Working draft symposium 3B presentation at AMEE 2018 ... and longer version at https://www.slideshare.net/dnrgohps/what-is-known-from-the-literature-about-the-pedagogy-of-vr-and-ar-109537135

1. What is known from the literature about
the pedagogy of VR and AR
Dr Poh-Sun Goh
Associate Professor and Senior Consultant
Department of Diagnostic Radiology
National University of Singapore (NUS) and National University Health System
Associate Member
Center for Medical Education, NUS
Short Version

2. Why before What, and How
Pedagogy, Literature/Evidence
before (iterative) selection of Tech

3. Learning – How
Content – Engagement – Outcomes
Transfer to Practice

4. Illustrations
Analogies

5. Improved academic performance, increase in students’ engagement, motivation, and satisfaction …
limitations of technical thresholds, design considerations and small sample size
Saltan, F., & Arslan, Ö.
(2017)
Learning gains and motivation … (review of 55 studies) better learning performance and promoting learning
motivation … deeper student engagement, improved perceived enjoyment, and positive attitudes of AR
Chen P., Liu X., Cheng W.,
Huang R. (2017)
Both VR and AR as effective teaching tools, where student learning is as successful as with tablet-based
applications … adverse effects such as blurred-vision and disorientation with VR … relatively large portion of
students also reported “difficulty concentrating” across all three learning modes (tablet, VR, AR) … increased
student engagement, interactivity and enjoyment with VR and AR
Moro, C., Štromberga, Z.,
Raikos, A. and Stirling, A.
(2017)
Cognitive Information Processing Theory … Dual Coding Theory … Social Learning Theory … Communities of
Practice Theory … game-based learning theory, place-based learning, participatory simulations, problem-based
learning, role playing, studio-based pedagogy, and jigsaw method theory etc.
Bitter, Gary. (2014)
Learners can accept AR as a learning technology, and that AR can improve the learning effect by acquisition of
skills and knowledge, understanding of spatial relationships and medical concepts, enhancing learning retention
and performance on cognitive psychomotor tasks, providing material in a convenient and timely manner that
shortens the learning curve, giving subjective attractiveness, and simulating authentic experiences … decreased
amount of practice needed, reduced failure rate, improved performance accuracy, accelerated learning,
shortened learning curve, easier to capture learner’s attention, better understanding of spatial relationships,
provided experiences with new kinds of authentic science inquiry and improved assessment of trainees ... Lack
of learning theories to guide the design of AR. Of the included papers, 80% did not clearly describe which kind
of learning theory was used to guide design or application of AR in healthcare education …
Zhu, E., Hadadgar, A.,
Masiello, I., & Zary, N.
(2014)
First understand the type of learning experiences and therefore pedagogies that are sought, following by asking
the question as to what type of technology can enable that … a powerful technology combined with a strong
pedagogy is a recipe for advanced teaching and learning …
Groff, J. (2013)