The document discusses the benefits of using Linux for running PostgreSQL databases, highlighting its active community support, performance features, and overall stability. It covers various technical aspects such as CPU scheduling, virtual memory management, and file systems, providing advice on optimizing configurations for PostgreSQL. The presentation emphasizes the importance of adapting Linux for specific workloads and suggests a testing methodology for performance improvements.

2. About
PostgreSQL DBA.
Linux system administrator.
PostgreSQL-Consulting.com:
● 24/7 support.
● Audit, performance optimizations.
● Consulting and Training.
● Monitoring and Emergency.
● Capacity planning.
Slides: https://goo.gl/awmZ2H

3. Agenda
RDBMS on Linux, why?
Databases and Resources.
OS subsystems.
CPU, Process scheduling, Power saving policies.
Memory, VM, NUMA, Huge pages.
Storage, File Systems, Input/Output.
Other misc.

4. Why Linux?
Linux is a good choice:
● Active development & Community support.
● A lot of features & Fast implementation.
● Stable & Mature & Durable.

5. Databases & Resources
Concurrency
Query speed
Sort, group, hash,...
OS page cache
DB buffer pool
Local process cache
DB data files
Transaction Log
Cold start
CPU Memory
Storage

6. Databases & Resources
CPU Scheduling
NUMA
Power Saving
Virtual Memory
NUMA
Huge Pages
File Systems
Storage I/O
CPU Memory
Storage

7. Resources
CPU scheduler.
Virtual memory and NUMA.
Huge pages.
File systems.
Storage IO.
Power saving policy.
Others.

8. CPU scheduling
CPU scheduler responsible for proper processes planning:
Sysctl:
● kernel.sched_migration_cost_ns = 5000000 (default: 500000).
● kernel.sched_autogroup_enabled = 0 (default: 1).
http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/50E4AAB1.9040902@optionshouse.com
http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_38#head-59575a6aeafa38490226a560ee02de89829a5b20

9. CPU scheduling
CPU scheduler responsible for proper processes planning:
Sysctl:
● kernel.sched_migration_cost_ns = 5000000 (default: 500000).
● kernel.sched_autogroup_enabled = 0 (default: 1).
http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/50E4AAB1.9040902@optionshouse.com
http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_38#head-59575a6aeafa38490226a560ee02de89829a5b20
Be aware on Ubuntu: 12.04 #1055222 and 14.04 #1422016.
Use noautogroup kernel param instead of sysctl.conf.

10. Virtual Memory
What is it?
Allocator, Caching, Dirty pages and Writeback.

11. Virtual Memory

12. Virtual Memory
Sysctl:
vm.dirty_background_ratio & vm.dirty_ratio = disable it.
vm.dirty_background_bytes & vm.dirty_bytes = depends on ...
RAID cache size, 64MB/128MB otherwise

13. Virtual Memory
Out-of-memory & OOM-Killer
Sysctl: vm.swappiness = 1 (default: 60)

14. NUMA
S — Socket C — CPU core M — Memory bank

15. NUMA
BIOS: enable memory node interleaving.
Kernel boot: numa=off.
numactl utility.
Sysctl:
● vm.zone_reclaim_mode = 0 (default: 0).
● kernel.numa_balancing = 0 (default: 0).

16. Huge Pages
Huge pages vs. Transparent huge pages.
Huge pages are supported by many RDBMS.
Always disable transparent huge pages.

17. Huge Pages
Huge pages vs. Transparent huge pages.
Huge pages are supported by many RDBMS.
Always disable transparent huge pages.
/etc/rc.local:
● echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
● echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag

18. Filesystems
Ext3 vs Ext4 vs XFS: what is better?
Filesystem Barriers.

19. Filesystems
Ext3 vs Ext4 vs XFS: what is better?
Filesystem Barriers.
Disable Write Cache:
● hdparm -W0 /dev/device
● MegaCli64 -LDSetProp -DisDskCache -Lall -aALL

20. Filesystems
Ext3 vs Ext4 vs XFS: what is better?
Filesystem Barriers.
Disable Write Cache:
● hdparm -W0 /dev/device
● MegaCli64 -LDSetProp -DisDskCache -Lall -aALL
Hardware RAID + BBU = barrier=0 (disable).
Software RAID = barrier=1 (enable).

21. Filesystems
Ext3 vs Ext4 vs XFS: what is better?
Filesystem Barriers.
Disable Write Cache:
● hdparm -W0 /dev/device
● MegaCli64 -LDSetProp -DisDskCache -Lall -aALL
Hardware RAID + BBU = barrier=0 (disable).
Software RAID = barrier=1 (enable).
Enterprise SSD with Power Loss Protection = barrier=0 (disable).

22. Storage IO
SATA/SAS vs SSD.
IO elevators.

23. Storage IO
SATA/SAS vs SSD.
IO elevators:
● noop: SSD, PCIe SSD, hi-end storages.
● deadline: RAID, SATA/SAS.
● cfq: good default.
● none (multi-queue block IO): SSD, PCIe SSD.

24. Storage IO
SATA/SAS vs SSD.
IO elevators:
● noop: SSD, PCIe SSD, hi-end storages.
● deadline: RAID, SATA/SAS.
● cfq: good default.
● none (multi-queue block IO): SSD, PCIe SSD.
# echo 'elevator_name' > /sys/block/<device>/queue/scheduler
kernel boot: elevator=<name>
/sys/block/*/queue/: rotational, rq_affinity, read_ahead_kb

25. Power Saving Policy
Drivers: acpi_cpufreq vs. intel_pstate.
scaling_governor.

26. Power Saving Policy
Drivers: acpi_cpufreq vs. intel_pstate.
scaling_governor:
● /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuX/cpufreq/scaling_available_governors
● /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuX/cpufreq/scaling_governor

27. Power Saving Policy
Drivers: acpi_cpufreq vs. intel_pstate.
scaling_governor:
● /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuX/cpufreq/scaling_available_governors
● /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuX/cpufreq/scaling_governor
acpi_cpufreq + performance.
intel_pstate + powersave.

28. Misc: Clocksources
What is clocksource?
acpi_pm vs. hpet vs. tsc.
/sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/available_clocksource.
/sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/current_clocksource.

29. Summary
Linux is a good choice for RDBMS:
Modern, Universal, Flexible, Stable.
Adapt Linux for your workloads.
Test → Change → Test → Commit/Rollback.

30. Questions?
Alexey Lesovsky
lesovsky@pgco.me
PostgreSQL-Consulting.com: Data maintenance at its best
https://postgresql-consulting.com