The document provides information on the structure and functions of the liver and pancreas. It discusses the liver's location, lobes, ligaments, vascular and biliary supply. The liver receives blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries. It secretes bile into canaliculi between hepatocytes. The bile ducts drain into the right and left hepatic ducts. The pancreas is also mentioned. The peritoneum and its derivatives are briefly introduced.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. Urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters into the muscular urinary bladder, which stores urine until emptying through the urethra. The urinary system works to eliminate waste from the body and maintain homeostasis.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers organs within. It has parietal and visceral layers. Folds of peritoneum like the mesentery, omenta, and ligaments suspend organs and allow passage of structures. The greater and lesser sacs are potential spaces within the peritoneal cavity. The lesser sac is posterior to the stomach and separated from the greater sac by the epiploic foramen. Folds like the mesentery provide blood supply to the intestines and omenta can seal infections and absorb fluid.
The document describes the process of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in embryonic development. Vasculogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from mesodermal blood islands, involving the differentiation of hemangioblasts into endothelial cells and blood cells. Angiogenesis is the formation of new vessels from existing ones. It also discusses the development of the heart, including the formation of the atrial and ventricular septa by fusion of endocardial cushions. The fetal circulatory system is described, which involves blood shunting from the right atrium to left via the foramen ovale and ductus venosus/arteriosus, allowing most blood to bypass the lungs. After birth, these fetal circulatory
Epithelial tissue forms the covering of all body surfaces, lines cavities and organs, and forms glands. It is composed of tightly packed cells with one free surface and no blood vessels that regenerate quickly. Epithelial tissue can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar in shape and simple, stratified, or pseudostratified in number of cell layers. Glandular epithelium secretes products through exocrine glands that can be classified by structure and secretions, such as merocrine, apocrine, or holocrine glands.
Epithelial tissues consist of cells organized to form protective barriers and enable secretion and absorption. There are two main types: simple epithelia with cells on a single basement membrane, and stratified epithelia with multiple cell layers. Simple epithelia can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar depending on cell shape. Stratified epithelia contain layers of cells and may or may not contain keratin. Epithelial tissues line surfaces and cavities throughout the body and glands, and perform critical barrier, protective, secretory and sensory functions through specialized cell types and arrangements.
This PowerPoint presentation details out the anatomy of the human digestive system. Their are general terminologies that involves the topic but over-all this work focuses on how digestion takes place in the human body. The details coming from this presentation are combined from four different and liable sources/references including Biology (Thomson Asian Edition). I can say that this presentation is brief and well-organized so I hope this could help you in your class or seminars. Thanks.
The document summarizes the histology of the digestive system. It describes the four main layers of the digestive tract (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa) and provides details on the histology of specific regions including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and ruminant stomach. It outlines the epithelial cell types, glands, and muscle layers present in each region.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. Urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters into the muscular urinary bladder, which stores urine until emptying through the urethra. The urinary system works to eliminate waste from the body and maintain homeostasis.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers organs within. It has parietal and visceral layers. Folds of peritoneum like the mesentery, omenta, and ligaments suspend organs and allow passage of structures. The greater and lesser sacs are potential spaces within the peritoneal cavity. The lesser sac is posterior to the stomach and separated from the greater sac by the epiploic foramen. Folds like the mesentery provide blood supply to the intestines and omenta can seal infections and absorb fluid.
The document describes the process of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in embryonic development. Vasculogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from mesodermal blood islands, involving the differentiation of hemangioblasts into endothelial cells and blood cells. Angiogenesis is the formation of new vessels from existing ones. It also discusses the development of the heart, including the formation of the atrial and ventricular septa by fusion of endocardial cushions. The fetal circulatory system is described, which involves blood shunting from the right atrium to left via the foramen ovale and ductus venosus/arteriosus, allowing most blood to bypass the lungs. After birth, these fetal circulatory
Epithelial tissue forms the covering of all body surfaces, lines cavities and organs, and forms glands. It is composed of tightly packed cells with one free surface and no blood vessels that regenerate quickly. Epithelial tissue can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar in shape and simple, stratified, or pseudostratified in number of cell layers. Glandular epithelium secretes products through exocrine glands that can be classified by structure and secretions, such as merocrine, apocrine, or holocrine glands.
Epithelial tissues consist of cells organized to form protective barriers and enable secretion and absorption. There are two main types: simple epithelia with cells on a single basement membrane, and stratified epithelia with multiple cell layers. Simple epithelia can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar depending on cell shape. Stratified epithelia contain layers of cells and may or may not contain keratin. Epithelial tissues line surfaces and cavities throughout the body and glands, and perform critical barrier, protective, secretory and sensory functions through specialized cell types and arrangements.
This PowerPoint presentation details out the anatomy of the human digestive system. Their are general terminologies that involves the topic but over-all this work focuses on how digestion takes place in the human body. The details coming from this presentation are combined from four different and liable sources/references including Biology (Thomson Asian Edition). I can say that this presentation is brief and well-organized so I hope this could help you in your class or seminars. Thanks.
The document summarizes the histology of the digestive system. It describes the four main layers of the digestive tract (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa) and provides details on the histology of specific regions including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and ruminant stomach. It outlines the epithelial cell types, glands, and muscle layers present in each region.
The document discusses the digestive system. It begins by describing the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) which starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It is about 10 meters long and includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. The document then provides details about the structures and functions of the oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. It describes the production of gastric juice and the three phases of gastric secretion: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases.
This document describes the histology of structures in the digestive system, including the tongue, salivary glands, and taste buds. The tongue contains four types of papillae - filiform, fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate - which vary in shape and presence of taste buds. There are three major salivary glands - parotid, submandibular, and sublingual. Each gland contains serous or mucous acini and a duct system to release secretions. Taste buds contain gustatory and supporting cells and detect different tastes.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. It describes the layers of blood vessels including the tunica intima, media, and externa. It explains the differences between arteries and veins, noting arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries are described as the smallest blood vessels that allow for gas and nutrient exchange. The pathways of systemic and pulmonary circulation are summarized.
The arterial system carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues, while the venous system returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Arteries are thick-walled vessels with three layers and carry blood under high pressure via elastic arteries, muscular arteries and arterioles. Veins are thin-walled vessels with valves to prevent backflow and return blood via large irregular veins to the heart. The function of arteries is to distribute blood through resistance vessels to capillaries for gas exchange, while veins drain and return blood via the action of venous valves and gravitational/muscular forces.
The document provides information about the digestive system. It discusses the organs of the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. It describes the functions of these organs, such as mechanical and chemical breakdown of food in the mouth, stomach and small intestine. Absorption of nutrients occurs primarily in the small intestine, while the large intestine absorbs water before waste is excreted through the rectum and anus. Glands like the liver, pancreas and salivary glands secrete enzymes and juices to aid in digestion. The six main processes of the digestive system are ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and excretion.
The human digestive system breaks down food through both mechanical and chemical digestion. Food is ingested and broken down mechanically by teeth and enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. In the stomach and small intestine, chemicals like acids and enzymes produced by the liver, pancreas, and intestines themselves further break down food into small molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas that produce digestive juices to break down proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
This document summarizes a lecture on the mammary gland given by Dr. Abdul Waheed Ansari. The lecture covers the gross anatomy, histology, development, and clinical importance of the breast. Specific learning outcomes include identifying the location and structure of the breast, distinguishing normal breast histology, analyzing lymphatic drainage, correlating development, and interpreting mammograms. The lecture discusses the location, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, development, histology of lactating and non-lactating breasts, and clinical significance including metastasis routes. Key clinical points are made about skin dimpling, cancer spread routes, and abnormal mammogram findings.
The small intestine is responsible for most digestion and absorption of nutrients. It is divided into three parts - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum contains Brunner's glands which secrete mucus to protect the lining and help regulate pH. It connects to the bile ducts and pancreas. The jejunum and ileum further digest food and absorb nutrients through fingerlike villi before waste passes to the large intestine.
Connective tissue - types of connective tissuemed zar
Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue type in the body. It binds and supports other tissues through its extracellular matrix composed of protein fibers, ground substance, and embedded cells. The main cell types are fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, and adipose cells. Connective tissue can be classified as loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, adipose tissue, elastic tissue, and hematopoietic tissue. It provides structure and support to organs and binds structures throughout the body.
The document describes the structure and layers of the digestive tract, with a focus on the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It notes that the digestive tract consists of four functional layers - the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia/serosa. It provides detailed information on the histological structure and cell types present in the mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It highlights key features such as the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus, gastric pits and glands of the stomach, and villi and crypts of the small intestine.
skeleton of human body, skeletal system of human body, skeleton anatomy, intr...Dr Shahid Alam
skeleton of human body, skeletal system of human body, skeleton anatomy, introduction to skeleton, axial skeleton, cranium, cranial bone mnemonic for cranial bone, bone of skeleton system, 206 bones by dr shahid alam, dr shahid, shahid alam, alam
The document summarizes the histology of the urinary system. It describes the key components - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It details the structures and functions of the kidneys, including nephrons, renal corpuscles, tubules, and vascular supply. It also outlines the passages of urine from the kidneys to storage in the bladder and voiding through the urethra.
The kidney is composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which contains the renal corpuscle and renal tubule. The renal corpuscle is located in the cortex and consists of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. The renal tubule contains the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule. The medulla contains only straight tubules like the loop of Henle and collecting ducts.
The document summarizes the key parts and processes of the human digestive system. It describes the breakdown of food through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Accessory organs like the liver, pancreas and salivary glands produce enzymes and juices to break down lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and other molecules into smaller components that can be absorbed and used by the body. The digestive system breaks food down, filters waste, and moves everything along through peristalsis until undigested waste is eliminated through defecation.
Histology (histology of mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum)Osama Al-Zahrani
This document summarizes the histology of several organs including the jejunum, stomach, tongue, esophagus, and submandibular salivary gland. The jejunum contains microvilli, villi, goblet cells, Paneth cells, and crypts of Lieberkühn and functions to highly absorb nutrients. The stomach contains gastric pits, mucous neck cells, peptic cells, and oxyntic cells that secrete gastric acid and digestive enzymes. The tongue contains fungiform, vallate, and filiform papillae that enable the sense of taste. The esophagus contains esophageal glands and ducts that facilitate food transport and protect the mucosa. The submand
This document provides an introduction to the topic of histology. It defines histology as the study of microscopic anatomy. The document outlines the hierarchy of structural organization in the body from atoms to organ systems. It explains that students learn histology in order to understand how cells and tissues are arranged and specialized to perform functions. Methods of learning histology include practical sessions examining tissue samples under microscopes as well as theoretical learning through multiple choice and short answer questions.
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body's cells. It has two main components: the gastrointestinal tract and several accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract runs from the mouth to the anus and includes the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Accessory organs that aid digestion include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Digestion is a multi-step process involving mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.
This document summarizes the physiology of the digestive system. It describes how digestion breaks down large food molecules into smaller components through mechanical and chemical processes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. The small intestine, through villi and microvilli, greatly increases the surface area for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Nutrients are then transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein or lymphatic system before entering general circulation to be used by the body's cells. Waste products not absorbed pass through the large intestine and are excreted.
This document provides information about the urinary and digestive systems and their organs located in the abdomen. It describes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra that make up the urinary system and their functions in filtering blood and excreting urine. It also outlines the parts of the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and associated organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It details the roles and internal and external features of these organs in ingestion, digestion, absorption and excretion of waste.
C:\documents and settings\user\desktop\gastrointestinal 0406 liverpdfMBBS IMS MSU
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the gastrointestinal system, with a focus on the liver, gallbladder, and biliary system. It describes the structure and connections of the liver, including its lobes, ligaments, and vascular supply. It then discusses the gallbladder, its attachment to the liver, blood supply, and structure. Finally, it details the biliary system, including the branching of the hepatic ducts, formation of the common bile duct, and termination of the bile and pancreatic ducts in the duodenum.
The accessory organs of the digestive system include the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The liver performs many vital functions including metabolic regulation, hematological regulation and bile production. It regulates nutrient levels, filters toxins, stores vitamins and produces plasma proteins and bile. The liver lobule is the basic functional unit, with hepatocytes arranged in plates around a central vein and sinusoids. Blood enters through the hepatic artery and portal vein and leaves through hepatic veins.
The document discusses the digestive system. It begins by describing the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) which starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It is about 10 meters long and includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. The document then provides details about the structures and functions of the oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. It describes the production of gastric juice and the three phases of gastric secretion: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases.
This document describes the histology of structures in the digestive system, including the tongue, salivary glands, and taste buds. The tongue contains four types of papillae - filiform, fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate - which vary in shape and presence of taste buds. There are three major salivary glands - parotid, submandibular, and sublingual. Each gland contains serous or mucous acini and a duct system to release secretions. Taste buds contain gustatory and supporting cells and detect different tastes.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. It describes the layers of blood vessels including the tunica intima, media, and externa. It explains the differences between arteries and veins, noting arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries are described as the smallest blood vessels that allow for gas and nutrient exchange. The pathways of systemic and pulmonary circulation are summarized.
The arterial system carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues, while the venous system returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Arteries are thick-walled vessels with three layers and carry blood under high pressure via elastic arteries, muscular arteries and arterioles. Veins are thin-walled vessels with valves to prevent backflow and return blood via large irregular veins to the heart. The function of arteries is to distribute blood through resistance vessels to capillaries for gas exchange, while veins drain and return blood via the action of venous valves and gravitational/muscular forces.
The document provides information about the digestive system. It discusses the organs of the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. It describes the functions of these organs, such as mechanical and chemical breakdown of food in the mouth, stomach and small intestine. Absorption of nutrients occurs primarily in the small intestine, while the large intestine absorbs water before waste is excreted through the rectum and anus. Glands like the liver, pancreas and salivary glands secrete enzymes and juices to aid in digestion. The six main processes of the digestive system are ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and excretion.
The human digestive system breaks down food through both mechanical and chemical digestion. Food is ingested and broken down mechanically by teeth and enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. In the stomach and small intestine, chemicals like acids and enzymes produced by the liver, pancreas, and intestines themselves further break down food into small molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas that produce digestive juices to break down proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
This document summarizes a lecture on the mammary gland given by Dr. Abdul Waheed Ansari. The lecture covers the gross anatomy, histology, development, and clinical importance of the breast. Specific learning outcomes include identifying the location and structure of the breast, distinguishing normal breast histology, analyzing lymphatic drainage, correlating development, and interpreting mammograms. The lecture discusses the location, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, development, histology of lactating and non-lactating breasts, and clinical significance including metastasis routes. Key clinical points are made about skin dimpling, cancer spread routes, and abnormal mammogram findings.
The small intestine is responsible for most digestion and absorption of nutrients. It is divided into three parts - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum contains Brunner's glands which secrete mucus to protect the lining and help regulate pH. It connects to the bile ducts and pancreas. The jejunum and ileum further digest food and absorb nutrients through fingerlike villi before waste passes to the large intestine.
Connective tissue - types of connective tissuemed zar
Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue type in the body. It binds and supports other tissues through its extracellular matrix composed of protein fibers, ground substance, and embedded cells. The main cell types are fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, and adipose cells. Connective tissue can be classified as loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, adipose tissue, elastic tissue, and hematopoietic tissue. It provides structure and support to organs and binds structures throughout the body.
The document describes the structure and layers of the digestive tract, with a focus on the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It notes that the digestive tract consists of four functional layers - the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia/serosa. It provides detailed information on the histological structure and cell types present in the mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It highlights key features such as the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus, gastric pits and glands of the stomach, and villi and crypts of the small intestine.
skeleton of human body, skeletal system of human body, skeleton anatomy, intr...Dr Shahid Alam
skeleton of human body, skeletal system of human body, skeleton anatomy, introduction to skeleton, axial skeleton, cranium, cranial bone mnemonic for cranial bone, bone of skeleton system, 206 bones by dr shahid alam, dr shahid, shahid alam, alam
The document summarizes the histology of the urinary system. It describes the key components - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It details the structures and functions of the kidneys, including nephrons, renal corpuscles, tubules, and vascular supply. It also outlines the passages of urine from the kidneys to storage in the bladder and voiding through the urethra.
The kidney is composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which contains the renal corpuscle and renal tubule. The renal corpuscle is located in the cortex and consists of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. The renal tubule contains the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule. The medulla contains only straight tubules like the loop of Henle and collecting ducts.
The document summarizes the key parts and processes of the human digestive system. It describes the breakdown of food through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Accessory organs like the liver, pancreas and salivary glands produce enzymes and juices to break down lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and other molecules into smaller components that can be absorbed and used by the body. The digestive system breaks food down, filters waste, and moves everything along through peristalsis until undigested waste is eliminated through defecation.
Histology (histology of mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum)Osama Al-Zahrani
This document summarizes the histology of several organs including the jejunum, stomach, tongue, esophagus, and submandibular salivary gland. The jejunum contains microvilli, villi, goblet cells, Paneth cells, and crypts of Lieberkühn and functions to highly absorb nutrients. The stomach contains gastric pits, mucous neck cells, peptic cells, and oxyntic cells that secrete gastric acid and digestive enzymes. The tongue contains fungiform, vallate, and filiform papillae that enable the sense of taste. The esophagus contains esophageal glands and ducts that facilitate food transport and protect the mucosa. The submand
This document provides an introduction to the topic of histology. It defines histology as the study of microscopic anatomy. The document outlines the hierarchy of structural organization in the body from atoms to organ systems. It explains that students learn histology in order to understand how cells and tissues are arranged and specialized to perform functions. Methods of learning histology include practical sessions examining tissue samples under microscopes as well as theoretical learning through multiple choice and short answer questions.
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body's cells. It has two main components: the gastrointestinal tract and several accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract runs from the mouth to the anus and includes the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Accessory organs that aid digestion include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Digestion is a multi-step process involving mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.
This document summarizes the physiology of the digestive system. It describes how digestion breaks down large food molecules into smaller components through mechanical and chemical processes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. The small intestine, through villi and microvilli, greatly increases the surface area for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Nutrients are then transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein or lymphatic system before entering general circulation to be used by the body's cells. Waste products not absorbed pass through the large intestine and are excreted.
This document provides information about the urinary and digestive systems and their organs located in the abdomen. It describes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra that make up the urinary system and their functions in filtering blood and excreting urine. It also outlines the parts of the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and associated organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It details the roles and internal and external features of these organs in ingestion, digestion, absorption and excretion of waste.
C:\documents and settings\user\desktop\gastrointestinal 0406 liverpdfMBBS IMS MSU
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the gastrointestinal system, with a focus on the liver, gallbladder, and biliary system. It describes the structure and connections of the liver, including its lobes, ligaments, and vascular supply. It then discusses the gallbladder, its attachment to the liver, blood supply, and structure. Finally, it details the biliary system, including the branching of the hepatic ducts, formation of the common bile duct, and termination of the bile and pancreatic ducts in the duodenum.
The accessory organs of the digestive system include the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The liver performs many vital functions including metabolic regulation, hematological regulation and bile production. It regulates nutrient levels, filters toxins, stores vitamins and produces plasma proteins and bile. The liver lobule is the basic functional unit, with hepatocytes arranged in plates around a central vein and sinusoids. Blood enters through the hepatic artery and portal vein and leaves through hepatic veins.
The liver is the largest gland in the body located under the right rib cage. It is divided into four lobes and has two surfaces - a diaphragmatic surface and a visceral surface. The porta hepatis contains the hepatic artery, portal vein and hepatic ducts. Blood flows into the liver through the hepatic artery and portal vein and exits through the hepatic veins. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. The biliary system consists of the hepatic ducts, cystic duct, common hepatic duct, gallbladder and common bile duct which empties into the duodenum.
The liver is the largest visceral organ located in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity. It performs over 200 essential functions including nutrient storage, breakdown of red blood cells, bile secretion, and synthesis of proteins and cholesterol. The liver receives blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery and drains into the hepatic veins. It is divided into four lobes and has both a diaphragmatic and visceral surface. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. Cirrhosis is a condition where the liver develops scar tissue due to chronic damage.
The document provides detailed information on the anatomy of the liver based on CT imaging. It describes the liver's location, lobes and segments. It discusses the liver's vasculature including the hepatic artery, portal vein and hepatic veins. It also describes the bile ducts and variants. The document outlines the CT appearance of the liver in different phases following contrast administration and the technique for CT liver volumetry.
The liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts make up the hepatobiliary system. The liver is the largest organ located in the right upper abdomen. It has two surfaces and receives 80% of its blood supply from the portal vein. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile before it is released into the small intestine. Bile ducts drain bile from the liver and gallbladder and include the right and left hepatic ducts which join to form the common hepatic duct and eventually the common bile duct. Variations can occur in the anatomy of these structures. Ultrasound is useful for evaluating the normal anatomy and identifying any abnormalities.
1.Antomy and physiology of liver by worku.pptxGoldGetnet
The liver has complex anatomy and vasculature. It is divided into 4 lobes and 8 segments based on blood supply. The liver receives dual blood supply from the hepatic artery and portal vein. It has 3 major functions - metabolism, protein synthesis, and bile production. The bile duct drains bile from the liver into the small intestine.
The document summarizes CT anatomy of the liver in 3 sentences:
The liver is the largest abdominal organ, surrounded by Glisson's capsule. It has five surfaces and is divided into four sectors by structures forming an "H" on its inferior surface. The liver has eight functionally independent segments based on its vascular inflow, outflow and biliary drainage.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. It describes the characteristics, lobes, surfaces, ligaments, vasculature including arteries, veins and lymphatics, and imaging appearance of the liver. For the gallbladder, it discusses the anatomy including relations, arterial blood supply, venous and lymphatic drainage, and the cystic duct. Finally, it outlines the parts, location, blood supply including arteries and veins, ducts, lymphatic drainage and imaging of the pancreas.
To define the hepatobiliary system
To outline the embryological development and congenital anomalies of the hepatobiliary system.
To describe the gross anatomy and histology of the hepatobiliary system.
To outline the clinical anomalies associated with the hepatobiliary system
Composed of the liver and the bile ducts.
Mainly concerned with formation, transport, concentration and secretion of bile.
Bile is produced by the liver and transported by the bile ducts into the small intestines
Liver is the largest internal organ of the body weighing about 1500g in adults. It occupies the right hypochondrium and extends into the epigastrium and left hypochondrium .
The liver is the largest solid organ located in the upper right abdomen. It performs hundreds of vital functions including removing toxins from the blood, maintaining blood sugar levels, and regulating blood clotting. The liver receives 20% of its blood supply from the hepatic artery and 80% from the portal vein. It is divided into four lobes and has five surfaces. The liver plays a crucial role in metabolism and detoxification.
The liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen are described. The liver is the largest gland and has many functions including bile production, carbohydrate and fat metabolism, and vitamin processing. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile from the liver. The pancreas produces enzymes and hormones to aid digestion. The spleen filters blood and stores blood cells. All four organs have specific locations, blood supply from the hepatic and splenic arteries, and drainage into the portal vein and lymphatics.
This document provides information on abdominal ultrasound indications and liver anatomy and segmentation. It discusses common reasons for abdominal ultrasound exams, including abdominal pain, jaundice, and liver or gallbladder abnormalities. It then details Couinaud's classification of liver segmentation, which divides the liver into eight functionally independent segments based on vascular supply and drainage. Each segment is examined using ultrasound, with descriptions of imaging views and anatomical landmarks to identify the different segments.
1) The liver document provides an overview of the anatomy of the liver, its surfaces, ligaments, segments, vasculature including the hepatic veins, arteries and portal vein.
2) It describes the variations that can occur in the extrahepatic vasculature and the implications for surgery.
3) Surgical procedures like cholecystectomy and hepatectomy are discussed in the context of the relevant anatomy and how variations can impact the surgery.
The liver is the largest gland in the body. It is located in the right hypochondrium and performs many essential functions including bile production, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification, and vitamin storage. The liver has four lobes - right, left, caudate, and quadrate. It receives blood from the hepatic artery and portal vein and drains into the hepatic veins. The ligaments that connect the liver include the falciform, coronary, and ligamentum teres.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF LIVER AND GALL BLADDERJyothiK38
The liver lies in the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. It has four lobes and weighs about 1.5 kg. Its functions include metabolic regulation and bile production. The liver receives blood from the hepatic artery and portal vein and drains into the hepatic veins and inferior vena cava. It is covered by peritoneum and connected to other structures by ligaments. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.
The gastrointestinal system consists of the tubular digestive tract and accessory digestive glands. The tract extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), large intestine, rectum and anal canal. Accessory glands include the salivary glands, liver and pancreas. The anterior abdominal wall has layers of skin, fascia and muscles including the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles. It receives blood supply from branches of the intercostal, subcostal and femoral arteries and drains into the superior and inferior vena cava.
The document discusses the anatomy of the liver. It notes that the liver is the largest gland in the body, located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It has both endocrine and exocrine functions, and performs many metabolic activities related to nutrition, hemostasis, and the immune system. The liver secretes bile and stores glycogen. It receives around 20% of its blood supply from the hepatic artery and 80% from the portal vein. The liver has 8 segments and is drained by the hepatic veins. It is supplied by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The document outlines the liver's shape, size, blood supply, drainage and clinical applications.
Liver and extra hepatic biliary apparatus.pptxSundip Charmode
The document provides information about the liver including its shape, weight, position, surfaces, borders, lobes, ligaments, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and clinical significance. It discusses the gallbladder, cystic duct, common hepatic duct, and common bile duct which make up the extrahepatic biliary apparatus. The document describes the anatomy and relations of these structures in detail.
Similar to L2.11 liver pancreas peritoneum pdf (20)
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
1. Liver, pancreas: structure, topography and their
functions. Peritoneum and its derivatives.
Senior Teacher:
Ignatyeva Anastassiya
2. Lecture Plan
• The structure of the liver, gall bladder.
• Topography of the liver.
• Ligaments of the liver.
• Segmental structure of the liver.
• The structure of the pancreas.
• Peritoneum.
5. The Liver
• The liver is a reddish brown gland located
immediately inferior to the diaphragm, filling
most of the right hypochondriac and
epigastric regions.
• It is the body’s largest gland, weighing about
1.4 kg (3 pounds).
6. Gross Anatomy of the liver
• The liver is enclosed in a fibrous capsule and,
external to this, most of it is covered by serosa.
• The serosa is absent from the bare area
where its superior surface is attached to the
diaphragm.
• Surfaces of the liver include:
• a diaphragmatic surface in the anterior, superior,
and posterior directions, and
• a visceral surface in the inferior direction
7. Diaphragmatic surface of the liver
• The diaphragmatic surface of the liver, which
is smooth and domed, lies against the inferior
surface of the diaphragm.
• Associated with it are the subphrenic and
hepatorenal recesses.
9. The subphrenic recess
• The subphrenic recess separates the
diaphragmatic surface of the liver from the
diaphragm and is divided into right and left
areas by the falciform ligament, a structure
derived from the ventral mesentery in the
embryo.
10. The hepatorenal recess
• The hepatorenal recess is a part of the
peritoneal cavity on the right side between
the liver and the right kidney and right
suprarenal gland.
• The subphrenic and hepatorenal recesses are
continuous anteriorly
12. Visceral surface
• The visceral surface of the liver is covered with
visceral peritoneum except in the fossa for the
gallbladder and at the porta hepatis (gateway to
the liver).
• The porta hepatis serves as the point of entry
into the liver for the hepatic arteries and the
portal vein, and the exit point for the hepatic
ducts
13. Structures related to visceral surface
• esophagus
• right anterior part of the stomach
• superior part of the duodenum
• lesser omentum
• gallbladder
• right colic flexure
• right transverse colon
• right kidney
• right suprarenal gland.
16. Associated ligaments
• The liver is attached to the anterior abdominal
wall by the falciform ligament and, except for
a small area of the liver against the diaphragm
(the bare area), the liver is almost completely
surrounded by visceral peritoneum
17. Associated ligaments
• Superiorly, the falciform ligament forks into
right and left coronary ligaments, which
suspend the liver from the diaphragm.
• The round ligament (ligamentum teres),
visible anteriorly at the lower end of the
falciform, is a fibrous remnant of the umbilical
vein, which carries blood from the umbilical
cord to the liver of a fetus.
19. Gross Anatomy of the liver
• The liver is superficially subdivided into the
right, left, quadrate, and caudate lobes.
• From an anterior view, we see only the large
right lobe and smaller left lobe.
• They are separated from each other by the
falciform ligament, a sheet of mesentery that
attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal
wall.
23. Gross Anatomy of the liver
• From the inferior view, we also see a squarish anterior quadrate
lobe next to the gallbladder and a tail-like caudate lobe posterior to
that.
• An irregular opening between these lobes, the porta hepatis, is a
point of entry for the hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries and a
point of exit for the bile passages.
• All of these blood vessels and bile passages travel in the lesser
omentum. The gallbladder adheres to a depression on the inferior
surface of the liver between the right and quadrate lobes.
• The posterior aspect of the liver has a deep groove (sulcus)
occupied by the inferior vena cava
29. Lobes
• The liver is divided into right and left lobes by
fossae for the gallbladder and the inferior vena
cava.
• The right lobe of liver is the largest lobe, whereas
the left lobe of liver is smaller.
• The quadrate and caudate lobes are described as
arising from the right lobe of liver, but
functionally are distinct.
30. Lobes
• The quadrate lobe is visible on the anterior part of
the visceral surface of the liver and is bounded on the
left by the fissure for ligamentum teres and on the
right by the fossa for the gallbladder. Functionally it is
related to the left lobe of the liver.
• The caudate lobe is visible on the posterior part of
the visceral surface of the liver. It is bounded on the
left by the fissure for the ligamentum venosum and on
the right by the groove for the inferior vena cava.
Functionally, it is separate from the right and the left
lobes of the liver
31. Division of the liver into segments
(Couinaud’s segments)
• The liver is divided by the principal plane, which divides the organ into
halves of approximately equal size. This imaginary line is defned by a
parasagittal line that passes through the gallbladder fossa to the inferior
vena cava. It is in this plane that the middle hepatic vein is found.
Importantly, the principal plane divides the left half of the liver from the
right half. The lobes of the liver are unequal in size and bear only little
relevance to operative anatomy.
• The traditional eight segment anatomy of the liver relates to the hepatic
arterial, portal, and biliary drainage of these segments. The caudate lobe
is defned as segment I, the remaining segments are numbered in a
clockwise fashion up to segment VIII. The features are extremely
consistent among individuals. From a surgical perspective a right
hepatectomy would involve division of the liver in the principal plane
in which segments V, VI, VII, and VIII would be removed, leaving segments
I, II, III, and IV.
33. Microscopic Anatomy
• The interior of the liver is filled with an enormous number of tiny
cylinders called hepatic lobules, about 2 mm long by 1 mm in
diameter.
• A lobule consists of a central vein passing down its core,
surrounded by radiating sheets of cuboidal cells called hepatocytes.
• Each plate of hepatocytes is an epithelium one or two cells thick.
The spaces between the plates are blood-filled channels called
hepatic sinusoids.
• The sinusoids are lined by a fenestrated endothelium that separates
the hepatocytes from the blood cells, but allows blood plasma into
the space between the hepatocytes and endothelium. The
hepatocytes have a brush border of microvilli that project into this
space.
35. Microscopic Anatomy
• After a meal, as blood from the intestines circulates
through the hepatic sinusoids, the hepatocytes rapidly
remove glucose, amino acids, iron, vitamins, and other
nutrients for metabolism or storage.
• They also remove and degrade hormones, toxins, bile
pigments, and drugs.
• Conversely, they secrete albumin, lipoproteins, clotting
factors, glucose, and other products into the blood.
• The sinusoids also contain phagocytic cells called
hepatic macrophages, which remove bacteria and
debris from the blood
36. Microscopic Anatomy
• The hepatocytes secrete bile into narrow channels, the bile
canaliculi, between the cell plates within each lobule. Bile passes
from there into the small bile ductules between lobules. These
ductules lead ultimately to the right and left hepatic ducts, which
exit the inferior surface of the liver at the porta hepatis.
• The hepatic lobules are separated by a sparse connective tissue
stroma. In cross sections, the stroma is especially visible in the
triangular areas where three or more lobules meet. Here, there is
often a hepatic triad of two blood vessels and a bile ductule. The
blood vessels are small branches of the hepatic arteries and hepatic
portal vein
40. Circulation
• The liver receives blood from two sources: about 70% from the hepatic portal vein
and 30% from the hepatic arteries.
• The hepatic portal vein receives blood from veins of the stomach, intestines,
pancreas, and spleen, and carries it into the liver at the porta hepatis.
• All nutrients absorbed by the small intestine reach the liver by this route except for
lipids (transported in the lymphatic system).
• Arterial blood bound for the liver exits the aorta at the celiac trunk and follows the
route: celiac trunk → common hepatic artery → hepatic artery proper → right and
left hepatic arteries, which enter the liver at the porta.
• These arteries deliver oxygen and other materials to the liver. Branches of the
hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries meet each other in the spaces between
the liver lobules and both drain into the liver sinusoids. Hence, there is an unusual
mixing of venous and arterial blood in the sinusoids.
• After processing by the hepatocytes, the blood collects in the central vein at the
core of the lobule. Blood from the central veins ultimately converges in three
hepatic veins that exit the superior surface of the liver and empty into the nearby
inferior vena cava.
41. The arterial supply to the liver
• the right hepatic artery from the hepatic
artery proper (a branch of the common
hepatic artery from the celiac trunk), and
• the left hepatic artery from the hepatic artery
proper (a branch of the common hepatic
artery from the celiac trunk).
47. The Gallbladder and Bile Passages
• Since the only digestive role of the liver is bile secretion, we
will further trace the flow of bile through organs associated
with the liver.
• The most conspicuous of these is the gallbladder, a
pearshaped sac on the underside of the liver that serves to
store and concentrate the bile. It is about 10 cm long and
internally lined by a highly folded mucosa with a simple
columnar epithelium.
• Its head (fundus) usually projects slightly beyond the
inferior margin of the liver. Its neck (cervix) leads into the
cystic duct, through which bile enters and leaves the
gallbladder.
48. The Gallbladder and Bile Passages
• When the two hepatic ducts leave the porta hepatis, they converge
almost immediately to form the common hepatic duct.
• This duct goes only a short distance before joining the cystic duct; it
then becomes the bile duct, which descends through the lesser
omentum to the duodenum.
• The bile duct and main pancreatic duct both approach the major
duodenal papilla. Usually, just before emptying into the duodenum,
the two ducts join each other and form an expanded chamber
called the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
• A muscular hepatopancreatic sphincter regulates the release of
bile and pancreatic juice from the ampulla into the duodenum
52. The Bile
• Bile is a green fluid containing minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats,
phospholipids, bile pigments, and bile acids.
• The principal pigment is bilirubin, derived from the decomposition
of hemoglobin. Bacteria of the large intestine metabolize bilirubin
to urobilinogen, which is responsible for the brown color of feces.
• In the absence of bile secretion, the feces are grayish white and
marked with streaks of undigested fat (acholic feces).
• Bile acids (bile salts) are steroids synthesized from cholesterol. Bile
acids and lecithin, a phospholipid, emulsify fat— breaking globules
of dietary fat into smaller droplets with more surface area exposed
to enzyme action. Emulsification greatly enhances the efficiency of
fat digestion.
54. The Pancreas
• Most digestion is carried out by pancreatic enzymes.
• The pancreas is a spongy digestive gland posterior to the
greater curvature of the stomach. It is about 15 cm long
and divided into a globose head encircled on the right by
the duodenum; a midportion called the body; and a blunt,
tapered tail on the left near the spleen.
• It has a very thin connective tissue capsule and a nodular
surface. It is retroperitoneal; its anterior surface is covered
by parietal peritoneum, whereas its posterior surface
contacts the aorta, left kidney, left adrenal gland, and other
viscera on the posterior body wall.
55. The Pancreas
• The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. Its endocrine part is the
pancreatic islets, which secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon. Islets are most
concentrated in the pancreatic tail. Ninety-nine percent of the pancreas is exocrine
tissue, which secretes enzymes and sodium bicarbonate. The exocrine pancreas is
a compound tubuloacinar gland—that is, it has a system of branching ducts whose
finest branches end in sacs of secretory cells, the acini. The cells of the acini exhibit
a high density of rough ER and zymogen granules, which are vesicles filled with
secretion.
• The smaller ducts converge on a main pancreatic duct, which runs lengthwise
through the middle of the gland and joins the bile duct at the hepatopancreatic
ampulla. Usually, there is a smaller accessory pancreatic duct that branches from
the main pancreatic duct and opens independently into the duodenum at the
minor duodenal papilla, proximal to the major papilla. The accessory duct
bypasses the hepatopancreatic sphincter and allows pancreatic juice to be
released into the duodenum even when bile is not.
59. The Pancreas
• The pancreas secretes 1,200 to 1,500 mL of
pancreatic juice per day.
• This fluid is an alkaline mixture of water,
sodium bicarbonate, other electrolytes,
enzymes, and zymogens.
• Zymogens are inactive precursors of enzymes
that are activated after they are secreted.
61. The arterial supply to the pancreas
• gastroduodenal artery from the common hepatic artery (a branch of the celiac
trunk),
• anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery from the gastroduodenal artery,
• posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery from the gastroduodenal artery,
• dorsal pancreatic artery from the inferior pancreatic artery (a branch of the splenic
artery),
• great pancreatic artery from the inferior pancreatic artery (a branch of the splenic
artery),
• dorsal pancreatic and greater pancreatic arteries (branches of the splenic artery),
• anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery from the inferior
pancreaticoduodenal artery (a branch of the superior mesenteric artery), and
• posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery from the inferior
pancreaticoduodenal artery (a branch of the superior mesenteric artery).
63. The peritoneum
• The peritoneum is a continuous, glistening, and slippery
transparent serous membrane.
• It lines the abdominopelvic cavity and invests the viscera.
• The peritoneum consists of two continuous layers: the
parietal peritoneum, which lines the internal surface of the
abdominopelvic wall, and the visceral peritoneum, which
invests viscera such as the stomach and intestines.
• Both layers of peritoneum consist of mesothelium, a layer
of simple squamous epithelial cells.
64. The parietal peritoneum
• The parietal peritoneum is served by the same blood
and lymphatic vasculature and the same somatic nerve
supply, as is the region of the wall it lines.
• Like the overlying skin, the peritoneum lining the
interior of the body wall is sensitive to pressure, pain,
heat and cold, and laceration.
• Pain from the parietal peritoneum is generally well
localized, except for that on the inferior surface of the
central part of the diaphragm, where innervation is
provided by the phrenic nerves; irritation here is often
referred to the C3–C5 dermatomes over the shoulder
66. The visceral peritoneum
• The visceral peritoneum and the organs it covers are
served by the same blood and lymphatic vasculature and
visceral nerve supply. The visceral peritoneum is insensitive
to touch, heat and cold, and laceration; it is stimulated
primarily by stretching and chemical irritation.
• The pain produced is poorly localized, being referred to the
dermatomes of the spinal ganglia providing the sensory
fibers, particularly to midline portions of these
dermatomes.
• Consequently, pain from foregut derivatives is usually
experienced in the epigastric region, that from midgut
derivatives in the umbilical region, and that from hindgut
derivatives in the pubic region
67. The relationship of the viscera to the
peritoneum
• The peritoneum and viscera are in the abdominopelvic cavity. The
relationship of the viscera to the peritoneum is as follows:
• Intraperitoneal organs are almost completely covered with visceral
peritoneum (e.g., the stomach and spleen). Intraperitoneal in this case
does not mean inside the peritoneal cavity (although the term is used
clinically for substances injected into this cavity). Intraperitoneal organs
have conceptually, if not literally, invaginated into the closed sac, like
pressing your fist into an inflated baloon.
• Extraperitoneal, retroperitoneal, and subperitoneal organs are also
outside the peritoneal cavity—external to the parietal peritoneum—and
are only partially covered with peritoneum (usually on just one surface).
Retroperitoneal organs such as the kidneys are between the parietal
peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall and have parietal
peritoneum only on their anterior surfaces (often with a variable amount
of intervening fat). Similarly, the subperitoneal urinary bladder has
parietal peritoneum only on its superior surface.
68. The peritoneal cavity
• The peritoneal cavity is within the abdominal cavity
and continues inferiorly into the pelvic cavity.
• The peritoneal cavity is a potential space of capillary
thinness between the parietal and visceral layers of
peritoneum.
• It contains no organs but contains a thin film of
peritoneal fluid, which is composed of water,
electrolytes, and other substances derived from
interstitial fluid in adjacent tissues.
69. The peritoneal cavity
• Peritoneal fluid lubricates the peritoneal surfaces, enabling
the viscera to move over each other without friction, and
allowing the movements of digestion.
• In addition to lubricating the surfaces of the viscera, the
peritoneal fluid contains leukocytes and antibodies that
resist infection. Lymphatic vessels, particularly on the
inferior surface of the constantly active diaphragm, absorb
the peritoneal fluid. The peritoneal cavity is completely
closed in males.
• However, there is a communication pathway in females to
the exterior of the body through the uterine tubes, uterine
cavity, and vagina. This communication constitutes a
potential pathway of infection from the exterior.
71. Peritoneal Formations
• The peritoneal cavity has a complex shape. Some of the
facts relating to this include the following:
• The peritoneal cavity houses a great length of gut, most
of which is covered with peritoneum.
• Extensive continuities are required between the parietal
and visceral peritoneum to convey the necessary
neurovascular structures from the body wall to the viscera.
• Although the volume of the abdominal cavity is a fraction
of the body’s volume, the parietal and visceral peritoneum
lining the peritoneal cavity within it have a much greater
surface area than the body’s outer surface (skin); therefore,
the peritoneum is highly convoluted.
72. A mesentery
• A mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum that
occurs as a result of the invagination of the peritoneum
by an organ and constitutes a continuity of the visceral
and parietal peritoneum.
• It provides a means for neurovascular communications
between the organ and the body wall.
• A mesentery connects an intraperitoneal organ to the
body wall—usually the posterior abdominal wall (e.g.,
mesentery of the small intestine).
75. The small intestine mesentery
• The small intestine mesentery is usually referred
to simply as “the mesentery”; however,
mesenteries related to other specific parts of the
alimentary tract are named accordingly—for
example, the transverse and sigmoid mesocolons,
mesoesophagus, mesogastrium, and
mesoappendix.
• Mesenteries have a core of connective tissue
containing blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves,
lymph nodes, and fat
78. An omentum
• An omentum is a double-layered extension or fold of peritoneum
that passes from the stomach and proximal part of the duodenum
to adjacent organs in the abdominal cavity.
• The greater omentum is a prominent, four-layered peritoneal fold
that hangs down like an apron from the greater curvature of the
stomach and the proximal part of the duodenum. After descending,
it folds back and attaches to the anterior surface of the transverse
colon and its mesentery.
• The lesser omentum is a much smaller, double-layered peritoneal
fold that connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the
proximal part of the duodenum to the liver. It also connects the
stomach to a triad of structures that run between the duodenum
and liver in the free edge of the lesser omentum
82. A peritoneal ligament
• A peritoneal ligament consists of a double layer of peritoneum that
connects an organ with another organ or to the abdominal wall.
The liver is connected to the:
• Anterior abdominal wall by the falciform ligament.
• Stomach by the hepatogastric ligament, the membranous portion
of the lesser omentum.
• Duodenum by the hepatoduodenal ligament, the thickened free
edge of the lesser omentum, which conducts the portal triad: portal
vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct.
• The hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments are continuous
parts of the lesser omentum and are separated only for descriptive
convenience.
83. The stomach is connected to the:
• • Inferior surface of the diaphragm by the
gastrophrenic ligament.
• Spleen by the gastrosplenic ligament, which
reflects to the hilum of the spleen.
• Transverse colon by the gastrocolic
ligament, the apron-like part of the greater
omentum, which descends from the greater
curvature, turns under, and then ascends to
the transverse colon.
84. A peritoneal ligament
• All these structures have a continuous attachment along
the greater curvature of the stomach, and are all part of
the greater omentum, separated only for descriptive
purposes.
• Although intraperitoneal organs may be almost entirely
covered with visceral peritoneum, every organ must have
an area that is not covered to allow the entrance or exit
of neurovascular structures.
• Such areas are called bare areas, formed in relation to the
attachments of the peritoneal formations to the organs,
including mesenteries, omenta, and ligaments that convey
the neurovascular structures
85. A peritoneal fold
• A peritoneal fold is a reflection of peritoneum
that is raised from the body wall by underlying
blood vessels, ducts, and ligaments formed by
obliterated fetal vessels (e.g., the umbilical folds
on the internal surface of the anterolateral
abdominal wall).
• Some peritoneal folds contain blood vessels and
bleed if cut, such as the lateral umbilical folds,
which contain the inferior epigastric arteries
88. A peritoneal recess
• A peritoneal recess, or fossa, is a pouch of
peritoneum that is formed by a peritoneal fold
(e.g., the inferior recess of the omental bursa
between the layers of the greater omentum,
and the supravesical and umbilical fossae
between the umbilical folds)
89. Subdivisions of Peritoneal Cavity
• After the rotation and development of the
greater curvature of the stomach during
development, the peritoneal cavity is divided into
the greater and lesser peritoneal sacs.
• The greater sac is the main and larger part of
the peritoneal cavity. A surgical incision through
the anterolateral abdominal wall enters the
greater sac.
• The omental bursa (lesser sac) lies posterior to
the stomach and lesser omentum
91. The transverse mesocolon
• The transverse mesocolon (mesentery of the transverse
colon) divides the abdominal cavity into a supracolic
compartment, containing the stomach, liver, and spleen,
and an infracolic compartment, containing the small
intestine and ascending and descending colon.
• The infracolic compartment lies posterior to the greater
omentum and is divided into right and left infracolic spaces
by themesentery of the small intestine.
• Free communication occurs between the supracolic and the
infracolic compartments through the paracolic
gutters, the grooves between the lateral aspect of the
ascending or descending colon and the posterolateral
abdominal wall.
92. The omental bursa
• The omental bursa is an extensive sac-like cavity that lies posterior
to the stomach, lesser omentum, and adjacent structures.
• The omental bursa has a superior recess, limited superiorly by the
diaphragm and the posterior layers of the coronary ligament of the
liver, and an inferior recess between the superior parts of the layers
of the greater omentum.
• The omental bursa permits free movement of the stomach on the
structures posterior and inferior to it because the anterior and
posterior walls of the omental bursa slide smoothly over each
other. Most of the inferior recess of the bursa becomes sealed off
from the main part posterior to the stomach after adhesion of the
anterior and posterior layers of the greater omentum
96. The omental foramen
• The omental bursa communicates with the greater sac through the
omental foramen (epiploic foramen), an opening situated posterior to the
free edge of the lesser omentum (hepatoduodenal ligament).
• The omental foramen can be located by running a finger along the
gallbladder to the free edge of the lesser omentum. The omental foramen
usually admits two fingers.
• The boundaries of the omental foramen are
• Anteriorly: the hepatoduodenal ligament (free edge of lesser omentum),
containing the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct
• Posteriorly: the IVC and a muscular band, the right crus of the diaphragm,
covered anteriorly with parietal peritoneum. (They are retroperitoneal.)
• Superiorly: the liver, covered with visceral peritoneum.
• Inferiorly: the superior or fi rst part of the duodenum.