methods and Clinical Applications.
F.A.Davis. 2007. Page 226.
RFLP–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

A fragment length variant that is generated through the presence or absence of a restriction enzyme
recognition site
Restriction sites could be gained or lost by base substitutions, insertions or deletions
AFLP– Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism
Selective restriction fragment amplification
Based on the ligation of

Linkage Analysis Essay
As molecular genetic data became available, studies used them to understand human behaviors.
Below I briefly summarize the structure of human genome and introduce the genome–wide
association studies (GWAS). In humans, 23 pairs of chromosome constitutes the human genome.
For each chromosome, the nucleotides on the opposite strands connected together to form tens of
thousands of base pairs. Normally, the bonds are either adenine–thymine (A–T) or guanine–cytosine
(C–G). These construct the double helix DNA structure. A chunk of a chromosome that relates to
certain functions is a gene. The lengths of genes (i.e., a region of DNA) differ. Mutations of genetic
variants in genes can lead to diseases or variations in phenotypes. Genetic variants ... Show more
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Also, the analyzed segments for association studies are at least ten times smaller than the ones used
in linkage analysis (10~100 kb vs. 1000 kb). Therefore, although both association studies and
linkage studies use the similar method, by scanning a large scale of the known human genetic
variants, and finding the significant SNPs that relate to the outcomes, association studies have the
larger statistical power and are more popular nowadays. The genome–wide association studies apply
the association studies to a large portion of the known common human genetic variants. For
humans, there are about 8 to 10 million common SNPs for whom at least one percent of the
population has the minor allele. The minor allele is the rarely observed genetic variants in the
reference population. Mostly, laboratories genotype only about a million of these tag SNPs and
impute others. Both the linkage studies and association studies are hypothesis–free approach which
does not require the a priori knowledge of the biological pathways underlying the study (Belsky and
Israel 2014, Manuck and McCaffery 2014). GWAS' features of including many genetic variants and
being hypothesis–free provide researchers with an unbiased and comprehensive method. Only a
theoretical assumption is assumed for these association studies: the common disease–common
variant assumption. This holds that multiple SNPs contribute to a single disease

The Use Of Mnemonics
Khan (2008) declared that mnemonics are derived from "Mnemosyne, ancient Greek goddess. A
memory aid or pertaining to aiding the memory. Often considered to be a code, device, acronym or
formula to facilitate memory or understanding"(p.7). Mnemonic devices are memory aids that help
learners in recalling particular data by using a strategy or technique that enable learners to develop
memory (Richmond, Cummings & Klapp, 2008). During the ancient time of Rome and Greece,
mnemonic devices have been applied in order to make the acquisition of target words easier by
providing clear pictures for thoughts and ideas (Baleghizadeh & Ashoori, 2010). Mnemonics are
useful techniques that help learners remember vocabulary more effectively and this strategy
involves connecting unfamiliar information to the information that is already existed in the long
term memory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to O'Brien (2011), mnemonics have "a firm place in our repertoire of memory
techniques" (154). In addition, Mnemonic devices are good memory enhancing strategies or
techniques that assist learners in order to link new information to the previous information stored in
their cognitive system and also these techniques, verbal or visual, that develop the storage and recall
of data included in memory (Ashoori Tootkaboni, 2012).
According to Shmidman and Ehri (2010), "Mnemonics are effective when they speed up learning,
reduce confusion among similar items, and enhance long term retention and application of
information" (p.160). According to Cohen and Aphek (1980) association is a mnemonic link to some
element or elements that would help in recall of the word,

Harry Potter Archetypes
Pop culture is defined as modern popular culture transmitted via mass media. With such a large
sphere of influence, it should come as no surprise that all of pop culture has an underlying basis in
psychology. From archetypes in beloved books to heated political debates, psychology plays a
crucial role in shaping society's entertainment and passions.
Carl Jung's archetypes can be found in just about any story one reads. "The Hero","The Lover",
"The Sage", etc. are all well known character bases that are established in our stories from a very
young age. However, they are particularly conspicuous in the Harry Potter series written by J.K.
Rowling. In Harry Potter, Harry, Ron, and Hermione are shining examples of three of Jung's
archetypes. "The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By using this method, one can create a mental representation of a place, real or imaginary, and use it
to store pieces of information. This mental warehouse is sometimes referred to as a "mind palace".
In regards to pop culture, the method of loci is an important plot device used in the television series
Sherlock. In the show, Sherlock Holmes can be seen using his mind palace to sort through
information in order to solve crimes. Besides fighting crime, you may be asking, what use is there
for a mind palace? Well, many stage performers use the method of loci too. Actors and actresses can
use the method to memorize their lines. Public speakers might use a mind palace to remember the
main points of their speeches. Some people even utilize the method of loci to compete in memory
competitions. These individuals are able to recall whole decks of cards just by imagining walking
through a location of their choice. In short, the method of loci is an interesting memory assistant that
plays a small, yet intriguing role in pop

Cardiovascular Diseases
Several researches investigated the benefits of knowing the genomic sequence and how it is
associated with the risk of certain disease. There are several arguments contrary to genomic research
and some are supporting it. For instance The Director of Cancer genetics center at Johns Hopkins
university says "it may become one important determination in patient care, but certainly not the
only one" [source]. Several studies doubts that genomic research providing any extra information
about the possibility of getting common diseases, including heart disease and stroke, since such a
disease also involves one's daily routine and lifestyle [res]. On the other side several papers showed
the impact that the genomic research can have on the medical ... Show more content on
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The new findings help better understand the cardiac development and effect on clinical care for
patients with CHD. In general, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a complex disease; no one single
gene mutation is responsible for it. Therefore a new genome–wide association study (GWAS) was
launched to investigate a wide range of genes that is associated with the CVD.
Genome–Wide associated Study is a study involving hundreds of thousands of single–nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) to be examined in relation to diseases in hundreds of thousands of subjects.
GWAS studies compare the DNA of various subjects having different phenotypes of a specific
disease, to the control subjects in order to identify the genome associated with the disease. Another
way to run GWAS studies is by collecting thousands of hundreds of DNA samples. Using SNPs
arrays genetic variants are read, if one variant has a higher frequency in subjects with a specific
disease, which reveals that this genetic variant is linked to the disease.
A GWAS study was done by O'Donnell and his team, revealed 20 new genetic loci related to
myocardial infraction and other CVD phenotype (O'Donnell & Nabel, 2011; Schnabel, Baccarelli,
Lin,

Analysis Of Michael Gondry 's Eternal Sunshine Of The...
Intro: Michael Gondry's Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (Eternal Sunshine) (2004), is a sci–fi
romantic comedy drama film. The film follows Joel Barish and his attempts to forget his ex–
girfriend Clementine Krucynski through a New York City firm called Lacuna inc. which focuses on
memory erasing. The firm uses highly developed technology in order to erase Joel's memories of
Clementine, which ultimately leads Joel to re–meeting Clementine, and attempt to create a new
relationship although the two have knowledge about their previous relationship, yet no memory of
their relationship. As a result, the film highlights the issues of the human memory, and the ethical
concerns of memory manipulation, which gives justifies critical discussion. These themes of
memory and forgetting are highlighted through the films use of lighting, metaphors, and setting.
This essay will attempt to critically analyse several scenes in Eternal Sunshine which discusses
memory and forgetting in relation to several theorists and their interpretation of memory.
Para. 1: Eternal Sunshine's illustration of remembering is one worthy of discussion. Within the film's
mise–en–scene, the use of the constant spotlight throughout the film suggests Joel's attempt to keep
the memories he has of Clemintine. An example of this is when we see Joel trying to hide
Clemintine within his memories. The spotlight within the mise–en–scene of the film illuminates the
both Joel and Clemintine as they run through what

Prostate Cancer In Family
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men, in both Western developed
countries and worldwide (Ferlay 2008). It is a cancer that is only limited to males, as only males
have prostate glands. The exact etiology is still unknown; however, it is thought to be a
multifactorial disease with inherited genetics playing a major role (Xu 2013). Particularly, people
with fathers and brothers with prostate cancer are at increased risk for developing it themselves.
Other male relatives have also shown a linkage, especially if the relative was diagnosed young (Al
Olama AA 2014). This report discusses how prostate cancer aggregates in family, via the analyses of
heritability, twin and adoption studies, family pedigrees, and how specific ... Show more content on
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These studies compare allele/genotype frequencies of SNPs between population cases and controls.
The low–penetrance genes of prostate cancer found are the following: Amundadottir and colleagues
found a loci at 8q24 (Amundadottir 2006) with the strongest associated SNP as rs1447295 with a
relative risk (RR) for prostate cancer estimated at 1.72. This finding was later corroborated with the
results of the first two GWAS of prostate cancer in May 2007 (Amundadottir 2006 & Gudmundsson
2007). These initial GWAS studies analyzed 550,000 SNPs across the genome in cases and controls
of European origin nested from the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility (Gudmundsson 2007).
Yeager and colleagues confirmed the prostate cancer association with rs1447295 and identified
another independent association at 8q24 (rs6983267). The estimated RRs were 1.26 and 1.58 for
heterozygous and homozygous carriers, respectively (Yeager 2007). Gudmundsson and colleagues
identified another new prostate cancer association at 8q24 (rs16901979). The estimated RR was 1.79
(Gudmundsson 2007). Two independent loci at 17q12 and 17q24 were also found (Gudmundsson
2007). Duggan and colleagues found one locus at 9q33 (Duggan 2007). Thomas and colleagues
found four novel loci at 7p15, 10q11, 10q26 and 11q13 (Thomas 2008).

Mediated Genomic Editing Techniques Used By Bacteria And...
Crispr–Cas9 Mediated Genomic Editing Techniques In Animal Cells
Sarcinella, Cody
705, Review Paper
Introduction
Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR associated
protein 9 (Cas9) are an immune response evolved by bacteria and archea as an adaptive defense
mechanism to invading DNA. (4) The CRISPR Cas9 system relies on the uptake of invading DNA
fragments that are then inserted into CRISPR loci. (4) In the CRISPR loci, repeats are separated by
nucleotide spacers which match and or composed of invading DNA.(4) New spacer DNA is
incorporated by Cas1 and Cas2.(4) The CRISPR spacer loci then transcribe into short CRISPR
RNAs (crRNA) which anneal to foreign nucleic acids in conjunction with complementary binding
trans–activating cr RNA(tracrRNA) to form a duplex which is then cleaved to provide a guiding
RNA cr/tracr RNA hybrid.(4) the RNA hybrid acts as a guiding mechanism for Cas9 by
complementary binding to the invading nucleotides.(4) Cas9 is an endonuclease that can cause a
double stranded cleave in DNA(4) Cas9 guided with sgRNA then cleaves the foreign DNA resulting
in double stranded breaks effectively disrupting and thereby removing a gene.(1)(2)(3)(4) After a ds
break occurs cellular machinery attempts to fix the break with non homologous end joining in which
cellular systems effectively sutures the broken ends of the DNA by recombining the remaining ends
of DNA to once again produce a continuous strand.(4) This

Examination of the Genetic Diversity of the Mountain Gorilla
The Mountain Gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei is one of two subspecies of the Eastern Gorilla
Gorilla beringei. They are found in two isolated population, firstly in the Virunga Volcanoes region
which covers Uganda's Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, Rwanda's Volcanoes National Park and
Democratic Republic of Congo's Virunga National Park , and secondly in the Bwindi Impenetrable
National Park in south–western Uganda (Robbins & Williamson , 2008) Research by Kalpers et al.
in 2003 and Gray et al in 2006 have place the population in Virunga at 380 with approximately 300
in Bwindi (McNeilage et al. 2006). The population is believed to be undergoing a significant
reduction (Robbins and Robbins, 2004) and has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species since 2000. All the threats to these two populations are from humans –
disturbance, disease transmission, habitat destruction for firewood and farmland, cattle grazing,
illegal timber extraction, incursions by militia, illegal hunting, snares set for other mammals,
poaching for the illegal pet trade and bushmeat etc. (Robbins & Williamson, 2008). There is a broad
assumption that genetic diversity in wild populations is directly related to population size and
consequently species that show recent decline have reduced variation (Vigilant & Bradley, 2004)
with such a small, stressed and declining population genetic diversity within this subspecies
becomes more important. There are two genetic

Color Morphism Lab Report
Sexual selection and genetic color polymorphisms in animals Introduction: Genetic color
polymorphism is an ideal model system, which can be used to study evolutionary stages for
numerous reasons. First, high heritability can be shown from genetic basis that color morphs
provide. Second, separate color morphs can provide visual markers and can be seen in isolated
individuals when observing selection in the wild. With use of morph frequencies, genotype
frequencies can be detected easily and derive allelic frequency modifications over space and time.
There have been numerous Drosophila studies that have used visual eye marker phenotypes to study
evolutionary changes, which have been shown that color morphs can be correlated to strong natural
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such effect will enhance the heterozygote disadvantage and promote stable polymorphism
emergence as recessive alleles being masked in the process. Genomic architectures tend to favor
speciation by either eliminating or reducing recombination between traits that are correlated with
reproductive isolation. Such changes in recombination rate can occur via synergistic pleiotropy,
which result in magic traits. Magic trait models suggest there is a link between reproductive
isolation and ecological trait. As a result, the ecological trait will produce reproductive isolation as a
by–product and as correlated response. When fitness advantage passes across multiple consecutive
generations, it will affect several phenotypic traits in a certain population, such as: physiology and
behaviors, in addition to the alteration of the population's morph sequences by fitness consistency.
Natural and sexual selection can work together as they do in different color morphs. In general, this
study shows the tremendous effect of natural and sexual selection on the evolutionary process
especially when they act concordantly on a certain trait. As a result, the target population will
experience a stronger evolutionary pressure when the two selections (natural and sexual) work in
one

Mind Palace Research Paper
You probably haven't heard of the method of loci but you might know it by it's other name if you
watch BBC's Sherlock, A mind palace. It's not a new concept, in fact it can be traced back all the
way to ancient Greece. The concept of Loci is to memorize and remember things by creating a
physical place in your mind in which to store things, and it doesn't have to be a palace it just has to
be a place that you are extremely familiar with. It could be your house, your school, or any place
you can imagine clearly in your mind. Let's say you use your house as your mind palace, what you
would do is close your eyes and imagine you are standing outside your house, now imagine opening
the front door and walking to a room, such as your bedroom. Now make sure that you can very
clearly visualize the entire room and then place whatever you need to remember in that room. Let's
say you have a grocery list you need to remember and you need soda, bananas, and milk, place the
milk on your pillow, the soda on your desk and the bananas on your dresser. Now when you need to
remember the list you would simply close your eyes walk into your room and look around,
everything should be where you left them if you are using the method of Loci correctly. Of course
you should not attempt to create a mind palace after just reading this blog post because I am just
explaining what the method of Loci is and how it works, not how to properly utilize it. It would be
best for you to read about it and proper methods on a reputable website, such as https://www.mind–
expanding–techniques.net/method–of–loci.html, or watch an instructional ... Show more content on
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It's not that hard to learn how to create your own mind palace, and the short time it will take to
understand how, will really pay off. So if you want to remember things easier and more accurately,
than go learn how to utilize the method of loci and create

The Memory Of Memory And Memory
A fact that cannot be denied is that human beings rely on their memory a lot, not only to remember
special events or memorise facts that have been learned but also to recall processes and routines
executed on a daily basis. Memory can be defined as a system that processes information in the
mind, which consists of three stages; namely encoding, storage, and retrieval (Farlex Partner
Medical Dictionary, 2012). Encoding refers to the receiving and modification of an informational
stimulus so that it can be embedded in the memory. Storage is the next memory stage, in which
information is retained and kept available until it is needed again. Information is more likely to be
stored in the long term if it is continuously used and rehearsed. The ... Show more content on
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The oldest recorded example of a mnemonic device is the method of loci, which was created back in
the Ancient Greek era (Robson, 2011). This method involves visual imagery by relating new
information to specific locations in a familiar place to a person. When this association is established,
a person can recall the new information relative to the landmarks of the familiar location. Besides
that, chunking is also another type of mnemonic device, in which a large piece of information is
broken down into smaller chunks. A theory by Jacobs (1890), as cited in Holt & Lewis (2008),
stated that the capacity of the short–term memory is about 5 to 9 chunks. Therefore, chunking
lengthy information into smaller sections can help the human brain to encode more information at a
higher rate, so that they can be stored easily. Other mnemonic devices include acronyms, keyword
method, and narrative chaining.
Mnemonic devices have been proven to work very well for memory enhancement. The information
learned via mnemonic devices tends to be remembered better for a longer period as compared to
other memorisation techniques such as rote learning. Rote learning refers to a method of
memorisation based on repetition without fully understanding or focusing on what is being
committed to memory (Stevens & Bernier, 2013). While most people believe that repetition is the
best way to remember information, the context of the

My First Class Ever At Byu
In the Brigham Young University Winter 2014 semester, I timidly stepped through the doors of the
Joseph Smith Building to begin my first class ever at BYU. Just having returned from my mission, I
was more than ready to take on any challenge that was in my way of scholastic achievement. I was
in the pre–contemplation stage of the Stages of Change, and felt no great need to change any of my
study habits. As the semester went on, I began to realize the challenge that University presented to
me on an intellectual level. Scrambling to cope with this unexpected challenge, I committed to my
scholastic endeavors by throwing vast amounts of time into my studies. At this point I graduated to
the contemplation stage, as I began to look for solutions to my agony and largely lacking scholastic
achievement. My most wasteful and time consuming method of study was rote memorization, which
has now become basis for the study habit I wish to change. I have initiated this process through
planning and isolating what to change, as well as refining the actual method of how I was changing.
The study habit I have endeavored to change is one that is manifested in every facet of the human
experience. Memory is a huge portion of every activity we undertake in life, as vastly different
consequences follow if our memories are honed or inferior. As a result I felt the great urgency,
accompanied with an impending need, to hone my memory and render it fully–functional. The uses
of memory are innumerable. As

Ava 2 Lab Report
How to determine where the restriction enzymes, Ava II and Pvu II, sliced the DNA.
Madeline Jaquez
Methods For this experiment, we used two restriction enzymes called Ava II and Pvu II. Four tubes
were needed for the experiment as well. Each microtubule was labeled accordingly, A, B, and C.
Using Micropipettes, we added 2 microliters of pUC19 DNA into each tube. To make sure the DNA
was on the bottom of the tube, we tapped each tube on the lab bench. Each tube had its own specific
amount of different solutions added on, however the final volume for each tube was 30 microliters.
Tube A had, 24 microliters of DI water, 3 microliters of the buffer, and 1 microliter of the Ava II
enzyme. Tube B had, 24 microliters of DI water, 3 microliters of the buffer, and 1 microliter of the
Pvu II enzyme. Tube C had, 23 microliters of DI Water, 3 microliters of the buffer, 1 microliter of
Ava II, and 1 microliter of Pvu II. The last tube C had, 25 microliters of DI water, 3 microliter of the
buffer, and no enzymes. Each solution was added according to how it is written here. After we
finished adding the solutions to each tube, we tapped the tubes on the lab bench to make sure the ...
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We placed the gel into the running chamber, and then we completely covered the gel with TAE. 3
microliters of loading dye was added to each tube; this would help distinguish the enzyme from the
gel. As before, we tapped the tube on the table to mix. Then we carefully added each of the four
samples into their own wells. A total of 33 microliters of each sample was poured into each well.
Afterwards, we attached the positive and negative electrodes to their corresponding terminals on the
power supply and gel box. We turned on the power to around 80 volts and waited 45–60 minutes for
the loading dye to move down the gel approximately 6–8 cm. Finally, we were able to visualize the
DNA in the gel and write down the

Integrative Process Model Paper
Given the growing interest to process concepts and models in leadership research, and considering
the four leadership loci which are introduced in the Integrative Process Model by eberly et al (2013,
as well as the need to focus on leadership as an interactive process whose leader is one of its actors,
we present the framework of leadership process in the figure (1).
The purpose of this framework in addition to maintain process perspective to leadership, is
simplifying the structural complexity of previous process models in order to make it easier to use
research mix methods and quantitative measurement for applied research. Leadership is also
considered as a separate process from the leader and the center of gravity of the multiple
relationships

DNAAnd Short Tandem Repeats
A DNA fingerprint can be used in forensic analysis to identify suspects. It can be obtained by using
restriction enzymes that cut around Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) which are unique to
each individual. VNTRs, also known as Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) are non–coding stretches of
the human genome that consist of short sequences of DNA which are repeated in tandem
(Panneerchelvam, 2003). This indicates that these consecutive repetitive sequences are directly
adjacent to one another (Treangen, 2011). Since the number of repeats varies from one individual to
another, it is an effective tool in the development of forensic DNA analysis (Panneerchelvam, 2003).
In order to use these VNTRs from a potential suspect, a sample of DNA is ... Show more content on
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In this lab, evidence DNA and the DNA samples of two different suspects were available. Two
restriction enzyme digests were conducted to cut the samples into smaller pieces. An increase in the
number of restriction enzyme digests increases accuracy and decreases the likelihood of false
positives. This is crucial in forensic DNA analysis. Finally, the DNA was separated using
Electrophoresis. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis is the most effective way of separating DNA
fragments of varying sizes and charge (Lee, 2012). Agarose gel is ideal since during gelation, the
agarose molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds which form pores uniformly throughout the
gel giving it its molecular sieving properties (Lee, 2012).The DNA to be separated is inserted into
the pre–cast depressions/wells in the gel (Lee, 2012). The gel is then inserted into a chamber and an
electrically conductive buffer solution is added until the gel is completely submerged (Lee, 2012).
Positive and negative electrodes are connected to each end of the chamber and an electric current is
applied (Lee, 2012). Since the phosphate backbone of the DNA molecule is negatively charged, the
DNA will be repelled from the negative electrode and will move toward the positive electrode (Lee,
2012). DNA bands will be visible in the gel with varying distances (Lee, 2012). Smaller fragments
will move farther throughout the porous gel.
The expected

Dihybrid Cross Lab Report
Discussion (1226 words)
From dihybrid test crosses, map distances of 0.69 m.u. between purple and apterous, 5.71 m.u.
between black and purple, and 7.56 m.u. between black and apterous genes were determined. The
calculated map distances of 0.69 and 5.71 between more closely linked genes are consistent with
published distances of 0.7 and 6 map units respectively. Inconsistencies between published data and
calculated map distances in regards to larger map distances, such as between black and apterous
genes, are due to the nature of dihybrid test crosses. The greater distance between black and
apterous genes increases the likelihood of multiple crossovers. Double crossovers are unaccounted
for in dihybrid crosses, thus resulting in RF and map ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, more accurate RF and map distances are generated from trihybrid crosses. Moreover, double
recombinants are useful in determining gene order in trihybrid crosses. The simultaneous derivation
of map distances and gene order from a single cross signify the efficiency of trihybrid crosses.
Limitations of this method of gene mapping decrease accuracy of data (Hartwell et al. 2004). The
map generated from dihybrid crosses does not directly translate to the physical location of genes on
a chromosome. While gene order is maintained, map distances may not correlate with distances on
chromosomes. This is because DNA between genes does not always correspond with map units, and
due to multiple crossovers which are unaccounted for in trihybrid crosses. This increases inaccuracy
of data, especially between more separated genes. Further, the 50% RF limit leads to less detailed
measurements of distances on chromosomes. As recombination does not occur more than 50% of
the time, genes further apart on chromosomes cannot be accurately mapped. However, a more
accurate map can be established through adding smaller distances.
Emerging techniques facilitate genetic mapping in humans (Altshuler et al. 2008). Genome–wide
association studies through mapping single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are useful in
identifying loci associated with disease susceptibility. SNPs are common genetic variations which

Type 2 Diabetes Analysis
Summary
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a complex, heritable, and metabolic disease. And
understanding the genetic underpinnings of T2D is a pivotal topic in complex traits analysis. We
aimed to use meta–analysis and multi–omics studies to investigate the genetic architecture of type 2
diabetes.
Methods In this study, 243,218 individuals were included from three cohorts: DIAbetes Genetics
Replication And Meta–analysis (DIAGRAM), Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and
Aging (GERA) and UKBiobank (UKB). METAL was used to perform the meta–analysis on these
three cohorts. Based on the meta results, we conducted Summary–based–results Mendelian
Randomization (SMR) analysis on expression levels. We also used GCTA methods to ... Show more
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1. We discovered 2029 SNPs at P < 5 ×10–8, and after clumping based on GERA genotypes
information, there were 48 independent loci significantly associated with T2D (Supplementary Table
1). The most significant association in this meta–analysis was rs7903146 located at TCF7L2 in
chromosome 10 (P=5.17 × 10–142), which was previously reported by many studies(5–9). Out of
these 48 loci, we used a more stringent threshold and 3 loci (MBNL1, C5orf67 and HORMAD2–
AS1) were newly identified at P < 1 × 10–8. Meta–analysis results of these 3 loci and in each
individual cohort were shown in Table 1. Genome–wide P values of association results across all
chromosomes were displayed in Figure 2. To get more about the loci information and provide fast
visualization of meta–analysis results, we plotted locus zoom(10) of three novel loci
(Supplementary Figure

Population Genetics Of Chickpea And Its Wild Progenitors C
Population genetics of chickpea and its wild progenitors C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum
Susan Moenga Introduction Chickpea, Cicer arietinum, is the second most widely grown legume in
the world, cultivated on ~11.5 million ha mostly in India and Ethiopia (FAOSTAT, 2013). Genetic
and molecular evidence have demonstrated that C. reticulatum is the progenitor of the cultivated
pulse, with Nguyen et al., (2004) and Sethy et al., (2006) both supporting C. reticulatum and C.
echinospermum (both restricted to Southeastern Turkey) to be the primary and secondary gene pools
for the cultivated species respectively. However, apart from the estimated domestication time of
5,700 BP, very little else is known of the genetic diversity of these species as well as the genetic
impact of the domestication process. Such information would lay ground for further research into
these species, allowing for genome wide association mapping into locally adaptive traits in wild
species that could be of agronomic importance. Hypotheses and research questions Cultivated
chickpea will have lower levels of nucleotide diversity relative to its wild progenitors. Such a
reduction is attributed to a 'domestication bottleneck', where only a small subset of individuals with
desirable traits is chosen for cultivation. Additionally, there will be reduction in diversity attributed
to selective breeding that has over time targeted anthropocentric traits succeeding domestication,
that will be visible in select

Bipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )
Bipolar disorder is an often devastating mental illnesses, with high emotional, social and economic
impact on the lives of patients and family members [Jin and McCrone, 2015; Miller et al., 2014]. In
recent decades, there has been significant progress in developing diagnostic methods for reliably
diagnosing severe bipolar disorder (bipolar disorder type I) and some related bipolar "spectrum"
disorders (bipolar type II disorder), and there has also been recent progress in identifying some of
the genetic loci (through linkage and association analyses) which contribute to severe bipolar
disorder. Controversy remains, however, about the diagnostic borders of bipolar disorder,
particularly in relation to schizophrenia and schizoaffective ... Show more content on
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Aside from genetic studies, it has previously been noted that there are associations between some of
the personality traits (which are quantitative in nature and applicable to all human beings) and some
categorical psychiatric conditions like depression and schizophrenia [Koorevaar et al., 2013; Guerra
et al., 2000]. Identification of the genetic components of personality traits, at the same time as
studies are underway to identify genetic components of bipolar disorder and other psychiatric
conditions, offer an opportunity to better understand the interactions and components of the
biological components that shape psychological experience and psychiatric illness. The Genetics of
Bipolar Disorder in Latino Populations (GBDLP) study employed both categorical diagnoses
(DSM–IV) and quantitative measures (including measures of personality) in our assessments of a
large number of indivuduals from extended pedigrees with at least one case of bipolar disorder, to
allow for the opportunity to identify genes involved in both categorical illnesses and quantitative
traits that might show some overlap with bipolar disorder. We have previously reported on the
heritability of factors in the Five Factor personality model (NEO) and their correlation with bipolar
disorder in this sample of of pedigrees [Hare et al., 2011]. In those studies we reported NEO factor
heritability scores as follows: 0.25 for agreeableness, 0.24 for conscientiousness,

Simonides Of Ceos Research Paper
While at a banquet, or so the story goes, Simonides of Ceos, an ancient Greek poet, received word
that two young men were waiting outside to see him. As he left the dining hall, it collapsed behind
him. During the excavation of the rubble, Simonides was called upon to name each guest killed.
Though their bodies had been crushed beyond recognition, he was able to identify them by recalling
their positions (loci in Latin) at the table. Later, Simonides used this experience to develop the
"method of loci," a technique for memorizing. Using this method, you associate the items you need
to remember with locations on a familiar route, or with rooms in your house, or, as Simonides did,
seats around a table. For the system to work for you, the location

Research Project : Using Relatedness Analyses
Research Project Description
a. Student Name: Md Manzur Rahman Farazi
b. Faculty mentor: Mehdi Maadooliat Co–Mentor: Steven J. Schrodi, Associate Research Scientist,
Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation
c. Project title: Using Relatedness Analyses in a Large Kinship to Identify Genes Underlying
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
d. Background
Introduction:
Homo sapiens are highly studied organisms by reason of abundant erratic and communal diseases
such as obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and others. Most diseases have solid transmissible
components, suggesting a large role of genetic variations in the molecular pathogenesis of diseases.
Genome–wide characterization of the levels and patterns of human genetic variation has enabled
geneticists to debrief this variation for association with complex phenotypes, including common
diseases.
SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism or simple nucleotide polymorphism) are a common type of
genetic variation among human being. A SNP is a variation in a single nucleotide which may occur
at some specific position in the genome, where each variation is present to some appreciable degree
(>1%) within a population (Scitable). A SNP may involve the replacement of the nucleotide in a
position in the DNA molecule. In the human genome there are approximately 10 million SNPs, once
in every 300 nucleotides. These dissimilarities are found usually in the DNA amongst genes. They
act like biological indicators which help

Cultural Memory
As a paradigmatic place of public involvement and symbolic disclosure, theatre has always served
as a suggestive source of inspiration for architects and played a role in relation to architectural
theories and ideas. Every collective memory unfolds within a spatial framework. Space is a reality
that endures: since our impressions rush by, one after another, and leave nothing behind in the mind,
we can understand how we recapture the past only by understanding how it is, in effect, preserved
by our physical surroundings.
Not so many years ago, the word 'space' had a strictly geometrical meaning: the idea it evoked was
simply that of an empty area. In scholarly use it was generally accompanied by some such epithet as
'Euclidean', 'isotropic', ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, nothing seems more natural than the emergence of the past: it arises because time passes.
It so happens that tomorrow today is already a thing of the past. It has become yesterday. The
relationship between theatre and memory is very complex and multifaceted, especially since, unlike
the other arts, the dramatic art includes active involvement of flesh–and–blood humans on the stage
of life here–and–now. According to Mirushe Hoxha if, ideally, the spectator truly receives the
presented experience in his/her own self, the experience will leave an eternal trace in the storage of
his/her incorporated motivation, that is, in his/her recessive body, at the behest of which his/her
future ecstatic bodily functions may echo in the context of social practices. When the actor's body
makes an offering to the spectator's body, theatre becomes a breeding ground for new results, at least
of its own history. Theatre then really turns into an act of the most deeply rooted, genuine love
between two human

Why Students Learn Different Ways And Usually Take Through...
RATIONALE
Students learn in different ways and usually take in information from all of their senses e.g. haptic,
iconic and echoic. However, students have a preference to which way they prefer to learn (Gilakjani,
2012). For this assessment I have created a workshop for students consisting of a range of activities.
These activities will aim to support the learning types when retaining new knowledge. This will
hopefully demonstrate to the students how different learning types learn better by doing different
things. These activities are based on the David Kolb's (1984) theory that students learn in different
ways based on their personality type, educational specialisation, and career choice. I have used
mnemonics as an example to demonstrate the learning theory. I have chosen the topic of mnemonics
because they can help to retain information better, which can also help students.
Mnemonics are anything that help to create better association with topics by improving the encoding
of memory. Mnemonics work so well because they allow meaningful links to be created whether it's
visually, auditorily or kinaesthetically/tactilely (Rawlings, et al., 2004). Mnemonics are something
that we've been using since primary school such as 'I before E except after C." However, some
people are more likely to remember different mnemonics because of their

Studies And Sociological Studies: GWAS Study
2) Study tools, GWAS studies, and Sociological studies (for question 2,3, and 4) For social
scientists, since the focus is not identifying new loci, and the raw findings from GWAS are not
really our concerns, one can adopt the top–down approach to incorporate genetic information. The
top–down approach means that researchers choose either their traits or behaviors of interests and the
social factors they would like to look on first, and see how the effects of genes operate in certain
circumstances and/or periods (Belsky, Moffitt, and Caspi 2013). For example, the study which
hypothesize that the obesity related genes might influence individual growth in early years is an
illustration of the top–down approach. Instead of using the raw results ... Show more content on
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has led to public concerns of the obesity issues. Works also have been done lately to identify the
obesity associated loci. Speliotes et al. (2010) identified 18 new loci that are associated with body
mass index (BMI). Combined with the earlier loci found, there are now 32 significant loci that are
associated with BMI. These 32 BMI loci can explain 1.45% of the variance in BMI, which is
comparable to a one pound increase in a 160–180 cm tall individual. There are several studies
investigating how these SNPs interact with other variables to affect obesity. For example, for those
with more risk alleles associated with obesity are more likely than their counterparts to gain weight
if they drink sugar–sweetened beverages (Qi et al. 2012). For those who drink sweetened beverages
everyday, 10 risk alleles' increases would lead to 1.78 times increase in BMI. As for sociologists, at
first, researchers tried to use the genome–wide gene–by–environment interaction (GWGEI) method
to combine GWAS results into the sociological study (Boardman et al. 2014). They used 260,402
SNPs as genetic markers and interacted these markers with educational attainment (as an
environment indicator). Several hypotheses on GxE interactions are tested. However, because the
data points were too huge, the results were hard to support any of the hypotheses. Also, there could
be false positive and rGE issues lurking around the

Loci Essay
The Application of Mnemonic Devices to Memory Retention:
Employing the Method of Loci
Sarah K. Fredrick, Christine M. Johnston, Tram H. Phung
The College of William and Mary
Table of Contents
Abstract 3
Introduction 4
Method 7
Participants 7
Materials & Procedure 7
Data Analysis 9
Results 10
Discussion 13
References 16
Abstract The Method of Loci is a mnemonic device, often employed as a study aid or a means of
recalling a lot of information, used to visually organize and recall previously stored ideas, data or
learned information. It works by associating a concept or piece of information with a location. This
experiment tests if employment of the Method of Loci, colloquially known as the Memory Palace or
Mind Palace technique, improves memory retrieval of random letters combinations of varying
complexity, and if there is a significant effect for either location of the letter combinations or
complexity of the letter combinations (combinations of 2 letters versus 4 letters). The results of our
study illustrated no significant effect on accuracy for complexity, location or complexity and
location. Thus, the results of this experiment suggest that the Method of Loci may not be an
effective mnemonic method for strengthening memory accuracy and retention.

GWAS Essay
The analysis article is based on the Genome–wide association studies of cancer, or
GWAS. GWAS is an approach to research the genetic basis of different diseases. For
example, with oncology, GWAS was performed and able to identify approximately 450 genetic
variants that are related to the risks, as well as provided proof of polygenic susceptibility.
This review targeted on the functional basis and gene structure of cancer susceptibility.
Regarding cancer, there's a pattern of relative risk or RR, that's high in relatives of patients who
experienced early–onset cancer. Some risks in first–degree relatives of patients accrued from
twofold to threefold. Leukemia and testicular cancers are exceptions where the RR were accrued
from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were two classes of cancer susceptibility variants identified. First one was the rare–moderate
penetrance variants that were known through the candidate genes, which had a risk allele frequency
of less than 2%. An example of this would be when other genes encoded proteins in the DNA
damage, which is associated with breast cancer risk. The second one would be the common low–
penetrance alleles, which had risk allele frequency less than 5%. This reflected upon the various
subgroups of risk alleles that were detected. GWAS compared the frequency of common DNA
variations with healthy individuals. Figure 2 showed the performance of DNA samples that were
taken. The controls and patients' DNA samples were genotyped using genome platforms that
analyzed genetic variations in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). There should be a match
between the patients and controls to attenuate the false–positive associations. To minimize them,
statistical thresholds like Bonferroni correction is used. Bonferroni correction is a common
threshold for genome–wide significance of a P–value that is less than 0.00000005, or a 5%
significance level for millions of tests. The threshold is used for sequencing studies or genome
imputation of ten million variants, assuming that linkage disequilibrium would be equivalent to a
million independent tests. Also, the imputation of genotypes by sequenced panels

Charles Darwin 's Theory Of Natural Selection Essay
When Charles Darwin first developed his theory of Natural selection, he discovered that
"Individuals in populations vary their "heritable" traits" (Leicht and McAllister, 2006. p. 157). And
that "if a particular inherited trait confers a higher likelihood of survival and reproduction,
individuals with that trait will leave more offspring than other individuals in the population" (Leicht
and McAllister, 2006. p.157). With this in mind, during project 3 we took pooled data of the entire
class in order to analyze extracted DNA to evaluate the genetic variation between the genes
TAS2R38 and PV92. The gene TAS2R38 is located on chromosome seven, while PV92 is located
on chromosome sixteen. TAS2R38 encodes a protein that is responsible for some people being able
to taste bitter things like Phenylthiocarbamide paper also known as "PTC paper" (Wooding, 2006).
Unlike the TAS2R38 gene, PV92 "does not encode a protein" (Leicht and McAllister, 2006). It,
instead, is an Alu element and uses primers to insert itself in PCR products in order to determine
whether or not it is present (Batzer et al., 1994). Since the TAS2R38 and PV92 genes are well
known to be easily distinguishable using gel electrophoresis for PCR products, we used them
because neither loci will express any fixation or any loss of an allele in small populations (Leicht
and McAllister, 2006). Like in any biological field we used a Polymerase Chain Reaction (or PCR
for short), which is used to amplify "specific DNA

The And Memory : Improving Memory Recall
Mnemonics and Memory: Improving Memory Recall
Angela Sapir
Arapahoe Community College: General Psychology 101–103
12/15/2015
Discovering Psychology describes memory as, "the mental processes that enable [a person] to retain
and retrieve information over time." When information is brought into the brain, it travels from the
sensory memory to the short term memory. If this information is deemed important, it is then
encoded and stored. In order to retrieve this information (i.e., memory) a person might need to use a
mnemonic. Mnemonics refers to a group of strategies used for memory recall. These devices have
been used since the times of Ancient Greece. Most already use mnemonics without even knowing it,
while others employ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By using the first letter of each word and putting them together to create a new word, the amount of
information to remember is reduced and is much easier to recall. If a person wanted to remember the
order and names of the colors in a rainbow, they would begin by identifying the first letter of every
color name. The rainbow colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Using the
first letters to form a name, like Roy G. Biv, can help a person to recall this information when
needed. An acrostic is, "a series of lines from which particular letters (such as the first letters of all
lines) from a word or phrase" ("Memory and Mnemonic Devices," 2013).This phrase can be funny
or have personal meaning to the creator as this would also aid in their ability to recall the
information. Musicians use acrostic to remember the location of notes on the staff. For example, the
lines on a treble clef staff represent the following notes: E, G, B, D, and F. When a person
remembers their acrostic, Every Good Boy Does Fine, each word will aid that person in
remembering the piece of information it denotes. The method of loci is one of the oldest mnemonics
techniques. Developed before writing, this technique was used by the orators of ancient Greece and
Rome when they has to recite long, public speeches (Moè 2005). To use this method, a person
would visualize a place, one that

Solving Cases with Forensic DNAAnalysis
Forensic DNA analysis is still a relatively new method that has been used to solve cases such as
crimes and paternity tests. This method of forensic evaluation is examined by using genetic material,
DNA, an acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid. Although each individual's DNA differs from someone
else's, with the exception of identical twins, around 99.9% of DNA is the same in each person ("The
FBI DNA Laboratory"). Therefore, in order to identify the genetic profile of the individual being
analyzed, scientists focus on the remaining 0.1% of DNA that differentiates one person from another
("The FBI DNA Laboratory").
History of Forensic DNAAnalysis: DNA fingerprinting was introduced around 1986 to identify an
alleged suspect in a rape–murder case (Panneerchelvam and Norazmi 22). Since then, using forensic
DNA analysis has become more prevalent and has helped to exonerate many innocent suspects
involved in such cases. Despite being used in only one percent of criminal cases, DNA tests have
helped to acquit over 25 percent of wrongfully accused suspects ("Can DNA Demand a
Verdict?"/Baird, Neufeld, and Scheck, 34). As of 2008, over 120 countries use some sort of forensic
DNA analysis in cases like these ("INTERPOL Global DNA Profiling").
Usage:
In order to analyze DNA, scientists require a sample of the individual being tested, such as blood,
semen, or hair, before they can create a genetic profile of the person (Petricevic 1). Scientists can
then analyze those samples using a

A Research Study On Scar Markers
SCAR markers are PCR based primers that represent genomic DNA fragments at genetically
defined loci, that are identified by PCR amplification using sequence specific oligonuceotide
primers (Paran and Michelmore, 1993; Me Dermott et al., 1994). Inception of SCARs involves
cloning the amplified products of arbitrary marker techniques and then sequencing the 2 ends of the
cloned products. The sequence s therefore used to design specific primer pairs of 15–30 bp which
will amplify single major bands of the size similar to that of the cloned fragment.
The greater the variation in DNA sequence, the easier it is to generate polymorphic markers.
Therefore the plant species used for SCAR development should have sufficient variation for te traits
of interest at both the DNA sequence and phenotypic levels. Researchers over the years have
employed various non–sequence primed PCR markers to develop SCAR markers for the
identification of sex in dioecious species of crop plants.
Chromosomes and its sex determining genes have driven genetic control of sex determination in
dioecious crops. In dioecious crops a vast variability has been seen in the genetically controlled sex
determination and a DNA polymorphism has been mainly attributed, that are directly involved in
expression of particular sexual phenotpe (Aryal and Ming, 2013). In dioecious crops either one of
the crops will be of great agricultural or commercial interests like Simmondsia chinensis, Hippophae
rhamnoides. In Garcinia

Using Forensic Evidence
The traditional methods of solving a crime scene is by using witnesses and confessions of the
suspect. That method can work but there is now the method of using forensic evidence to link a
suspect to a crime and potentially solve it, as well. In the being, the use of DNA evidence was seen
as being controversial and challenging by the defense attorneys, even though there were about
17,000 and more cases that used DNA test in 1997. 1 It is important to remember that DNA is not
the only type of forensic evidence but it is the focus of this paper.
What is DNA testing? There are actually a few types of DNA testing but five major ones. There is
the RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism), which is where DNA sample of large amount
is

Drosophila Melanogaster Linkage And Inheritance Essay
Drosophila melanogaster, Linkage & Inheritance
Peggy Chang 999349986
BIOC15 Peter, PRA002
University of Toronto Scarborough
Abstract
This experiment studied Mendel's law of independent assortment through observing three
generations of Drosophila melanogaster. His law was examined by looking at the inheritance
patterns that predicted genetic linkage, mapping distances and interference. Genes are located along
chromosomes and the distances between them vary. During recombination, these genes may become
unlinked. The frequency to which this occurs relies on the recombination frequency, in which a
greater value represents a greater distance between two loci. By looking at inheritance patterns and
recombination frequencies, this experiment showed that white eyes, short wings and forked bristles
are X–linked traits. As well, dumpy wings and brown eyes are autosomal traits. The expected ratio
of a dihybrid cross of 9:3:3:1, was used to determine linkage between two loci. This was then
verified using a chi–square test. Through analysis of our results, linkage existed between white eyes
and short wings, as well as between short wings and forked bristles. Linkage was also found for the
strains that had dumpy wings and brown eyes.
Introduction
Gregor Mendel, known as the father of genetics, paved the way ... Show more content on
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These strains were moved to stock vials and labelled A, B, C, D respectively. Each strain was
observed using a dissecting microscope that allowed for the mutations to be visible. Strain A was
observed to be wild type in all its traits. Strain B however was found to have white eyes, short wings
and forked bristles. Strain C was observed to have dumpy wings and lastly strain D had brown eyes.
Strains and their corresponding mutations can be seen in Table 1. The genotypic notation given to
wild type traits and mutant traits can be seen in Table

Memory Is an Antimuseum
The memory is an antimuseum, an invisible art that transforms each individual. It is ever
developing, much related to spaces, in fact, memory is strictly related to spaces. They are formed in
context of space and time, as I will later develop. Ever since the notion of memory came to be it was
closely related and developed and explained using places, spaces, buildings. The perfect metaphor
for memories is the city. The memory starts from something simple and by cumulating information
it develops and grows. This metaphor connects the idea of memory and Architecture on a different,
deeper level that normal. There are moments in history that are better recollected form the ruins of
sculptures or of buildings than from the written stories.
Greeks we're the ones to invent the art of memory, then it passed, like all the other arts, on to Rome
and into European tradition. The technique was to impress "places" and "images" in to memory. At
its time, a trained memory was of great value. Frances Yates describes the process in the book The
Art of Memory: the process begins with imprinting on the memory a series of loci and places
through the mnemonic type of place system. The person travels through a building a creates
memories in the form of images that he stores in his mind, then he has to describe the visited place
in the same sequence and with as many details as possible.
"The soul never thinks without a mental picture" Aristotle
Merot describes the memories as being strictly

Outline Of The AFLP Procedure (RFLP)
Figure 7. Outline of the AFLP procedure (Vuylsteke et al., 2007)
(2) Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP)
When utilizing PCR–RFLP, a DNA fragment is first amplified by PCR, then it is digested by a
certain restriction endonuclease to generate a restriction polymorphic profile for the test subject
species (Shaw et al., 2002). PCR amplification should be highly conserved among a species so that
it can be easily amplified. Each fragment length is considered an allele, and RFLP occurs when the
length of a detected fragment varies between individuals.
(3) Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
RAPD is effective in screening the differences in DNA sequences. The RAPD markers are also
DNA fragments from PCR amplification,

Migraine And Coronary Artery Disease Analysis
Migraines rank as the number 7th leading cause of disability worldwide and affects an approximated
14% of the general population. In other words, a migraine is a headache on steroids. It is a primary
headache disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that range anywhere between moderate to
extremely severe. Typically, the symptoms associated with migraines include a pounding sensation
in one half of the head, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light, smell, and sound. Before a
migraine comes on, approximately one–third of people experience what is called a migraine aura. A
migraine aura is typically a short period of time accompanied by visual disturbances and can occur
with little to no headache. When thinking of a migraine the first ... Show more content on
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The purpose of this study was to determine the genetic overlap between migraine and Coronary
Artery Disease(CAD). The study also aimed to identify shared genetic risk loci, utilizing a
conditional false discovery rate approach and two genome studies of CAD and one for migraine. In
conclusion, the researchers found that the previous findings that CAD and migraine share genetic
risk factors. The gene, PHACTR1, showed significant cross–phenotype association in migraine and
CAD. The findings are significant because the results were consistent with present theories that
migraine and Coronary Artery Disease share genetic risk loci and highlight one risk locus in
PHACTR1. Researchers can now continue to research and acquire a better understanding of
biological mechanisms and how they may improve our understanding on vascular mechanisms in

A Brief Note On Linkage Analysis Data Mining Tool
an alternative to linkage analysis data mining tool recently widely used to identify loci with
considerable effect, the tool has extensively been utilized in maize, Arabidopsis, rice, wheat barley
and soybean (Weng et al. 2011; Atwell et al. 2010; Li et al. 2010; Huang et al. 2010; Raman et al.
2010; Cockram et al. 2010; Niu et al. 2013). Photosensitivity plays an essential role in the inducing
plants to their changing environments to start reproductive stage before complete their life cycle.
Flowering defined as process that plant change from the vegetative to the reproductive phase. That
transition required external environmental cues, such as photoperiod and temperature, are required
to begin plant flowering under the favourite seasonal conditions. In soybean [Glycine max (L.)
Merrill], efforts have been devoted result it in associations between photosensitivity and maturity
genetic loci are known and designated as E loci (Cober et al. 1996), have been described by classical
methods. The detected loci are E1 and E2 (Bernard 1971), E3 (Buzzell 1971), E4 (Buzzell and
Voldeng 1980), E5 (McBlain and Bernard 1987), E6 (Bonato and Vello 1999), and E7 (Cober and
Voldeng 2001). Later investigation carried out in E series, the E1, E3, and E4 loci have been
suggested to be related to photoperiod sensitivity under various light conditions (Saidon et al. 1989;
Cober et al. 1996b; Abe et al. 2003). QTLs linked to phenotypic traits were identified when N87–
984–16× TN93–99 101 F6–

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