The Liver The liver cell type Tissue composition Histophysiology Hepatocyte Complications of The Liver Liver Regeneration  Liver cirrhosis Stem cell treatment of Cirrhosis  Symptoms of Liver Cirrhosis

1. Astana Medical University
Kazakhstan (NJSC)
 SPECIALTY : GENERAL MEDICINE
 SUBJECT :HISTOLOGY
 Submitted TO : Kassimova B. E.
 Prepared By :MANDEEP SINGH
 COURSE : 2 year
 Group : 266

3. Content
 Introduction
 The Liver
 The liver cell type
 Tissue composition
 Histophysiology
 Hepatocyte
 Complications of The Liver
 Liver Regeneration
 Liver cirrhosis
 Stem cell treatment of Cirrhosis
 Symptoms of Liver Cirrhosis
mandeep singh

4. Introduction
 The liver (hepar) is the largest gland in the body. It occupies a
special position in it, receiving blood through the portal vein
system, flowing from the digestive tract and containing all the
nutrients absorbed in the intestine.
 These substances in the liver are accumulated, processed and
released into the blood along with the compounds newly
synthesized by it.
 At the same time, various toxic and biologically active
substances enter the liver from the intestine and the systemic
bloodstream, which are destroyed by it in the form of harmless
products and are excreted into bile containing, along with other
components, bile acids that are necessary for emulsification and
absorption of fats in the intestine.
 Thus, the liver is both an exocrine gland that secretes bile into
the intestine and an endocrine gland that secretes a number of
substances into the blood.
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5. The Liver
 The liver is a large, meaty organ
(weighs about 3 pounds) that sits on
the right side of the belly.
 Reddish-brown in color and feels
rubbery to the touch.
 You can't feel the liver, because it's
protected by the rib cage.
 The right and the left lobes.
 The gallbladder sits under the
liver
 Works with other organs to
digest, absorb, and process
food.
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7. Tissue composition
 The liver is a parenchymal
lobular organ.
 a capsule of dense fibrous
connective tissue (Glisson's
capsule)
 layers of loose fibrous
connective tissue that divide the
organ into lobules.
 Normally, in a person, the
interlobular loose fibrous
unformed connective tissue is
weakly expressed, as a result of
which the lobules are indistinctly
defined.
 With cirrhosis, there is a
thickening of the connective
tissue trabeculae.
 This series of hepatocytes in the area of ​​the gate of the liver is introduced into the
organ and accompanies the branching of the vessels (portal vein and hepatic artery).
 Immediately under the capsule lies one row of hepatocytes, forming the so-called
outer terminal plate.
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8. Histophysiology
 the organ, these hepatocytes lie on the periphery of the lobule,
in direct contact with the loose fibrous connective tissue in the
area of ​​the triads and separating the hepatocytes located
inside from the surrounding interlobular connective tissue.
 This single row of hepatocytes is called the inner terminal
plate.
 Through this plate, perforating it, blood vessels pass.
 The hepatocytes of the inner terminal plate differ from the other
hepatocytes of the lobule by a more pronounced basophilia of
the cytoplasm and smaller size.
 It is believed that the terminal plate contains cambial cells for
hepatocytes and epithelial cells of the intrahepatic bile ducts.
 In chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, the terminal plate can be
destroyed, which indicates the activity of these processes.
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9. Histophysiology
 Hepatocytes are cells of the
liver parenchyma in humans
and animals. Make up from
60% to 80% of the liver
mass.
 They have a polygonal
shape, one or more cores.
 Also, hepatocytes initiate
the process of bile
formation.
 Hepatocytes are stable
cells, that is, they have a
limited number of possible
divisions during the life of
each individual cell during
the regeneration of liver
damage.
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10. Hepatocyte
 Hepatocytes are the chief functional cells of the liver and perform an
astonishing number of metabolic, endocrine and secretory functions.
 Roughly 80% of the mass of the liver is contributed by hepatocytes.
 In three dimensions, hepatocytes are arranged in plates that anastomose
with one another.
 The cells are polygonal in shape and their sides can be in contact either
with sinusoids (sinusoidal face) or neighboring hepatocytes (lateral
faces).
 A portion of the lateral faces of hepatocytes is modified to form bile
canaliculi.
 Microvilli are present abundantly on the sinusoidal face and project
sparsely into bile canaliculi.
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11. Complications of The Liver
 Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, usually caused by viruses like hepatitis A, B, and C. causes
includes: heavy drinking, drugs, allergic reactions, or obesity.
 • Cirrhosis: Long-term damage to the liver from any cause can lead to permanent scarring,
called cirrhosis. The liver then becomes unable to function well.
 • Liver cancer: The most common type of liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, almost always
occurs after cirrhosis is present
 . • Liver failurae: Liver failure has many causes including infection, genetic diseases, and
excessive alcohol.
 • Ascites: As cirrhosis results, the liver leaks fluid (ascites) into the belly, which becomes
distended and heavy.
 • Gallstones: If a gallstone becomes stuck in the bile duct draining the liver, hepatitis and bile
duct infection (cholangitis) can result.
 • Hemochromatosis: Hemochromatosis allows iron to deposit in the liver, damaging it. The iron
also deposits throughout the body, causing multiple other health problems.
 • Primary sclerosing cholangitis: A rare disease with unknown causes, primary sclerosing
cholangitis causes inflammation and scarring in the bile ducts in the liver.
 • Primary biliary cirrhosis: In this rare disorder, an unclear process slowly destroys the bile
ducts in the liver. Permanent liver scarring (cirrhosis) eventually develops.
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12. Liver Regeneration
 The liver is one of the few organs capable of regaining its
original size even when only 25% of normal tissue is
retained.
 In fact, regeneration occurs, but very slowly, and the
rapid return of the liver to its original size occurs due to an
increase in the volume of the remaining cells
(hypertrophy).
 Thus, the liver has a high capacity for physiological and
reparative regeneration.
 In animals, when 50 to 70% of the liver tissue is removed,
its original mass is restored as early as 10-14 days.
 Regeneration processes occur through a compensatory
increase in cell size and multiplication of hepatocytes.
 Foods rich in carbohydrates and proteins stimulate liver
regeneration.
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13. mandeep singh

14. Liver cirrhosis
 The word cirrhosis comes from the
Greek kirrhos, which means orange or
tan color.
 Due to the death of liver cells under
the influence of various damaging
factors, normal liver tissue is replaced
by connective tissue with the formation
of nodes and restructuring of the entire
structure of the liver.
•Violation of the structure of the liver leads to a violation of all its functions. With
cirrhosis of the liver, there is a perverse regeneration of the liver tissue with an
incorrect arrangement of
•the vessels that form around the nodes of the cells; as a result, blood flow in
the organ is disrupted, which leads to the progression of the disease. Liver
cirrhosis is severe.
•irreversible disease, which is the final stage in the development of all chronic
inflammatory liver diseases.
•In the United States, the death rate from cirrhosis of the liver is 9, 1 per
100,000 population.
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15.  Liver Cirrhosis is a slowly progressing disease in which the injured and dead
liver cells leads to the formation of scars tissue inside the liver.
 Apart from this the alive liver cells divide and multiply in order to replace the
dead cells resulting in the formation of clusters of liver cells within the scar
tissue.
 Initially liver continues to function however, with the excess deposition of scar
tissue, the liver begins to fail. Due to which liver can no longer perform
important function.
 As per the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Liver cirrhosis is the 12th leading
cause of death in the United States. It mostly affects men as compared to
women.
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16. Stem Cells Therapy For Liver Cirrhosis
Cause of Liver cirrhosis Involve
• Alcohol consumption above the level,
• Obesity and Diabetes which results in fatty liver.
• Chronic Viral Infection- Hepatitis B, C & D.
• Blockage of bile duct due to condition known as primary biliary cirrhosis.
• Repeated feeling of heart failure and fluid retention in the liver.
• Reactions to drugs, parasitic infections or exposure to environmental
toxins. Certain Inherited disease also leads to cirrhosis, which include:
• Hemochromatosis – Excessive iron absorption and deposition in liver
and other organs.
• Wilson disease - Condition that occur due to abnormal copper deposition
in the liver.
• Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency - Caused due to absence of a specific
enzyme in the liver and thus results in Cirrhosis.
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17. Symptoms of Liver Cirrhosis
 Symptoms vary with the severity of the disease. In the early stages,
symptoms may not be present, however as the disease worsens with excess
scar deposition in the liver,
 symptoms include:- Loss of appetite
 • Fatigue
 • Bruises or nose bleeds
 • Yellowing of whites of eyes and skin known as Jaundice.
 • Fluid buildup in the legs (edema) and in abdomen called ascites.
 • Stronger effects of normal medicines (Vitamins and herbal supplements).
 • Portal hypertension– Increase in blood pressure in the vein entering liver.
 • Kidney problems or Kidney failure.
 • Confusion, disorientation, personality changes
 • Bowel system disorder
 • Fever