Presented by Sikhalazo Dube at the Livestock production systems in Zimbabwe (LIPS-Zim) project virtual inception workshop, ILRI, Nairobi, 4-19 May 2020
This document discusses the ripening processes of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. It explains that climacteric fruits, such as bananas and mangoes, continue to ripen after harvesting through increased respiration and ethylene production. Non-climacteric fruits, like citrus, do not ripen further after harvesting. However, some fruits exhibit characteristics of both climacteric and non-climacteric ripening depending on cultivar. The document also outlines several techniques used to artificially induce or delay ripening, including the use of ethylene, calcium carbide, and other chemicals.
This document discusses insect pest monitoring and surveillance. It provides 14 reasons for the economic importance of insects, including for medicine, scientific research, pollination, biological control, and as a food source. It then discusses pest monitoring, the importance of monitoring pest populations to inform integrated pest management, and different monitoring approaches like direct counts and traps. The document also covers pest surveillance, its objectives to track pest levels and distributions over time, and components like pest identification, weather assessment, and natural enemy monitoring. The goals of surveillance are outlined as detecting pest presence, monitoring population levels, studying weather impacts, and informing timely control measures.
Silage is green fodder that has been preserved through anaerobic fermentation to ensure a regular supply of feed. It involves chopping high-sugar crops like maize, sorghum and millet, and compacting them in an airtight structure like a silo. Lactic acid produced during the 45-day fermentation process acts as a preservative. Proper sealing and storage prevents air and butyric acid, maintaining quality nutrition for up to two years. Silage making allows for conservation of surplus fodder with minimal wastage while enhancing productivity.
This document provides an overview of organic farming principles and history. It contains:
1) Definitions of organic farming emphasizing avoiding synthetic inputs and relying on natural systems and materials.
2) A brief history tracing traditional farming methods, then the rise of artificial fertilizers in the 18th-20th centuries.
3) Details on various organic farming methods like Rishi Krishi, Panchgavya Krishi, and Natural Farming which utilize natural inputs.
4) Principles of organic farming focused on soil health, ecology, fairness and care.
Agronomy is the study of crop production and soil management. It involves identifying suitable cultivation seasons, applying fertilizers and herbicides, managing water, implementing new technologies, and maintaining ecological balance. Agronomy is related to other agricultural sciences like soil science, crop physiology, and plant ecology. Crops are classified in various ways for better understanding, including by their life cycle (annual, biennial, perennial), economic use (cereals, millets, pulses, oilseeds), and botanical traits. The major crops grown in India are classified based on season (kharif, rabi, summer) and climate (tropical, sub-tropical, temperate, polar).
The document discusses different types of cropping systems including sole cropping, multiple cropping, intercropping, relay cropping and alley cropping. It explains the basic principles and benefits of cropping systems in maintaining soil fertility and utilizing resources efficiently. Additionally, the document outlines factors that influence the choice of crops in a cropping system such as available farm resources, enterprises, and farm technology.
- Potato is the fourth major food crop worldwide after rice, wheat and maize. It is a good source of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals.
- India is the second largest producer of potatoes globally. The major potato producing states are Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Punjab and Gujarat.
- For successful potato cultivation, appropriate variety selection, soil preparation, planting, irrigation, fertilizer application, pest management and harvest are required. Proper agronomic practices are needed to achieve optimal yield.
This document discusses the ripening processes of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. It explains that climacteric fruits, such as bananas and mangoes, continue to ripen after harvesting through increased respiration and ethylene production. Non-climacteric fruits, like citrus, do not ripen further after harvesting. However, some fruits exhibit characteristics of both climacteric and non-climacteric ripening depending on cultivar. The document also outlines several techniques used to artificially induce or delay ripening, including the use of ethylene, calcium carbide, and other chemicals.
This document discusses insect pest monitoring and surveillance. It provides 14 reasons for the economic importance of insects, including for medicine, scientific research, pollination, biological control, and as a food source. It then discusses pest monitoring, the importance of monitoring pest populations to inform integrated pest management, and different monitoring approaches like direct counts and traps. The document also covers pest surveillance, its objectives to track pest levels and distributions over time, and components like pest identification, weather assessment, and natural enemy monitoring. The goals of surveillance are outlined as detecting pest presence, monitoring population levels, studying weather impacts, and informing timely control measures.
Silage is green fodder that has been preserved through anaerobic fermentation to ensure a regular supply of feed. It involves chopping high-sugar crops like maize, sorghum and millet, and compacting them in an airtight structure like a silo. Lactic acid produced during the 45-day fermentation process acts as a preservative. Proper sealing and storage prevents air and butyric acid, maintaining quality nutrition for up to two years. Silage making allows for conservation of surplus fodder with minimal wastage while enhancing productivity.
This document provides an overview of organic farming principles and history. It contains:
1) Definitions of organic farming emphasizing avoiding synthetic inputs and relying on natural systems and materials.
2) A brief history tracing traditional farming methods, then the rise of artificial fertilizers in the 18th-20th centuries.
3) Details on various organic farming methods like Rishi Krishi, Panchgavya Krishi, and Natural Farming which utilize natural inputs.
4) Principles of organic farming focused on soil health, ecology, fairness and care.
Agronomy is the study of crop production and soil management. It involves identifying suitable cultivation seasons, applying fertilizers and herbicides, managing water, implementing new technologies, and maintaining ecological balance. Agronomy is related to other agricultural sciences like soil science, crop physiology, and plant ecology. Crops are classified in various ways for better understanding, including by their life cycle (annual, biennial, perennial), economic use (cereals, millets, pulses, oilseeds), and botanical traits. The major crops grown in India are classified based on season (kharif, rabi, summer) and climate (tropical, sub-tropical, temperate, polar).
The document discusses different types of cropping systems including sole cropping, multiple cropping, intercropping, relay cropping and alley cropping. It explains the basic principles and benefits of cropping systems in maintaining soil fertility and utilizing resources efficiently. Additionally, the document outlines factors that influence the choice of crops in a cropping system such as available farm resources, enterprises, and farm technology.
- Potato is the fourth major food crop worldwide after rice, wheat and maize. It is a good source of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals.
- India is the second largest producer of potatoes globally. The major potato producing states are Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Punjab and Gujarat.
- For successful potato cultivation, appropriate variety selection, soil preparation, planting, irrigation, fertilizer application, pest management and harvest are required. Proper agronomic practices are needed to achieve optimal yield.
The document provides information about a seminar on advances in anaerobic fermentation techniques for conservation of forage for small holders. It discusses:
1) The importance of green fodder for livestock and the need to conserve limited supplies of quality fodder for small holders.
2) Techniques like silage making which involve packing chopped green fodder in an airtight condition to preserve nutrients and make it easily digestible.
3) How silage can be made using inexpensive methods like plastic bags that are easy for small holders to use and provide a nutritious fodder that can be stored for long periods.
This document discusses sustainable agriculture and farming. It defines sustainable agriculture as using ecological principles to produce healthy food without compromising future generations' ability to do the same. The objectives of sustainable farming are to satisfy human needs while making efficient use of resources, maintaining economic viability, and enhancing quality of life. Benefits include environmental preservation, public health protection, sustaining communities, and upholding animal welfare. Techniques discussed include integrated pest management, crop rotation, biotechnology, using organic fertilizers, and conservation tillage.
Genetically modified foods are created through recombinant DNA technology, transferring genetic material between species to produce desired traits like pest or virus resistance. Nutritionally improved GM crops also aim to address nutrient deficiencies. Nutraceuticals are foods with health benefits derived from components like terpenes, phytosterols, phenols, and theols found in plants. Organic foods are produced without artificial fertilizers or pesticides, instead using natural methods. Functional foods provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition from antioxidants and other compounds that may protect against diseases. Probiotics are live microorganisms that benefit health by balancing intestinal microbiota while prebiotics feed probiotic bacteria.
List of insect vector transmitted plant diseases & TerminologyRana Salah-ud-Din
This document lists insect vectors and the plant diseases they transmit. It includes viruses that infect crops like cotton, papaya, banana, potato, tomato, chilli, rice, wheat, barley, fig, and maize. It also lists fungal diseases of mango, elm, and oak, as well as bacterial diseases of citrus, sesame, and potato. The terminology section defines terms like vector, disease, epidemiology, and Koch's postulates. It describes different modes of transmission including physical, biological, circulative, propagative, persistent, non-persistent, and semi-persistent.
The document discusses cyber extension as an innovative approach for disseminating agricultural information using information and communication technologies. It defines cyber extension as using online networks and digital media to facilitate disseminating agricultural technologies. It outlines the objectives, concepts, tools, functions, applications, process, advantages, and issues of cyber extension. The key tools discussed are email, telnet, FTP, gopher, Archie, and the world wide web. [END SUMMARY]
This document provides an overview of organic crop production, including:
1) It defines organic agriculture as an ecological system that promotes biodiversity and biological cycles without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.
2) It describes the origins of organic agriculture in the United States, tracing back to the works of Albert Howard and J.I. Rodale in the early 20th century promoting natural soil fertility and composting.
3) It discusses some common misconceptions around organic agriculture, including that it means "doing next to nothing" or allows continued use of some prohibited materials, when proper organic standards require soil building and natural pest management.
This document discusses maturity indices for various fruits. It defines maturity indices as signs that indicate a commodity's readiness for harvest. Various physical, chemical, and physiological methods are used to assess maturity, including size, color, texture, total soluble solids, acidity, and respiration rate. Specific maturity indices are provided for many fruits, such as grapes (texture, color, ease of separation), mango (shape, color, acidity, specific gravity), and pineapple (specific gravity, total soluble solids, acidity). The timing of harvest varies between fruits based on factors like days after flowering, seed color, and brix level.
food safety its definition, importance & factors affecting its safety.
FSSAI, EXPORT INSOECTION COUNCIL OF INDIA, QUALITY STANDARDS, AGMARK, BEAURO OF INDIAN STANDARDS,
This document discusses the costs involved in greenhouse production. It outlines both variable costs, which are only incurred during production, and fixed costs, which must be paid whether or not production occurs. Examples of costs provided include seeds, fertilizer, property taxes, insurance, depreciation, and labor. The document also examines methods for analyzing the costs of greenhouse production such as net present worth, internal rate of return, benefit-cost ratio, payback period, and break-even analysis.
This document discusses different measurement techniques used in food science, including density, phase change, pH, osmosis, surface tension, and colloidal systems. It provides definitions and examples for each measurement. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and is represented by the Greek letter p. Phase changes refer to changes in state, such as freezing or boiling water. pH is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration and is measured using a pH meter. Osmosis and reverse osmosis describe the diffusion of solvent molecules across a semi-permeable membrane, with or against a concentration gradient. Surface tension is the force per unit length at a liquid's surface. Colloidal systems have particle sizes between true
The document discusses the application of geospatial technologies in agriculture. It provides examples of how remote sensing, GIS, and GPS technologies can be used to map soil variability, detect crop health issues, monitor pests and diseases, and enable precision farming. These tools provide spatial data and analysis that can improve decision making around irrigation, fertilizer application, pest management, and more. When integrated, geospatial technologies provide valuable information to farmers and agricultural managers.
Natural Farming- Zero Budget Natural Farmingdarshan kadam
This document provides information about natural farming and zero budget natural farming (ZBNF) in India. It discusses the principles and practices of natural farming according to major proponents like Masanobu Fukuoka, Subhash Palekar who developed ZBNF, and initiatives in Indian states to promote ZBNF. It summarizes the key drivers of ZBNF adoption, impact on yields, costs and incomes, and ongoing research efforts including ICAR's evaluation of ZBNF claims and potential large scale impacts on Indian agriculture.
High external input agriculture (HEIA) relies heavily on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation and other external inputs which can be financially unsustainable for small farmers and damage the environment over time. Low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA) focuses on optimizing natural processes, environmental sustainability, and the long-term needs of farmers through practices like nutrient recycling, integrated pest management, and crop diversification tailored to local conditions. The key differences between HEIA and LEISA are that HEIA depends on high yields through external inputs while damaging the environment, whereas LEISA prioritizes sustainability through minimal external inputs and optimizing local resources.
Computer models and software are used to forecast pest attacks and identify pests based on weather data, pest population data, and crop information. Weather-based models use degree-days and temperature thresholds to predict pest development. Simulation models use mathematical descriptions of pest biology. Remote sensing, GPS, and GIS integrate spatial data to map pest distributions. Examples provided include models for locusts, corn borers, rice pests, and apple/potato pest software. Accurate forecasts allow timely pest management decisions like spraying or varietal selection.
The document discusses important yield contributing characters of maize such as plant height, leaf area and number of leaves, canopy, number of cobs per plant, length of the cob, number of rows per cob, number of kernels per row, test weight, and grain yield. It provides details on each characteristic such as their measurement units and relationships to maize yield. For example, it states that increased plant height, leaf area, number of cobs per plant, cob length, and test weight are positively correlated with increased maize grain yield.
This document summarizes information about home gardens. Home gardens are traditional farming systems that consist of an assemblage of plants growing near homes, including trees, shrubs, vines and herbs. They allow owners to produce a variety of products and ecosystem services. Home gardens provide subsistence farming, soil and water conservation, and promote biodiversity and productivity with low labor requirements. They provide food and other resources, regulate ecosystem processes like carbon sequestration and soil fertility, and support high levels of diversity and ecosystem services compared to other land use systems.
this power point presentation contains about grain quality deterioration from insects, pests, microorganisms, rodents and birds, and their control measures and physiological, chemical changes during storage, moisture migration during storage etc., It contains the principal of fumigation and different types of fumigants and their applications
1. The document outlines an animal health component that focuses on developing vaccines, diagnostics, and biosecurity protocols for infectious diseases through two interdependent activities: value chain assessments and current projects using generic platforms.
2. Key outputs by 2012-2013 include improved diagnostics and vaccines for diseases like East Coast fever, CBPP, and ASF, as well as thermostabilized PPR vaccines and biosecurity protocols.
3. Overall outcomes include better systems for delivering animal health technologies, increased access to services for smallholders, and improved productivity and economic returns in value chains.
HEARD―Health of Ethiopian Animals for Rural Development in Amhara National Re...ILRI
The document provides information on the HEARD (Health of Ethiopian Animals for Rural Development) project in the Amhara region of Ethiopia. The project aims to [1] increase livestock productivity and marketing through improving integrated public and private veterinary services, taking climate change impacts into account. Key activities include strengthening veterinary clinics and laboratories, disease surveillance, vaccination programs, and piloting innovative animal health approaches. The project expects to benefit livestock owners, women, youth, and consumers through creating an enabling environment for the livestock sector.
The document provides information about a seminar on advances in anaerobic fermentation techniques for conservation of forage for small holders. It discusses:
1) The importance of green fodder for livestock and the need to conserve limited supplies of quality fodder for small holders.
2) Techniques like silage making which involve packing chopped green fodder in an airtight condition to preserve nutrients and make it easily digestible.
3) How silage can be made using inexpensive methods like plastic bags that are easy for small holders to use and provide a nutritious fodder that can be stored for long periods.
This document discusses sustainable agriculture and farming. It defines sustainable agriculture as using ecological principles to produce healthy food without compromising future generations' ability to do the same. The objectives of sustainable farming are to satisfy human needs while making efficient use of resources, maintaining economic viability, and enhancing quality of life. Benefits include environmental preservation, public health protection, sustaining communities, and upholding animal welfare. Techniques discussed include integrated pest management, crop rotation, biotechnology, using organic fertilizers, and conservation tillage.
Genetically modified foods are created through recombinant DNA technology, transferring genetic material between species to produce desired traits like pest or virus resistance. Nutritionally improved GM crops also aim to address nutrient deficiencies. Nutraceuticals are foods with health benefits derived from components like terpenes, phytosterols, phenols, and theols found in plants. Organic foods are produced without artificial fertilizers or pesticides, instead using natural methods. Functional foods provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition from antioxidants and other compounds that may protect against diseases. Probiotics are live microorganisms that benefit health by balancing intestinal microbiota while prebiotics feed probiotic bacteria.
List of insect vector transmitted plant diseases & TerminologyRana Salah-ud-Din
This document lists insect vectors and the plant diseases they transmit. It includes viruses that infect crops like cotton, papaya, banana, potato, tomato, chilli, rice, wheat, barley, fig, and maize. It also lists fungal diseases of mango, elm, and oak, as well as bacterial diseases of citrus, sesame, and potato. The terminology section defines terms like vector, disease, epidemiology, and Koch's postulates. It describes different modes of transmission including physical, biological, circulative, propagative, persistent, non-persistent, and semi-persistent.
The document discusses cyber extension as an innovative approach for disseminating agricultural information using information and communication technologies. It defines cyber extension as using online networks and digital media to facilitate disseminating agricultural technologies. It outlines the objectives, concepts, tools, functions, applications, process, advantages, and issues of cyber extension. The key tools discussed are email, telnet, FTP, gopher, Archie, and the world wide web. [END SUMMARY]
This document provides an overview of organic crop production, including:
1) It defines organic agriculture as an ecological system that promotes biodiversity and biological cycles without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.
2) It describes the origins of organic agriculture in the United States, tracing back to the works of Albert Howard and J.I. Rodale in the early 20th century promoting natural soil fertility and composting.
3) It discusses some common misconceptions around organic agriculture, including that it means "doing next to nothing" or allows continued use of some prohibited materials, when proper organic standards require soil building and natural pest management.
This document discusses maturity indices for various fruits. It defines maturity indices as signs that indicate a commodity's readiness for harvest. Various physical, chemical, and physiological methods are used to assess maturity, including size, color, texture, total soluble solids, acidity, and respiration rate. Specific maturity indices are provided for many fruits, such as grapes (texture, color, ease of separation), mango (shape, color, acidity, specific gravity), and pineapple (specific gravity, total soluble solids, acidity). The timing of harvest varies between fruits based on factors like days after flowering, seed color, and brix level.
food safety its definition, importance & factors affecting its safety.
FSSAI, EXPORT INSOECTION COUNCIL OF INDIA, QUALITY STANDARDS, AGMARK, BEAURO OF INDIAN STANDARDS,
This document discusses the costs involved in greenhouse production. It outlines both variable costs, which are only incurred during production, and fixed costs, which must be paid whether or not production occurs. Examples of costs provided include seeds, fertilizer, property taxes, insurance, depreciation, and labor. The document also examines methods for analyzing the costs of greenhouse production such as net present worth, internal rate of return, benefit-cost ratio, payback period, and break-even analysis.
This document discusses different measurement techniques used in food science, including density, phase change, pH, osmosis, surface tension, and colloidal systems. It provides definitions and examples for each measurement. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and is represented by the Greek letter p. Phase changes refer to changes in state, such as freezing or boiling water. pH is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration and is measured using a pH meter. Osmosis and reverse osmosis describe the diffusion of solvent molecules across a semi-permeable membrane, with or against a concentration gradient. Surface tension is the force per unit length at a liquid's surface. Colloidal systems have particle sizes between true
The document discusses the application of geospatial technologies in agriculture. It provides examples of how remote sensing, GIS, and GPS technologies can be used to map soil variability, detect crop health issues, monitor pests and diseases, and enable precision farming. These tools provide spatial data and analysis that can improve decision making around irrigation, fertilizer application, pest management, and more. When integrated, geospatial technologies provide valuable information to farmers and agricultural managers.
Natural Farming- Zero Budget Natural Farmingdarshan kadam
This document provides information about natural farming and zero budget natural farming (ZBNF) in India. It discusses the principles and practices of natural farming according to major proponents like Masanobu Fukuoka, Subhash Palekar who developed ZBNF, and initiatives in Indian states to promote ZBNF. It summarizes the key drivers of ZBNF adoption, impact on yields, costs and incomes, and ongoing research efforts including ICAR's evaluation of ZBNF claims and potential large scale impacts on Indian agriculture.
High external input agriculture (HEIA) relies heavily on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation and other external inputs which can be financially unsustainable for small farmers and damage the environment over time. Low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA) focuses on optimizing natural processes, environmental sustainability, and the long-term needs of farmers through practices like nutrient recycling, integrated pest management, and crop diversification tailored to local conditions. The key differences between HEIA and LEISA are that HEIA depends on high yields through external inputs while damaging the environment, whereas LEISA prioritizes sustainability through minimal external inputs and optimizing local resources.
Computer models and software are used to forecast pest attacks and identify pests based on weather data, pest population data, and crop information. Weather-based models use degree-days and temperature thresholds to predict pest development. Simulation models use mathematical descriptions of pest biology. Remote sensing, GPS, and GIS integrate spatial data to map pest distributions. Examples provided include models for locusts, corn borers, rice pests, and apple/potato pest software. Accurate forecasts allow timely pest management decisions like spraying or varietal selection.
The document discusses important yield contributing characters of maize such as plant height, leaf area and number of leaves, canopy, number of cobs per plant, length of the cob, number of rows per cob, number of kernels per row, test weight, and grain yield. It provides details on each characteristic such as their measurement units and relationships to maize yield. For example, it states that increased plant height, leaf area, number of cobs per plant, cob length, and test weight are positively correlated with increased maize grain yield.
This document summarizes information about home gardens. Home gardens are traditional farming systems that consist of an assemblage of plants growing near homes, including trees, shrubs, vines and herbs. They allow owners to produce a variety of products and ecosystem services. Home gardens provide subsistence farming, soil and water conservation, and promote biodiversity and productivity with low labor requirements. They provide food and other resources, regulate ecosystem processes like carbon sequestration and soil fertility, and support high levels of diversity and ecosystem services compared to other land use systems.
this power point presentation contains about grain quality deterioration from insects, pests, microorganisms, rodents and birds, and their control measures and physiological, chemical changes during storage, moisture migration during storage etc., It contains the principal of fumigation and different types of fumigants and their applications
1. The document outlines an animal health component that focuses on developing vaccines, diagnostics, and biosecurity protocols for infectious diseases through two interdependent activities: value chain assessments and current projects using generic platforms.
2. Key outputs by 2012-2013 include improved diagnostics and vaccines for diseases like East Coast fever, CBPP, and ASF, as well as thermostabilized PPR vaccines and biosecurity protocols.
3. Overall outcomes include better systems for delivering animal health technologies, increased access to services for smallholders, and improved productivity and economic returns in value chains.
HEARD―Health of Ethiopian Animals for Rural Development in Amhara National Re...ILRI
The document provides information on the HEARD (Health of Ethiopian Animals for Rural Development) project in the Amhara region of Ethiopia. The project aims to [1] increase livestock productivity and marketing through improving integrated public and private veterinary services, taking climate change impacts into account. Key activities include strengthening veterinary clinics and laboratories, disease surveillance, vaccination programs, and piloting innovative animal health approaches. The project expects to benefit livestock owners, women, youth, and consumers through creating an enabling environment for the livestock sector.
Dr. Marty Matlock - The Science of Sustainability: It is Not a Monometric Con...John Blue
1. The document discusses sustainability in agriculture and defines key concepts for measuring sustainability performance.
2. It outlines a framework for defining sustainability goals and key performance indicators (KPIs) in areas like greenhouse gas emissions, water and land use, and using metrics to measure and improve performance.
3. The document also provides examples of KPIs and sustainability metrics used by various US agricultural programs to benchmark performance and set goals.
The document outlines 7 initial proposed Megaprograms (MPs) that will guide research under the new CGIAR Consortium model. The MPs include: 1) Integrated agriculture systems for the poor, 2) Policies and markets for enabling agricultural incomes, 3) Sustainable increases in staple crop productivity, 4) Agriculture, nutrition and health, 5) Water scarcity and land degradation, 6) Forests and trees, and 7) Climate change. The bulk of livestock research is expected to be contained within MP3 on livestock and fish, but MP4 on health and nutrition and other MPs may also include some livestock components. A Consortium Board and CEO will oversee research, and performance will be measured through contracts between
CCAFS has made progress towards its 10-year targets in several areas of adapting agriculture to climate change:
1. Flagship approaches for climate-smart agriculture have been developed, tested, and adopted in multiple regions, including Climate-Smart Villages, Farms of the Future, and large-scale datasets on crop yields.
2. Breeding strategies for major crops have incorporated climate projections, benefiting programs in over a dozen countries. A $50 million program focuses on collecting wild crop relatives for breeding climate resilience.
3. CCAFS research has directly informed new adaptation strategies and policies in several countries across Africa, Asia, and Latin America, including Nicaragua's National Adaptation Plan and
The document discusses several strategies for addressing food insecurity including:
1. Investing in real-time analysis of food and input prices to guide policy responses around exports, social protection, and assistance.
2. Monitoring the effectiveness of interventions such as using food reserves and reducing farm taxes.
3. Avoiding short-term policies that could worsen the situation and instead investing in sustainable and resilient food systems.
Agricultural Transformation Agenda in GTP II
Presented by Dereje Biruk (ATA) at the Ethiopia - CGIAR Research Programs (CRPs) Country Collaboration and Site Integration Meeting, Addis Ababa, 11 December 2015
1) The document outlines an action plan to scale research outputs from the EC LEDS project in Vietnam. It identifies key activities to update livestock feed databases and software, improve feeding management practices, develop policies around carbon tracking and subsidies, and raise awareness of stakeholders.
2) The plan's main goals are to strengthen national feed resources, update the PC Dairy software, build greenhouse gas inventory systems, and adopt standards to reduce emissions in agriculture and the livestock industry.
3) Key stakeholders involved in implementing the plan include the Department of Livestock Production, universities, and ministries focused on agriculture and the environment.
Progress of Improving System Efficiencies and Water Productivity (ISEWP): A C...Dr. P.B.Dharmasena
Objective: To analyze and demonstrate sustainable increases in irrigation system efficiencies and water productivity (in both yields and returns) that can be readily adopted in irrigation schemes and farms within the Mahaweli System.
Approach: The approach is in two inter-related parts;
Part 1 - case study irrigation systems, and
Part 2 - pilot demonstrations
Inception workshop held on 10th December 2018
Report submitted accommodating comments several times.
The Inception Report was finally accepted by the client on 19th July 2019 one month after the departure of the former Team Leader.
The progress has been seriously affected due to above reason
Up to now 6 monthly progress reports from April to September 2019 have been submitted
What do we have to lose? Generating crop diversity and threat monitoring info...Bioversity International
Ehsan Dulloo, Bioversity International Conservation and Availability Programme Leader, presented at the international conference Enhanced genepool utilization - Capturing wild relative and landrace diversity for crop improvement, in Cambridge, UK, 16-20 June 2014.
It is said that “you can't manage what you don't measure”. The unprecedented global loss of agricultural species, varieties and associated traditional knowledge is of increasing concern, threatening the provisioning, regulatory, supporting and cultural ecosystem services of importance to the livelihoods of the poor as well as the welfare of broader society. Such services include such public goods as maintaining agroecosystem resilience and future option values.
Unfortunately, although many crop genetic resources (CGR) are widely recognized as being threatened, there is only limited information available regarding actual status. Only isolated efforts at monitoring have been undertaken. Conventional monitoring efforts, where they exist at all, have been subject to limitations due to ad hoc approaches that lack rigorous survey and sampling approaches, do not adequately account for search effort costs or systematically involve the participation of local-level actors, and are usually based on collections instead of direct observations in the field. Furthermore, the links between specific CGR conservation levels/configurations and the provision of specific ecosystem services are poorly understood.
There is thus an urgent need for the development of a systematic approach to the monitoring of CGR. This presentation draws on the outcome of a recent Bioversity International/CIP international expert workshop aimed at the development of such an approach. The proposed multi-scale approach builds on a wide range of existing monitoring experiences and a review of the literature related to agricultural biodiversity-relevant ecosystem services. A number of proposed indicators that could be used to assess CGR threat levels, be used for monitoring purposes and/or assist in evaluating ecosystem service public/private good trade-offs arising from agricultural intensification are presented, with a view to supporting the potential for prioritizing, designing and implementing on-farm/in situ conservation measures that actively involve farmers, support livelihoods, complement existing ex situ conservation efforts and facilitate access and benefit sharing.
Find out more about Bioversity International work on conserving crop diversity on the farm and in the wild http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/conservation-of-crop-diversity/
Presentation by Kebede Amenu, Coen van Wagenberg, Claudia Ganser, James Noah Ssemanda, Arie Havelaar, Kristine Roesel, Biruk Alemu Gemeda, Lina Mego, Donya Madjdian, Theo Knight-Jones at a stakeholder update workshop on Ethiopia food safety research projects, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 20 May 2021.
Taking Forward the Implementation of the Agriculture Priority Actions in NCCAP (2013–2017) Kenyan Experience
A presentation from CCAFS East Africa Regional Program.
This document provides an overview of the CPWF Volta Basin Project "Integrated Management of Rainwater for Crop-Livestock agro-ecosystems" (V2) which aims to increase crop and livestock productivity through identifying, evaluating, adapting and disseminating best-fit integrated rainwater management strategies. The project is being conducted in northern Ghana and Burkina Faso, with research questions focusing on determining best strategies under different conditions, assessing impacts on productivity, and fostering adoption. Key outputs include baseline characterization, recommendations, tools for analysis, dissemination, and capacity building.
Antibiotic Stewardship in the Human SectorWalt Whitman
This document discusses strategies for reducing antibiotic use in livestock agriculture in the UK. It outlines Marks and Spencer's approach, which follows the 4R framework of record, replace, reduce, and refine antibiotic use. M&S works closely with farmers in its dedicated milk pool to monitor antibiotic use and drive improvement through annual benchmarking reports. The goal is to ensure responsible antibiotic stewardship and the highest standards of animal welfare.
This document discusses how nuclear techniques can be applied in food and agriculture to improve food security, safety, and sustainable agriculture. It provides examples of how mutation breeding has led to the development of over 2,600 new crop varieties with improved traits. Isotopic techniques help manage soil, water, and crop nutrition more efficiently. Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) has successfully controlled or eradicated several insect pests. Nuclear-derived techniques also aid in animal production and health through diagnostics, nutrition evaluation, and disease control. Food irradiation and analytical methods protect food and the environment from contamination.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Preventing the next pandemic: a 12-slide primer on emerging zoonotic diseasesILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Preventing preventable diseases: a 12-slide primer on foodborne diseaseILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Preventing a post-antibiotic era: a 12-slide primer on antimicrobial resistanceILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
The Food Safety Working Group (FSWG) in Vietnam was created in 2015 at the request of the Deputy Prime Minister to address food safety issues in the country. It brings together government agencies, ministries, and development partners to facilitate joint policy dialogue and improve food safety. Over eight years of operations led by different organizations, the FSWG has contributed to various initiatives. However, it faces challenges of diminished government participation over time and dependence on active members. Going forward, it will strengthen its operations by integrating under Vietnam's One Health Partnership framework to better engage stakeholders and achieve policy impacts.
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
Presentation by Patricia Koech, Winnie Ogutu, Linnet Ochieng, Delia Grace, George Gitao, Lily Bebora, Max Korir, Florence Mutua and Arshnee Moodley at the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farmsILRI
Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptxshubhijain836
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Livestock production systems in Zimbabwe: Project overview
1. Livestock Production Systems in Zimbabwe
(LIPS-Zim) project overview
Sikhalazo Dube
Project Coordinator, LIPS-Zim, ILRI
LIPS-Zim virtual inception workshop, 19 May 2020
Better lives through livestock
2. 2
Project overview
Livestock production systems in Zimbabwe (LIPS-ZIM) is a four-year (Jan 2020 – Dec 2023)
project, funded by the European Union, that aims to increase livestock productivity in Zimbabwe
by promoting increased adoption of climate relevant innovations in livestock-based production
systems and improved surveillance and control of livestock diseases.
Implementing partners
Key partners
3. 3
Project overview
Sites (Zimbabwe’s agro-ecological regions IV and V)
• Matabeleland South – Beitbridge, Gwanda
• Matabeleland North – Hwange, Nkayi, Gokwe North
• Masvingo – Chiredzi
• Manicaland – Buhera
• Mashonaland East – Mutokox
4. 4
The overall objective is to improve productivity and
climate relevance of livestock-based production systems in
region IV and V of Zimbabwe.
• Increased adoption of climate relevant innovations in
livestock-based production systems and
• Improved surveillance and control of livestock diseases.
Project objectives
5. 5
Specific objective 1
Increased adoption of climate relevant innovations (e.g., feeding) in livestock-based production
systems.
Indicators
• Percentage of targeted farmers participating in fodder and feed interventions
• Number of innovations: a) promoted; and b) adopted
• Demand for feed in targeted areas disaggregated by age and sex of farmer
• Demand for fodder in targeted areas disaggregated by age and sex of farmer
6. 6
Specific objective 1
Activities
• Activities
• Situation analyses: Overlay with existing research
projects, history of previous activities and outcomes,
data consolidation
• Feed and forage evaluation and analyses: Inventory of
existing crop and fodder varieties and available
germplasm, rangeland resources, supplementary protein,
indigenous and scientific knowledge (FEAST-ILRI)
• Landscape assessments: Seasonal variation in biomass
availability and quality, water resources and
management, prices for grain, biomass and livestock
• Farming systems typologies: Land use, livestock
populations, distribution of herd ownership
• Climate information analyses and advice for decision
making (FAO, existing tools)
Output 1.1 Climate adapted and cost-
efficient production, marketing and
investment practices and innovations for
livestock production systems in
Zimbabwe’s agro-ecological Regions IV
and V are selected based on scientific
evidence.
7. 7
Specific objective 1
Activities
• Activities
• Adoption of fodder technologies: Behaviour change,
incentives, aspirations
• Identify and test best bet feed and forage innovation:
Crop and fodder variety and livestock breed genetic
improvement
• Feed and fodder value addition: mechanized processing,
storage, conservation
• Feed and fodder standards: quality and safety testing
• Crop livestock integration: Feed and fodder with - poultry
/ ruminants, - poultry / fish
• Land use planning: Community based natural resource
management, integrating the use of cropland, fallow,
irrigation schemes, rangelands
Output 1.2 Animal husbandry and
related practices, technologies and
innovations are tested, evaluated,
integrated and out-scaled in
production systems in NR IV and V.
8. 8
Specific objective 1
Activities
• Impacts and outcomes: Resilience, profitability and nutrition
• Demand and supply analyses: Capacity of markets to
absorb livestock and feed production, by livestock type and
product quality
• Facilitating market linkages producers – off-takers: creating
space for small scale farmers
• Models for value chain integration: livestock – feed and
fodder – seed markets and community-based seed
multiplication through partnerships with the private sector
• Decentralized feed and fodder processing businesses
enterprises
Output 1.3 Inclusive market
systems in NR IV and V
developed and capacitated to
out-scale the adoption of tested
and evaluated technologies and
innovations.
9. 9
Specific objective 2
Improved surveillance and control of livestock diseases
Indicators
• % decrease in livestock mortality by cause within target locations
• % decrease in priority disease burden by cause within target locations
• % of livestock disease outbreaks per year responded to within the stipulated time according to national policy and
standards (e.g., 48 hours) disaggregated by cause of the disease
• # of priority livestock diseases for which an approved surveillance plan is (a) in place, and (b) operationalised
• % of data points in the syndromic surveillance system capable of detecting disease characteristics submitting data
in real-time to the central level for analysis and reporting
• Cost-effectiveness of surveillance systems
• Monetary value of resources mobilised for surveillance per year (USD)
• Qualitative improvements in disease detection, surveillance and control systems
10. 10
Specific objective 2
Activities
• Research/investigation of vector (tse-tse, ticks, mosquitoes)
distribution
• Research/Investigation of prevalence of priority diseases
• Modelling of impact of climate change on vector and
disease distribution (based on historical and current data)
• Research the presence of reservoir species for priority
diseases at the wildlife /human interface
• Development of a community-based approach to integrate
indigenous knowledge
Output 2.1 Knowledge of the
linkage between climate change
and distribution of vectors and
disease outbreaks increased
11. 11
Specific objective 2
Activities
• Description and assessment of the current surveillance and
response system and identification of gaps
• Development and adoption of appropriate tools (existing
and innovative) and programs to enhance surveillance and
rapid response
• Enhance diagnostic capacity for early detection (central
and decentralized) (including linkage with private
stakeholders)
• Training for participatory surveillance
• Improve capacity for data analysis and management
Output 2.2 Capacity for
surveillance, early detection and
rapid response of emerging and re-
emerging diseases strengthened.
12. 12
Specific objective 2
Activities
• Identify gaps for control and prioritize interventions
• Develop mechanisms for sustainable resource mobilization
for control of key diseases (including economic analysis)
• Evaluate vaccine efficiency for key diseases
• Developing cost efficient vector control and disease
prevention systems (including traditional knowledge and
innovation)
• Adopt/adapt/develop identification and traceability systems
Output 2.3 Capacity for control of
livestock diseases strengthened
(vaccines, movement control,
extension, treatment)
13. 13
Specific objective 3
Policy support for feed and forage value-chains and sustainable
active participation of local communities in disease surveillance
and early response strengthened.
Indicators
• Number of policies developed/revised and implemented
• Number of communities mobilized for sustainable active participation
14. 14
Specific objective 3
Activities
• Packaging and use of research evidence to support policy
formulation on feed and forage value-chain development
• Feed and forage value-chain strengthening policy
development
• Supporting implementation of feed and forage policy and
standards
• Monitoring of implementation of feed and forage policy and
standards
Output 3.1 Strengthen
policy support for feed
and forage value-chains
15. 15
Specific objective 3
Activities
• Packaging and use of research evidence to support the
review and updating of current policies and legislative
provisions for livestock disease surveillance and response
• Review of livestock disease surveillance and response
policies
• Supporting implementation of policy and legislation on
livestock disease surveillance and response
• Monitoring of implementation of policy and legislation on
livestock disease surveillance and response
Output 3.2 Policies for
sustainable active participation
of local communities in disease
surveillance and early response
revised and implemented