Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means your kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood the way they should. The disease is called “chronic” because the damage to your kidneys happens slowly over a long period of time.
This document discusses various congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract that can occur during fetal development. It covers abnormalities in kidney formation such as renal agenesis, hypoplasia, and dysplasia. It also discusses abnormalities in kidney position and shape including ectopic kidneys, horseshoe kidneys, and crossed fused ectopia. Finally, it summarizes abnormalities of the collecting system like hydronephrosis, bladder extrophy, posterior urethral valves, and patent urachus. For each condition, it provides information on incidence, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing management.
Obstructive jaundice is caused by a blockage of the bile ducts that prevents bile from flowing from the liver to the small intestine. This blockage can be due to gallstones, pancreatic cancer, or other cancers. It causes jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) as well as other symptoms like itching, abdominal pain, dark urine and pale stool. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging scans like ultrasound or MRI. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, ERCP, surgery, or transplantation if the liver is severely damaged.
1. Hepatic disorders refer to diseases that affect the liver including jaundice, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy.
2. Jaundice is a condition where the skin and eyes become yellow due to high bilirubin levels in the blood and can be caused by liver damage or blockages in the bile ducts.
3. Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring of the liver caused by various conditions like hepatitis or alcoholism that disrupts liver structure and function. It can lead to complications like portal hypertension and ascites.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function present for more than 3 months. CKD is staged based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from stage 1 (normal or high GFR) to stage 5 (kidney failure). Common causes of CKD in India include diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. Symptoms vary depending on stage but may include fatigue, pruritus, nausea, and electrolyte imbalances. Treatment includes controlling risk factors, nutritional management, dialysis if needed, and potentially kidney transplantation for end stage renal disease.
This document provides an overview of chronic kidney disease (CKD) including definitions, epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, and genetics. Some key points include:
- CKD is defined as kidney damage or glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73m2 for ≥3 months.
- It affects 14-15% of US adults and prevalence increases with age. The leading causes are hypertension and diabetes.
- As CKD progresses, surviving nephrons undergo hypertrophy which can lead to sclerosis and loss of filtration surface area over time. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis also contributes to declining kidney function.
- The renin-angiotensin-
The document discusses three gastrointestinal conditions: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), constipation, and diarrhea. IBS causes abdominal pain and changes in bowel movements due to increased motility of the small or large intestine. Constipation is characterized by infrequent, hard bowel movements and may be caused by dehydration, cancer, or medication side effects. Diarrhea is defined as liquid or semi-liquid stools and can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, inflammatory bowel disease, or medications.
1. Acute renal failure (ARF) is an acute, potentially reversible condition where the kidneys fail to maintain homeostasis. Causes include prerenal factors like shock, congestive heart failure, or intrarenal injury from toxins. Symptoms range from nonspecific like fever to specific kidney issues like electrolyte imbalances. Treatment focuses on fluid management, electrolyte replacement, and potentially dialysis.
2. Chronic renal failure is a permanent loss of kidney function that progresses to end stage renal disease. It is usually caused by congenital anomalies or acquired glomerular diseases. Symptoms emerge late and include fatigue, nausea, and cardiac/bone issues. Treatment manages complications and slows progression with a low protein
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means your kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood the way they should. The disease is called “chronic” because the damage to your kidneys happens slowly over a long period of time.
This document discusses various congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract that can occur during fetal development. It covers abnormalities in kidney formation such as renal agenesis, hypoplasia, and dysplasia. It also discusses abnormalities in kidney position and shape including ectopic kidneys, horseshoe kidneys, and crossed fused ectopia. Finally, it summarizes abnormalities of the collecting system like hydronephrosis, bladder extrophy, posterior urethral valves, and patent urachus. For each condition, it provides information on incidence, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing management.
Obstructive jaundice is caused by a blockage of the bile ducts that prevents bile from flowing from the liver to the small intestine. This blockage can be due to gallstones, pancreatic cancer, or other cancers. It causes jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) as well as other symptoms like itching, abdominal pain, dark urine and pale stool. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging scans like ultrasound or MRI. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, ERCP, surgery, or transplantation if the liver is severely damaged.
1. Hepatic disorders refer to diseases that affect the liver including jaundice, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy.
2. Jaundice is a condition where the skin and eyes become yellow due to high bilirubin levels in the blood and can be caused by liver damage or blockages in the bile ducts.
3. Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring of the liver caused by various conditions like hepatitis or alcoholism that disrupts liver structure and function. It can lead to complications like portal hypertension and ascites.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function present for more than 3 months. CKD is staged based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from stage 1 (normal or high GFR) to stage 5 (kidney failure). Common causes of CKD in India include diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. Symptoms vary depending on stage but may include fatigue, pruritus, nausea, and electrolyte imbalances. Treatment includes controlling risk factors, nutritional management, dialysis if needed, and potentially kidney transplantation for end stage renal disease.
This document provides an overview of chronic kidney disease (CKD) including definitions, epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, and genetics. Some key points include:
- CKD is defined as kidney damage or glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73m2 for ≥3 months.
- It affects 14-15% of US adults and prevalence increases with age. The leading causes are hypertension and diabetes.
- As CKD progresses, surviving nephrons undergo hypertrophy which can lead to sclerosis and loss of filtration surface area over time. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis also contributes to declining kidney function.
- The renin-angiotensin-
The document discusses three gastrointestinal conditions: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), constipation, and diarrhea. IBS causes abdominal pain and changes in bowel movements due to increased motility of the small or large intestine. Constipation is characterized by infrequent, hard bowel movements and may be caused by dehydration, cancer, or medication side effects. Diarrhea is defined as liquid or semi-liquid stools and can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, inflammatory bowel disease, or medications.
1. Acute renal failure (ARF) is an acute, potentially reversible condition where the kidneys fail to maintain homeostasis. Causes include prerenal factors like shock, congestive heart failure, or intrarenal injury from toxins. Symptoms range from nonspecific like fever to specific kidney issues like electrolyte imbalances. Treatment focuses on fluid management, electrolyte replacement, and potentially dialysis.
2. Chronic renal failure is a permanent loss of kidney function that progresses to end stage renal disease. It is usually caused by congenital anomalies or acquired glomerular diseases. Symptoms emerge late and include fatigue, nausea, and cardiac/bone issues. Treatment manages complications and slows progression with a low protein
Gallstones form in the gallbladder from bile components like cholesterol and bilirubin. They can cause symptoms by blocking bile ducts. Risk factors include obesity, rapid weight loss, family history, and pregnancy. Symptoms include pain in the upper right abdomen and nausea. Tests like ultrasound and CT scan can detect gallstones. Treatment options are usually surgery to remove the gallbladder or medications that may dissolve small stones.
Gastrointestinal bleeding (GI bleed), also known as gastrointestinal hemorrhage, is all forms of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the rectum. When there is significant blood loss over a short time, symptoms may include vomiting red blood, vomiting black blood, bloody stool, or black stool.
The liver is the largest glandular organ located in the right side of the abdominal cavity. Cirrhosis is a condition where the liver slowly deteriorates and malfunctions due to chronic injury, causing scar tissue to replace healthy liver tissue. Common causes of cirrhosis include heavy alcohol consumption, hepatitis C infection, and obesity. As the disease progresses, complications such as fluid accumulation and infections can occur. Cirrhosis is diagnosed through medical history, exams, imaging tests and sometimes biopsy. Treatment focuses on managing complications, with medications, procedures or liver transplant in severe cases.
This document discusses acute peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter insertion. It begins by outlining the basic principles of hemodialysis (HD) and PD. It then focuses on inserting an acute PD catheter, including contraindications, preparation, entry technique using ultrasound guidance, and troubleshooting potential issues. The key steps are examining the patient, determining the entry site, using ultrasound to guide insertion of the catheter into the peritoneum, and performing an initial flush and drain cycle to confirm proper placement. Complications may arise from circuit leaks, obstructions, or improper catheter positioning and can sometimes be addressed by using a trocar to relieve clots or repositioning the catheter under imaging guidance.
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
This document outlines the plan for a presentation on Budd-Chiari syndrome. It begins with a brief history of the syndrome dating back to 1842. It then covers the definition, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and imaging. Etiology sections discuss hypercoagulable causes like myeloproliferative disorders and acquired causes such as oral contraceptives and pregnancy. Clinical presentation varies from acute to chronic forms. Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis, with ultrasound Doppler being the first-line investigation to assess patency of hepatic veins and inferior vena cava. The document is organized into two parts, with part A covering background information and part B to focus on management.
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by progressive kidney enlargement and varying degrees of liver abnormalities. It is caused by mutations in the PKHD1 gene and results in abnormalities in the kidney and liver collecting ducts. Clinically, ARPKD presents in early childhood with flank masses, hypertension, urinary concentration defects, and can lead to renal insufficiency. On pathology, the kidneys appear sponge-like with multiple small cysts radiating from the medulla to cortex. There is no known family history of the disease as it is transmitted through an autosomal recessive trait.
This document provides an overview of chronic kidney disease (CKD) presented by Inusah Adams from Ternopil State Medical University in Ukraine. It defines CKD, discusses its etiology including common causes like diabetes and hypertension. It describes the pathophysiology involving nephron damage and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic in early stages to later symptoms of hypertension, anemia and neurological issues. Diagnosis involves assessing kidney function, urine tests and blood work. Treatment aims to control blood pressure and glucose, treat underlying causes, and prevent complications through diet, medication and renal replacement therapies like dialysis or transplant if indicated. Complications of CKD include an
Peritoneal dialysis by Dr. Basil TumainiBasil Tumaini
Peritoneal dialysis by Dr. Basil Tumaini, prepared for nephrology lecture during the residency in Internal medicine at Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences
Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by primary (idiopathic) renal disease or by a variety of secondary causes. Patients present with marked edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and often hyperlipidemia.
Nephrotic syndrome is a primary glomerular disease characterized by the following:
Marked increase in protein in the urine (proteinuria)
Decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia)
Edema (The swelling (edema), can be most noticeable on the face, around the eyes, around the feet and ankles, and in the belly area (or the abdomen).
High serum cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (hyperlipidemia)
Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical disorder characterized by marked increase of protein in the urine ( proteinuria ), decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia ),edema, & excess lipids in the blood ( hyperlipidemia )
Pathophysiology
Nephrotic syndrome can occur with almost any intrinsic renal disease or systemic disease that affects the glomerulus.
Although generally considered a disorder of childhood, nephrotic syndrome does occur in adults, including the elderly. Causes include:
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Diabetes mellitus with intercapillary glomerulosclerosis
Amyloidosis of the kidney
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Multiple myeloma and renal vein thrombosis.
NSAIDs
Pre eclampsia
This document provides an overview of polycystic kidney disease (PKD), including a history, introduction to the different types (autosomal dominant and recessive), pathophysiology, diagnostic tests and treatments. It discusses the first known case in the 16th century Polish king and subsequent studies defining it as a clinical entity. The two main types are described in more detail, focusing on genetics, characteristics and management. A case study is presented of a 42-year old female diagnosed with autosomal dominant PKD who underwent genetic testing identifying a heterozygous nonsense mutation.
This document discusses liver disorders and cirrhosis of the liver. It provides information on the anatomy and functions of the liver. Cirrhosis is defined as a chronic liver disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis that results in structural changes and loss of liver function. Causes of cirrhosis include alcoholism, viral hepatitis, bile duct obstruction, and certain drugs. Symptoms may include nausea, fatigue, jaundice, and abdominal swelling. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, blood tests, imaging, and biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but generally involves rest, diet modification, medications, and procedures such as shunts or transplantation in severe cases.
This document discusses predisposing factors, pathogenesis, types, clinical features, complications, investigations, differential diagnosis, and management of gallstones. The main types are cholesterol stones, mixed stones, and pigment stones. Risk factors include obesity, female sex hormones, age, pregnancy, certain drugs, and diabetes. Gallstones can cause symptoms like biliary colic or be asymptomatic. Complications involve inflammation of the gallbladder or bile ducts. Treatment options are medical therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid for small cholesterol stones or laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
CRRT (continuous renal replacement therapy) involves using an extracorporeal circuit connected to the patient via catheters to slowly remove fluid and toxins over 24 hours, mimicking the function of the kidneys. It was developed for critically ill patients who cannot tolerate the fluid shifts of intermittent hemodialysis. CRRT uses a semipermeable membrane to filter fluids and small molecules from the blood based on hydrostatic pressure gradients. It provides more hemodynamic stability than intermittent hemodialysis and allows for better nutrition support by preventing fluid overload. CRRT is indicated for patients who cannot tolerate intermittent dialysis due to hemodynamic instability from their critical illness.
This document discusses malabsorption syndrome, which occurs when there is abnormal absorption of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract. It can be caused by digestive failures, structural defects, mucosal abnormalities, infections, or other systemic diseases affecting the GI tract. Common causes discussed include celiac disease, tropical sprue, Crohn's disease, short bowel syndrome, and bacterial overgrowth syndrome. Symptoms include diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, and nutrient deficiencies. Management involves replacing lost nutrients, treating any underlying causes, and making dietary modifications.
The patient, a 57-year-old woman, presented with right upper quadrant pain and tenderness and was found to have gallstones. Gallstones form when bile in the gallbladder becomes supersaturated, causing cholesterol and other substances to precipitate out into stones. Risk factors include female gender, multiparity, obesity, and genetics. Ultrasound confirmed the presence of gallstones and showed a thick-walled gallbladder, indicating cholecystitis. Treatment options include dissolving the stones medically, surgical removal by cholecystectomy, or nonsurgical methods such as lithotripsy to break up the stones.
1. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by multiple bilateral renal cysts and cysts in other organs caused by mutations in PKD1 and PKD2 genes.
2. The renal cysts enlarge over time, ultimately leading to renal failure in half of patients by age 60.
3. Treatment focuses on controlling blood pressure, treating infections, reducing pain, and delaying renal failure through medications such as ACE inhibitors or ARBs.
Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease characterized by scarring and damage to liver tissue. It is caused by repeated injury to the liver over many years from various factors like alcohol abuse, viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease. Signs and symptoms may include fatigue, bruising, jaundice, fluid accumulation and confusion. Complications arise due to impaired liver function and blood flow issues, leading to infections, malnutrition, and buildup of toxins. Nursing care involves assessing for complications, providing nutrition support, managing fluid overload, and patient education to prevent further liver damage.
Gallstones form in the gallbladder from bile components like cholesterol and bilirubin. They can cause symptoms by blocking bile ducts. Risk factors include obesity, rapid weight loss, family history, and pregnancy. Symptoms include pain in the upper right abdomen and nausea. Tests like ultrasound and CT scan can detect gallstones. Treatment options are usually surgery to remove the gallbladder or medications that may dissolve small stones.
Gastrointestinal bleeding (GI bleed), also known as gastrointestinal hemorrhage, is all forms of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the rectum. When there is significant blood loss over a short time, symptoms may include vomiting red blood, vomiting black blood, bloody stool, or black stool.
The liver is the largest glandular organ located in the right side of the abdominal cavity. Cirrhosis is a condition where the liver slowly deteriorates and malfunctions due to chronic injury, causing scar tissue to replace healthy liver tissue. Common causes of cirrhosis include heavy alcohol consumption, hepatitis C infection, and obesity. As the disease progresses, complications such as fluid accumulation and infections can occur. Cirrhosis is diagnosed through medical history, exams, imaging tests and sometimes biopsy. Treatment focuses on managing complications, with medications, procedures or liver transplant in severe cases.
This document discusses acute peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter insertion. It begins by outlining the basic principles of hemodialysis (HD) and PD. It then focuses on inserting an acute PD catheter, including contraindications, preparation, entry technique using ultrasound guidance, and troubleshooting potential issues. The key steps are examining the patient, determining the entry site, using ultrasound to guide insertion of the catheter into the peritoneum, and performing an initial flush and drain cycle to confirm proper placement. Complications may arise from circuit leaks, obstructions, or improper catheter positioning and can sometimes be addressed by using a trocar to relieve clots or repositioning the catheter under imaging guidance.
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
This document outlines the plan for a presentation on Budd-Chiari syndrome. It begins with a brief history of the syndrome dating back to 1842. It then covers the definition, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and imaging. Etiology sections discuss hypercoagulable causes like myeloproliferative disorders and acquired causes such as oral contraceptives and pregnancy. Clinical presentation varies from acute to chronic forms. Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis, with ultrasound Doppler being the first-line investigation to assess patency of hepatic veins and inferior vena cava. The document is organized into two parts, with part A covering background information and part B to focus on management.
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by progressive kidney enlargement and varying degrees of liver abnormalities. It is caused by mutations in the PKHD1 gene and results in abnormalities in the kidney and liver collecting ducts. Clinically, ARPKD presents in early childhood with flank masses, hypertension, urinary concentration defects, and can lead to renal insufficiency. On pathology, the kidneys appear sponge-like with multiple small cysts radiating from the medulla to cortex. There is no known family history of the disease as it is transmitted through an autosomal recessive trait.
This document provides an overview of chronic kidney disease (CKD) presented by Inusah Adams from Ternopil State Medical University in Ukraine. It defines CKD, discusses its etiology including common causes like diabetes and hypertension. It describes the pathophysiology involving nephron damage and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic in early stages to later symptoms of hypertension, anemia and neurological issues. Diagnosis involves assessing kidney function, urine tests and blood work. Treatment aims to control blood pressure and glucose, treat underlying causes, and prevent complications through diet, medication and renal replacement therapies like dialysis or transplant if indicated. Complications of CKD include an
Peritoneal dialysis by Dr. Basil TumainiBasil Tumaini
Peritoneal dialysis by Dr. Basil Tumaini, prepared for nephrology lecture during the residency in Internal medicine at Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences
Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by primary (idiopathic) renal disease or by a variety of secondary causes. Patients present with marked edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and often hyperlipidemia.
Nephrotic syndrome is a primary glomerular disease characterized by the following:
Marked increase in protein in the urine (proteinuria)
Decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia)
Edema (The swelling (edema), can be most noticeable on the face, around the eyes, around the feet and ankles, and in the belly area (or the abdomen).
High serum cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (hyperlipidemia)
Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical disorder characterized by marked increase of protein in the urine ( proteinuria ), decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia ),edema, & excess lipids in the blood ( hyperlipidemia )
Pathophysiology
Nephrotic syndrome can occur with almost any intrinsic renal disease or systemic disease that affects the glomerulus.
Although generally considered a disorder of childhood, nephrotic syndrome does occur in adults, including the elderly. Causes include:
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Diabetes mellitus with intercapillary glomerulosclerosis
Amyloidosis of the kidney
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Multiple myeloma and renal vein thrombosis.
NSAIDs
Pre eclampsia
This document provides an overview of polycystic kidney disease (PKD), including a history, introduction to the different types (autosomal dominant and recessive), pathophysiology, diagnostic tests and treatments. It discusses the first known case in the 16th century Polish king and subsequent studies defining it as a clinical entity. The two main types are described in more detail, focusing on genetics, characteristics and management. A case study is presented of a 42-year old female diagnosed with autosomal dominant PKD who underwent genetic testing identifying a heterozygous nonsense mutation.
This document discusses liver disorders and cirrhosis of the liver. It provides information on the anatomy and functions of the liver. Cirrhosis is defined as a chronic liver disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis that results in structural changes and loss of liver function. Causes of cirrhosis include alcoholism, viral hepatitis, bile duct obstruction, and certain drugs. Symptoms may include nausea, fatigue, jaundice, and abdominal swelling. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, blood tests, imaging, and biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but generally involves rest, diet modification, medications, and procedures such as shunts or transplantation in severe cases.
This document discusses predisposing factors, pathogenesis, types, clinical features, complications, investigations, differential diagnosis, and management of gallstones. The main types are cholesterol stones, mixed stones, and pigment stones. Risk factors include obesity, female sex hormones, age, pregnancy, certain drugs, and diabetes. Gallstones can cause symptoms like biliary colic or be asymptomatic. Complications involve inflammation of the gallbladder or bile ducts. Treatment options are medical therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid for small cholesterol stones or laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
CRRT (continuous renal replacement therapy) involves using an extracorporeal circuit connected to the patient via catheters to slowly remove fluid and toxins over 24 hours, mimicking the function of the kidneys. It was developed for critically ill patients who cannot tolerate the fluid shifts of intermittent hemodialysis. CRRT uses a semipermeable membrane to filter fluids and small molecules from the blood based on hydrostatic pressure gradients. It provides more hemodynamic stability than intermittent hemodialysis and allows for better nutrition support by preventing fluid overload. CRRT is indicated for patients who cannot tolerate intermittent dialysis due to hemodynamic instability from their critical illness.
This document discusses malabsorption syndrome, which occurs when there is abnormal absorption of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract. It can be caused by digestive failures, structural defects, mucosal abnormalities, infections, or other systemic diseases affecting the GI tract. Common causes discussed include celiac disease, tropical sprue, Crohn's disease, short bowel syndrome, and bacterial overgrowth syndrome. Symptoms include diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, and nutrient deficiencies. Management involves replacing lost nutrients, treating any underlying causes, and making dietary modifications.
The patient, a 57-year-old woman, presented with right upper quadrant pain and tenderness and was found to have gallstones. Gallstones form when bile in the gallbladder becomes supersaturated, causing cholesterol and other substances to precipitate out into stones. Risk factors include female gender, multiparity, obesity, and genetics. Ultrasound confirmed the presence of gallstones and showed a thick-walled gallbladder, indicating cholecystitis. Treatment options include dissolving the stones medically, surgical removal by cholecystectomy, or nonsurgical methods such as lithotripsy to break up the stones.
1. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by multiple bilateral renal cysts and cysts in other organs caused by mutations in PKD1 and PKD2 genes.
2. The renal cysts enlarge over time, ultimately leading to renal failure in half of patients by age 60.
3. Treatment focuses on controlling blood pressure, treating infections, reducing pain, and delaying renal failure through medications such as ACE inhibitors or ARBs.
Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease characterized by scarring and damage to liver tissue. It is caused by repeated injury to the liver over many years from various factors like alcohol abuse, viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease. Signs and symptoms may include fatigue, bruising, jaundice, fluid accumulation and confusion. Complications arise due to impaired liver function and blood flow issues, leading to infections, malnutrition, and buildup of toxins. Nursing care involves assessing for complications, providing nutrition support, managing fluid overload, and patient education to prevent further liver damage.
Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver caused by long-term liver damage and inflammation. It is irreversible and can develop from conditions like hepatitis, alcoholism, and genetic disorders. As fibrosis worsens and liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue, it loses its normal structure and function. Late-stage cirrhosis complications include jaundice, ascites, bleeding, and liver failure. While cirrhosis cannot be cured, treatments focus on managing complications and underlying causes through lifestyle changes and medications. In some severe cases, liver transplantation may be required to survive.
The document outlines liver cirrhosis, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and prognosis. Specifically, it defines cirrhosis as serious scarring of the liver from conditions like hepatitis or alcohol abuse that impairs liver function. Common signs include abdominal swelling, bruising easily, and jaundice. While cirrhosis has no cure, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and complications through medications and lifestyle changes. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be required to survive.
The document provides an overview of renal and gastrointestinal systems. It describes the kidney's role in filtering blood and regulating homeostasis. The nephron is identified as the kidney's functional unit where filtration occurs. Other kidney functions include hormone release. The gastrointestinal system digests and processes food through mechanical movement, enzymes, acid and hormones. Specific sections of the GI tract are described including the stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Three case studies are presented and diagnoses of kidney stones, peptic ulcer, and diverticulitis are provided based on presented findings and symptoms.
The pancreas is a glandular organ that produces hormones and digestive enzymes. It is located behind the stomach and connected to nearby organs. Under a microscope, it contains clusters of endocrine cells that produce hormones like insulin and clusters of exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes. The enzymes help digest carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the small intestine. Diseases like chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and pancreatic cancer can impair the pancreas's functioning and cause digestive issues. Treatment involves enzyme supplements, diet changes, and surgery in some cases.
Nursing assessment and management of patients with hepatic disordersANILKUMAR BR
Liver or Hepatic disorders are common and may result from a virus or exposure to toxic substances such as alcohol.
Another liver disorder is cancer: hepatocellular carcinoma is a highly malignant tumor that is difficult to treat and often fatal.
Liver function is complex, and liver dysfunction affects all body systems.
For this reason, the nurse must understand how the liver functions and must have expert assessment and clinical management skills to care for patients undergoing complex diagnostic and treatment procedures.
The liver plays additional roles in detoxification of chemicals and synthesis and storage of important nutrients and The liver is especially important in the regulation of glucose and protein metabolism .
Cirrhosis is a slowly progressing disease where healthy liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue, preventing the liver from functioning properly. Common causes include hepatitis C, fatty liver, and alcohol abuse. Symptoms vary with severity but include fatigue, jaundice, abdominal swelling, and confusion. Complications involve bleeding, infection, kidney failure and liver failure. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, treating the underlying cause, and transplantation for severe cases. Daily drinking and family history of liver disease increase cirrhosis risk. Standard assessments can help predict patient outcomes.
1. Hepatology is the branch of medicine involving the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Diseases related to hepatitis viruses and alcohol are common reasons for consultation.
2. The liver performs many vital functions like breaking down red blood cells, storing glycogen, producing proteins and hormones, and detoxifying chemicals. Liver disease can result from cell damage, bile obstruction, fat accumulation, reduced blood flow, or infiltration by abnormal cells.
3. Dental treatment for patients with liver disease requires minimizing drugs metabolized by the liver like sedatives, using local anesthetics cautiously, and managing those with a history of viral hepatitis as potentially infectious.
The nursing diagnosis for a client with abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, and vomiting would be Fluid Volume Deficit.
The other situations listed do not necessarily indicate a nursing diagnosis on their own. Additional assessment would be needed.
This document provides an overview of liver diseases. It begins with an introduction to liver anatomy and functions. It then discusses signs and symptoms of liver problems. The main types of liver diseases covered are hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver diseases, and liver cancer. Diagnostic tests for liver function are also mentioned. The document concludes with some dietary recommendations for supporting liver health.
The document describes liver cirrhosis as a chronic disease resulting from long-term liver injury that causes cell destruction and scarring of the liver tissue, impairing blood flow and leading to hepatic insufficiency. Common causes of cirrhosis include alcohol intake, viral hepatitis, and metabolic diseases. The progression of cirrhosis can cause complications like ascites, jaundice, bleeding, and liver failure as healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue.
The document discusses the gastrointestinal (GI) system and common symptoms and signs of GI disorders. It describes the main organs that make up the GI system and their functions. Some common symptoms of GI disorders include abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, gas, nausea/vomiting, difficulty swallowing, heartburn, and bleeding in the GI tract. Common signs observed during physical examination include jaundice, breast enlargement in males, fluid accumulation in the abdomen, liver and spleen enlargement, and edema. The document provides a detailed overview of the GI system and signs and symptoms that may indicate an underlying GI disorder.
What is liver Cirrhosis?
Liver cirrhosis is a devastating condition affecting thousands of people every year. It is a condition that results from chronic alcohol consumption and has many other reasons behind it. Liver cirrhosis is an end-stage liver disease characterized by the deep scarring of the liver tissue. In this condition, the healthy liver tissue is replaced with damaged tissue leaving a permanent scar in the liver. The damaged liver tissue may keep your liver from functioning properly.
Also, various liver diseases and conditions injure the healthy liver cells and result in hepatocyte cell death and inflammation. This is followed by cell repair and, finally, tissue scarring due to the repair process.
The damaged/scarred tissue inhibits the blood flow towards the liver. It hampers its ability to digest and process the various nutrients, medications, hormones, and natural toxins (poisons) that we consume in our day to day life. The liver also plays a vital role in producing proteins and other substances, which may be hampered due to liver disease like liver cirrhosis. Liver Cirrhosis treatment, when not undertaken at the right time, can become a life-threatening disorder.
Liver Cirrhosis is one of the deadliest complications, which is caused by liver diseases. Irreversible scarring and loss of liver cells are involved in Liver Cirrhosis. The major causes of Liver Cirrhosis are consumption of alcohol and Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C as well. There can be other causes and diseases which may lead to cirrhosis of the liver.
Liver Cirrhosis
Symptoms Of Liver Cirrhosis
People in the initial stages may go through a feeling of weakness, and there might be a sudden loss in weight without any particular reason. In the later stages, the patients may have jaundice. The following are the symptoms that a person suffering from Liver Cirrhosis may have in different parts of the body:
Abdomen: There may be severe pain in the abdomen region, and veins around the belly button may get enlarged.
Gastrointestinal: There may be bleeding occurrences, and fluids may start to accumulate in the abdomen. There can be an excessive formation of gas. The Excretion of dark stool is also a visible symptom.
Skin: Skin may turn yellow along with swelling of blood vessels that can be visible through the skin.
Mind: It not only affects the body but the mind as well; you may go through nausea and may feel a sense of confusion all the time.
Whole Body: You may gain or lose weight unintentionally without doing anything about it. There can be breast enlargement, dark urine, breathlessness, itching, vomiting of blood, etc
Other Services
Endoscopy
Colonoscopy
ERCP
Sigmoidoscopy
Pancreatic Disease
Liver Cirrhosis Treatment in Chandigarh
How can I prevent cirrhosis of the liver?
Liver cirrhosis treatment involves many lifestyle and dietary modifications which needs to be followed along with the medical treatment. Some of the lifestyle modifications for liver cirrhosis treat
AHN-UNIT 1 PART I Electrolyte imbalance final.pptxnadiaali903926
The document provides information on disorders of the gastrointestinal system. It begins with an overview of the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It then discusses specific disorders such as stomatitis, oral cancer, and disorders of the salivary glands that affect the mouth. Disorders of the esophagus are also reviewed, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, hiatal hernia, achalasia, and esophageal cancer. Nursing management of these gastrointestinal disorders focuses on promoting oral hygiene, ensuring adequate nutrition, pain management, preventing infections, and providing patient education.
This document discusses various conditions related to the urinary system:
1. A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection that affects parts of the urinary tract and causes symptoms like frequent urination, pain during urination, and cloudy urine.
2. A Foley catheter is a tube inserted into the bladder to drain urine during situations like surgery when a patient is sedated, in a coma, incontinent, or has an enlarged prostate or acute urinary retention.
3. Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a progressive loss of kidney function over months or years that is detected by increased creatinine or protein in the urine and has stages from mild disease to end
Cirrhosis is a disease where healthy liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue due to conditions like alcohol abuse, hepatitis, and fatty liver disease. It prevents the liver from functioning properly. Symptoms range from fatigue to jaundice to fluid buildup in the abdomen. Treatment focuses on managing complications, stopping further damage, and transplantation in severe cases. Preventing liver damage from alcohol, medications, and infections can help avoid or delay cirrhosis progression.
The Liver
The liver cell type
Tissue composition
Histophysiology
Hepatocyte
Complications of The Liver
Liver Regeneration
Liver cirrhosis
Stem cell treatment of Cirrhosis
Symptoms of Liver Cirrhosis
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal tract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) consists of a hollow muscular tube
starting from the oral cavity, where food enters the mouth, continuing
through the pharynx, oesophagus, stomach and intestines to the rectum
and anus, where food is expelled.
Gastrointestinal physiology is the branch of human physiology that
addresses the physical function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The
function of the GI tract is to process ingested food by mechanical and
chemical means, extract nutrients and excrete waste products. The GI
tract is composed of the alimentary canal, that runs from the mouth to the
anus, as well as the associated glands, chemicals, hormones, and enzymes
that assist in digestion. The major processes that occur in the GI tract are:
motility, secretion, regulation, digestion and circulation. The proper
function and coordination of these processes are vital for maintaining
good health by providing for the effective digestion and uptake of
nutrients.
4. Anatomy and Physiology of the Liver
The liver is located in the upper right-hand portion of the abdominal
cavity, beneath the diaphragm, and on top of the stomach, right kidney,
and intestines. Shaped like a cone, the liver is a dark reddish-brown
organ that weighs about 3 pounds.
The liver is the storage location for fat-soluble vitamins and handles
cholesterol homeostasis. It stores iron and copper. It plays a role in
hematology with clotting factor and protein synthesis. The liver plays a
role in heme breakdown into unconjugated bilirubin and conjugates it.
6. Introduction of Liver Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis is scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by long-term liver
damage. The scar tissue prevents the liver working properly. Cirrhosis is
sometimes called end-stage liver disease because it happens after other
stages of damage from conditions that affect the liver, such as hepatitis,
viral infection, alcohol intake. Scarring leads to altered liver functions.
7. Definition of Liver Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis is complication of liver disease which involves loss of liver
cells and irreversible scaring of liver cells. It is a chronic disease
characterized by replacement of degenerative changes in normal liver
cells. Tissue with diffuse fibrosis and nodules that disturbs the
structure and function of liver. Also scar formation occurs due to
destroyed hepatocytes.
Hepatocytes.
The most common cells of the liver (making up roughly 90% of the
liver's cells) are called hepatocytes. They are all identical. These cells
carry out most of the functions which the liver performs.
11. Stages of Liver Cirrhosis
Stage 1
It is inflammation of liver, caused by immune system
reacting to a foreign substance, like toxins.
Stage 2
It is liver fibrosis or liver scarring, caused by chronic inflammation.
Stage 3
It is cirrhosis of liver, caused by severe liver scarring.
12. Types of Liver Cirrhosis
There are mainly four types.
1. Post necrotic cirrhosis.
Due to severe inflammation and massive necrosis of hepatocytes
cells.
2. Alcoholic cirrhosis.
It occurs due to excessive intake of alcohol that leads to
accumulation of fat in liver.
3. Biliary cirrhosis.
Due to biliary obstruction for long time and cholestasis(stoppage of
flow and growth).
4. Cardiac cirrhosis.
Main cause of this type is right side congestive heart failure.
13. Signs or Symptoms
Cirrhosis often has no signs or symptoms until liverdamage is
extensive. When signs and symptoms do occur, they may include:
1. Fatigue
2. Easily bleeding or bruising
3. Loss of appetite
4. Nausea
5. Swelling in your legs, feet or ankles (edema)
6. Weight loss
7. Itchy skin
14. Signs or Symptoms (CONT…)
8) Fluid accumulation in your abdomen (ascites)
9) Spiderlike blood vessels on your skin
10) Redness in the palms of the hands
11) For women, absent or loss of periods not related to menopause
12) For men, loss of sex drive, breast enlargement (gynecomastia)
or testicular atrophy
13) Confusion, drowsiness and slurred speech (hepatic
encephalopathy)
16. Nursing Diagnosis
Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnosis for the
patient are:
1) Activity intolerance related to fatigue
2) Lethargy, and malaise
3) Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements related to
abdominal distention and discomfort and anorexia.
17. Diagnostic Evaluation test for Liver
Cirrhosis
Tests to confirm a diagnosis of cirrhosis include:
1) a complete blood count (CBC).
2) liver enzyme.
3) liver function test .
4) electrolyte testing
5) screening for other health conditions such as hepatitis B and C
viruses.
6) USG for hepatomegaly.
7) a liver biopsy (FNAC- fine needle aspiration cytology).
18. Complications
Some major complications are.
1) Coagulopathies
2) Ascites
3) Peritonitis
4) Portal hypertension
5) Splenomegaly
6) Infection
7) Buildup of toxins in the brain (hepatic encephalopathy). A liver
damaged by cirrhosis isn't able to clear toxins from the blood as well as a
healthy liver can. These toxins can then build up in the brain.
19. Medical and Dietary Management
Medical management is based on presenting symptoms.
1) Antacids
2) Antiemetics
3) Vitamins(A, K, D) and nutritionasl supplements
4) Balanced diet
5) Avoidance of alcohol
6) Low liquid diet
7) Provide albumin containing fluid
20. Surgical Treatment
1. Band Ligation
Endoscopy is used to find the site of bleeding. A narrow tubewith
a camera on the end is inserted in the throat. A rubber band is
then used to tie off the bleeding part of the vein.
2. Liver Transplant
Exchange of liver with a donor.
3. Porta-Caval Shunt
A surgical technique in which hepatic portal vein is joined to inferior
vena cava.
21. Nursing Management
Nursing considerations in the cirrhotic patient are to avoid
infection and circulatory problems.
1) Take vitals sign 2 hourly and monitor intake output.
2) Foot side should be raised due to edema and ascites.
3) Measure and record abdominal girth every shift.
4) Monitor the patient closely for signs of hypovolemia.
5) Test any stool and emesis for blood.
6) Watch for signs of anxiety, restlessness and weakness.
22. Key points about cirrhosis
1) Cirrhosis is when scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue. This
stops the liver from working normally.
2) Cirrhosis is a long-term (chronic) liver disease.
3) The most common causes are hepatitis and other viruses, and
alcohol abuse. Other medical problems can also cause it.
4) The damage to the liver usually can’t be reversed.
5) The goal of treatment is to slow down the buildup of scar tissue
and prevent or treat any problems that happen.
6) In severe cases, you may need a liver transplant.
23. Overview of the following GIT Disorder
1. Disorders of mouth and esophagus
2. Disorders of stomach
3. Disorders of small and large intestine
4. Alteration in hepatobiliary system
24. 1. Disorders of mouth and esophagus
1) Stomatitis
2) Hiatal hernia
3) Gastro esophageal reflux disorder
25. 1. Stomatitis
Stomatitis is a sore or inflammation inside of the mouth. The sore can be
in the cheeks, gums, inside of the lips, or on the tongue.
Causes
The most common causes are: trauma from ill-fitting dentures or braces,
biting the inside of the cheek, tongue, or lip, and surgery. chemotherapy
treatment for cancer. viral infection, such as herpes.
26. Symptoms
Stomatitis often results in pain, stinging, and soreness. Each person may
experience different symptoms. These can include:
1) mouth ulcers with a white or yellow layer and red base, usually inside
the lips, cheek, or on the tongue
2) red patches
3) blisters
4) swelling
5) lesions that heal in 4-14 days and often recur
27. Nursing intervention
1) using an antiseptic and non-alcoholic mouthwash
2) treating chronic dry mouth
3) using a soft toothbrush
4) maintaining proper nutrition and hydration
5) receiving routine dental care
28. 2. Hiatal Hernia
A hiatal hernia occurs when part
of the stomach protrudes up into
the chest through the sheet of
muscle called the diaphragm. This
may result from a weakening of the
surrounding tissues and may be
aggravated by obesity and/or
smoking. The esophagus runs
through the diaphragm to the
stomach.
29. Hiatal Hernia Causes
Chronic coughing. Lifting heavy objects. Repetitive vomiting. Straining during
a bowel movement.
Symptoms
1) Heartburn.
2) Regurgitation of food or liquids into the mouth.
3) Backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus (acid reflux)
4) Difficulty swallowing.
5) Chest or abdominal pain.
6) Feeling full soon after you eat.
7) Shortness of breath.
8) Vomiting of blood or passing of black stools, which may indicate
gastrointestinal bleeding.
30. Nursing Interventions
Eating smaller meals to reduce stomach bulk. Avoiding stimulation of
gastric secretions by omitting caffeine and alcohol, which may intensify
symptoms. Refraining from smoking, which stimulates gastric acid
secretions. Avoiding fatty foods, which promote reflux and delay gastric
emptying.
32. Causes
Factors that can aggravate acid reflux include:
1) Smoking.
2) Eating large meals or eating late at night.
3) Eating certain foods (triggers) such as fatty or fried foods.
4) Drinking certain beverages, such as alcohol or coffee.
5) Taking certain medications, such as aspirin.
Nursing interventions
1) Improve nutrition.
2) Relieve pain.
3) Prevent aspiration.
4) Enforce health education.
5) Relieve anxiety.
6) Prevent injury.
34. 1. Gastritis
Gastritis is a Inflammation of the
lining of the stomach. The
inflammation of gastritis is most
often the result of infection with the
same bacterium that causes most
stomach ulcers or the regular use of
certain pain relievers.
35. Causes
The inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection with the
same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers or the regular use of certain
pain relievers. Drinking too much alcohol also can contribute to gastritis.
36. Nursing interventions
Taking antacids and other drugs (such as proton pump inhibitors or H-2
blockers) to reduce stomach acid. Avoiding hot and spicy foods. For
gastritis caused by H. pylori infection, so doctor will prescribe a regimen
of several antibiotics plus an acid blocking drug (used for heartburn).
37. 2. Gastric ulcer
Stomach ulcers (gastric ulcers)
are open sores that develop on the
lining of the stomach. Ulcers can
also occur in part of the intestine
just beyond the stomach. These are
called duodenal ulcers. Stomach
and duodenal ulcers are sometimes
called peptic ulcers. This
information applies to both.
39. Nursing interventions
Encourage patient to eat regular meals in a relaxed setting and to avoid
overeating. Explain that smoking may interfere with ulcer healing; refer
patient to programs to assist with smoking cessation. Alert patient to
signs and symptoms of complications to be reported.
40. 3. Disorders of small and large intestine
1. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
2. Intestinal Obstruction
41. 1.Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a
common disorder that affects the
stomach and intestines due to
anatomical contractions and
deformity of muscle layer, also
called the gastrointestinal tract.
Symptoms include cramping,
abdominal pain, bloating, gas, and
diarrhea or constipation, or both.
43. Nursing management of irritable bowel syndrome
Nursing Management
1) Eating a well balanced, high-fiber diet; avoiding gas-forming foods;
and avoiding fluid intake with meals because it causes abdominal
distention.
2) Adhering to a schedule of regular work and rest periods.
3) Participating in regular exercise, which reduces anxiety and
increases intestinal motility.
44. 2. Intestinal Obstruction
Intestinal obstruction is a blockage that
keeps food or liquid from passing through
your small intestine or large intestine
(colon).
Signs and symptoms of
intestinal obstruction include:
1) Crampy abdominal pain that comes and
goes.
2) Loss of appetite.
3) Constipation.
4) Vomiting.
5) Inability to have a bowel movement or pass
gas.
6) Swelling of the abdomen.
45. Causes of intestinal obstruction may include:
1) Adhesions or scar tissue that forms after surgery.
2) Foreign bodies (objects that are swallowed and block the
intestines)
3) Gallstones (rare)
4) Hernias.
5) Impacted stool.
6) Intussusception (telescoping of one segment of bowel into
another)
7) Tumors blocking the intestine
46.
47. 4. Alteration in hepatobiliary system
1) Pancreatitis
2) Cholecystitis
3) cholelithiasis
48. 1. Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the
pancreas. The pancreas is a long,
flat gland that sits tucked behind
the stomach in the upper abdomen.
The pancreas produces enzymes
that help digestion and hormones
that help regulate the way your body
processes sugar (glucose).
49. Causes & Symptoms
1) Gallstones.
2) Alcoholism.
3) Certain medications.
4) High triglyceride levels in the blood
(hypertriglyceridemia)
5) Pancreatic cancer.
6) Abdominal surgery.
7) Cystic fibrosis.
Symptoms
1) Upper abdominal pain.
2) Abdominal pain that radiates to
your back.
3) Tenderness when touching the
abdomen.
4) Fever.
5) Rapid pulse.
6) Nausea.
7) Vomiting.
50.
51. Cholecystitis & Cholelithiasis
Cholecystitis Cholelithias
Cholecystitis is when your
gallbladder is inflamed.
Gallbladder inflammation can be
caused by: Gallstones. Most
often, cholecystitis is the result of
hard particles that develop in
your gallbladder (gallstones).
Gallstones can block the tube
(cystic duct) through which bile
flows when it leaves the
gallbladder.
Cholelithiasis involves the presence of
gallstones, which are concretions that
form in the biliary tract, usually in the
gallbladder. Choledocholithiasis refers
to the presence of one or more
gallstones in the common bile duct
(CBD). Treatment of gallstones
depends on the stage of disease.
52. What are the five F's of gallbladder disease?
The five Fs were a mnemonic device that healthcare providers used in the
past to memorize common risk factors for gallbladder disease. The five Fs
were: fair, female, fat, fertile and 40. They were based on statistics,
but they are controversial today because they add up to a kind of stereotype.
53. Nursing Care Plans
Nursing care planning and management for patients with cholecystitis and
cholelithiasis include relieving pain and promoting rest, maintaining fluid
and electrolyte balance, preventing complications, and provision of
information about disease process, prognosis, and treatment.