This tutorial explains about linked List concept. it contains types of linked list also. All possible graphical representations are included for better understanding.
Linked list
Advantages and disadvantages
Types of linked lists
Singly linked list
Doubly linked list
Header linked lists
Applications of linked list
Algorithm to search a value
Example of LinkedList
Algorithm for inserting a node
single link list
Applications of Arrays
data in continuous memory
queues
stacks
beginning of a linked list
traversing a linked list
Algorithm for traversing
Grounded header linked list
Circular Header linked list
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Linked Lists: Introduction Linked lists
Representation of linked list
operations on linked list
Comparison of Linked Lists with Arrays and Dynamic Arrays
Types of Linked Lists and operations-Circular Single Linked List, Double Linked List, Circular Double Linked List
Linked list
Advantages and disadvantages
Types of linked lists
Singly linked list
Doubly linked list
Header linked lists
Applications of linked list
Algorithm to search a value
Example of LinkedList
Algorithm for inserting a node
single link list
Applications of Arrays
data in continuous memory
queues
stacks
beginning of a linked list
traversing a linked list
Algorithm for traversing
Grounded header linked list
Circular Header linked list
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Linked Lists: Introduction Linked lists
Representation of linked list
operations on linked list
Comparison of Linked Lists with Arrays and Dynamic Arrays
Types of Linked Lists and operations-Circular Single Linked List, Double Linked List, Circular Double Linked List
This is a presentation on Linked Lists, one of the most important topics on Data Structures and algorithms. Anyone who is new to DSA or wants to have a theoretical understanding of the same can refer to it :D
Traversal is a process to visit all the nodes of a tree and may print their values too. Because, all nodes are connected via edges (links) we always start from the root (head) node. That is, we cannot randomly access a node in a tree.
a. Concept and Definition✓
b. Inserting and Deleting nodes ✓
c. Linked implementation of a stack (PUSH/POP) ✓
d. Linked implementation of a queue (Insert/Remove) ✓
e. Circular List
• Stack as a circular list (PUSH/POP) ✓
• Queue as a circular list (Insert/Remove) ✓
f. Doubly Linked List (Insert/Remove) ✓
For more course related material:
https://github.com/ashim888/dataStructureAndAlgorithm/
Personal blog
www.ashimlamichhane.com.np
Binary search works on sorted arrays. Binary search begins by comparing an element in the middle of the array with the target value. If the target value matches the element, its position in the array is returned. If the target value is less than the element, the search continues in the lower half of the array.
This presentation is useful to study about data structure and topic is Binary Tree Traversal. This is also useful to make a presentation about Binary Tree Traversal.
This is a presentation on Linked Lists, one of the most important topics on Data Structures and algorithms. Anyone who is new to DSA or wants to have a theoretical understanding of the same can refer to it :D
Traversal is a process to visit all the nodes of a tree and may print their values too. Because, all nodes are connected via edges (links) we always start from the root (head) node. That is, we cannot randomly access a node in a tree.
a. Concept and Definition✓
b. Inserting and Deleting nodes ✓
c. Linked implementation of a stack (PUSH/POP) ✓
d. Linked implementation of a queue (Insert/Remove) ✓
e. Circular List
• Stack as a circular list (PUSH/POP) ✓
• Queue as a circular list (Insert/Remove) ✓
f. Doubly Linked List (Insert/Remove) ✓
For more course related material:
https://github.com/ashim888/dataStructureAndAlgorithm/
Personal blog
www.ashimlamichhane.com.np
Binary search works on sorted arrays. Binary search begins by comparing an element in the middle of the array with the target value. If the target value matches the element, its position in the array is returned. If the target value is less than the element, the search continues in the lower half of the array.
This presentation is useful to study about data structure and topic is Binary Tree Traversal. This is also useful to make a presentation about Binary Tree Traversal.
Static arrays are structures whose size is fixed at compile time and.pdfanjanacottonmills
Static arrays are structures whose size is fixed at compile time and therefore cannot be extended
or reduced to fit the data set. A dynamic array can be extended by doubling the size but there is
overhead associated with the operation of copying old data and freeing the memory associated
with the old data structure. One potential problem of using arrays for storing data is that arrays
require a contiguous block of memory which may not be available, if the requested contiguous
block is too large. However the advantages of using arrays are that each element in the array can
be accessed very efficiently using an index. However, for applications that can be better
managed without using contiguous memory we define a concept called “linked lists”.
A linked list is a collection of objects linked together by references from one object to another
object. By convention these objects are named as nodes. So the basic linked list is collection of
nodes where each node contains one or more data fields AND a reference to the next node. The
last node points to a NULL reference to indicate the end of the list.
Types of Linked Lists
Linked lists are widely used in many applications because of the flexibility it provides. Unlike
arrays that are dynamically assigned, linked lists do not require memory from a contiguous
block. This makes it very appealing to store data in a linked list, when the data set is large or
device (eg: PDA) has limited memory. One of the disadvantages of linked lists is that they are
not random accessed like arrays. To find information in a linked list one must start from the head
of the list and traverse the list sequentially until it finds (or not find) the node. Another advantage
of linked lists over arrays is that when a node is inserted or deleted, there is no need to “adjust”
the array.
There are few different types of linked lists. A singly linked list as described above provides
access to the list from the head node. Traversal is allowed only one way and there is no going
back. A doubly linked list is a list that has two references, one to the next node and another to
previous node. Doubly linked list also starts from head node, but provide access both ways. That
is one can traverse forward or backward from any node. A multilinked list (see figures 1 & 2) is
a more general linked list with multiple links from nodes. For examples, we can define a Node
that has two references, age pointer and a name pointer. With this structure it is possible to
maintain a single list, where if we follow the name pointer we can traverse the list in alphabetical
order of names and if we traverse the age pointer, we can traverse the list sorted by ages. This
type of node organization may be useful for maintaining a customer list in a bank where same
list can be traversed in any order (name, age, or any other criteria) based on the need.
Designing the Node of a Linked List
Linked list is a collection of linked nodes. A node is a struct with at least a.
SIT221 Data Structures and Algorithms Trimester 2, 2019 .docxedgar6wallace88877
SIT221 Data Structures and Algorithms Trimester 2, 2019
1
Practical Task 5.1
(Pass Task)
Submission deadline: 10:00am Monday, August 26
Discussion deadline: 10:00am Saturday, September 14
General Instructions
The objective of this task is to study implementation of a Doubly Linked List, a generic data structure capable
to maintain an arbitrary number of data elements and support various standard operations to read, write,
and delete data. Compared to other popular data structures, linked list like data structures offer a number
of advantages with respect to time complexity and practical application. For example, where an array‐based
data structure, such as a simple list (or a vector), requires a contiguous memory location to store data, a
linked list may record new data elements anywhere in the memory. This is achievable by encapsulation of a
payload (the user’s data record) into a node, then connecting nodes into a sequence via memory references
(also known as links). Because of this, a linked list is not restricted in size and new nodes can be added
increasing the size of the list to any extent. Furthermore, it is allowed to use the first free and available
memory location with only a single overhead step of storing the address of memory location in the previous
node of a linked list. This makes insertion and removal operations in a linked list of a constant 1 time;
that is, as fast as possible. Remember that these operations generally run in a linear n time in an array
since memory locations are consecutive and fixed.
A doubly linked list outperforms a singly linked list achieving better runtime for deletion of a given data node
as it enables traversing the sequence of nodes in both directions, i.e. from starting to end and as well as from
end to starting. For a given a node, it is always possible to reach the previous node; this is what a singly linked
list does not permit. However, these benefits come at the cost of extra memory consumption since one
additional variable is required to implement a link to previous node. In the case of a simpler singly linked list,
just one link is used to refer to the next node. However, traversing is then possible in one direction only, from
the head of a linked list to its end.
1. To start, follow the link below and explore the functionality of the LinkedList<T> generic class available
within the Microsoft .NET Framework.
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en‐au/library/he2s3bh7(v=vs.110).aspx.
Because some operations that you are asked to develop in this task are similar to those in the
LinkedList<T>, you may refer to the existing description of the class to get more insights about how your
own code should work.
2. Explore the source code attached to this task. Create a new Microsoft Visual Studio project and import
the DoublyLinkedList.cs file. This file contains a template of the DoublyLinkedList<T> class. The objective
of the task i.
Chart and graphs in R programming language CHANDAN KUMAR
This slide contains basics of charts and graphs in R programming language. I also focused on practical knowledge so I tried to give maximum example to understand the concepts.
The RAID stands for "Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks" or "Redundant Array of Independent Disks") is a virtualization technology for data storage that incorporates multiple components of physical disc drives into one or more logical units for data replication, performance enhancement or both purposes.
This presentation helps to understand about RAID technology, working, types and different standard levels with their advantages and disadvantages.
This presentation focus on the basic concept of pointers. so that students can easily understand. it also contains basic operations performed by pointer variables and implementation using c language.
In this article, different types of sorting algorithms like the bubble sort, selection sort, etc are discussed. The working method, implementation using C language, and time complexity of different algorithms are also discussed.
Searching is an extremely fascinating and useful computer science technique. It helps to find the desired object with its location and number of occurrences. The presentation includes the basic principles, algorithms and c-language implementation.
This presentation focus on the optimization problem-solving method i.e. greedy method. It also included a basic definition, components of the algorithm, effective steps, general algorithm, and applications.
This is a very important type of algorithm paradigm which is mostly used to solve any kind of problems like sorting ( merge sort, quick sort), binary search, Tower of Hanoi, etc.
An array is a very important derived data type in the C programming language. This presentation contains basic things about arrays like definition, initialization, their types, and examples.
loops play a vital role in any programming language, they allow the programmer to write more readable and effective code. The looping concept also allows us to reduce the number of lines.
This tutorial helps beginners to understand, how a variety of if statements help in decision making in c programming. It also contains flow charts and illustrations to improve comprehension
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Prepared By:
Dr. Chandan Kumar
Assistant Professor, Computer Science & Engineering Department
Invertis University, Bareilly
2. Introduction
A linked list is a linear data structure which is used to store
a collection of elements.
Each element in a linked list is represented by node.
It is a best example of dynamic data structure that uses
pointer for the implementation
Each node contain two parts
Data part or info part - which is used to store the element
Link part or address part- which is used to stores the link to
the next node.
Node
Data Link
3. Introduction
Linked list require more memory compare to array for
the same size of the elements because along with data
or value it also store pointer to next node.
It is the most common and simplest data structure.
They can be used to implement other data structure
like stack and queue etc.
Finally, we can say that a linked list is a set of
dynamically allocated nodes, organized in
such a way that each node has a value and a pointer.
4. Introduction
Arrays and Linked Lists are both linear data structures
so they do have some advantages and drawbacks over
each other.
Now let us look at the difference between arrays and
linked list.
5. Arrays Vs Linked List
Arrays Linked Lists
Collection of elements of
similar data type
Support random access using
indexing
Best suitable for fixed size
elements implementation
Insertion and deletion of
elements are inefficient i.e.
elements are usually shifted
An ordered collection of
elements of the same type
where each element is
linked using pointers to the
next one.
Doesn’t support random
access
Support Dynamic size
Insertion and deletion of
elements are efficient i.e. no
shifting
6. Arrays Vs Linked List
Arrays Linked Lists
Memory is allocated
statically or compile time
Wastage of memory if the
allocated memory is not fully
utilized
Data elements are stored in
computer memory in
contiguous location; so access
is faster
Size must be specified at the
time of array declaration
Memory is allocated
dynamically or run time
There is no wastage of memory
New elements can be stored
anywhere, and use pointers
to create a reference for the
new element; so access is slow
Size of a Linked list
grows/shrinks as and when new
elements are inserted/deleted.
7. Types of Linked List
There are two types of linked list
Single or Singly linked list (SLL)
Single Circular Linked List
Double or Doubly linked list (DLL)
Double Circular Linked List
8. Singly Linked List (SLL)
This is a fundamental type of linked list
Each node has two part
Data or info part- contain actual value or information
Next or link part – contain pointer or address of the next node
Last node contain NULL value in link part which indicated
end of the node
Traversing is allowed only in forward direction
It uses less memory as compare to doubly linked list per
node ( Single pointer)
9. Singly Linked List (SLL)
Complexity of insertion and deletion at a known
position is O(n)
We prefer SLL If we need to save memory and
searching is not required
Singly linked list can mostly be used for stacks
10. Singly Linked List (SLL)
For Example
The above figure shows a singly linked list. The first node
is always used as a reference to traverse the list and is
called HEAD. The last node points to NULL.
11.
12. Singly Linked List (SLL)
A Singly linked list can be implemented in C
programming langauge using the structure and
the pointer.
struct LinkedList
{
int data;
struct LinkedList *next;
};
This definition is used to build
every node in the list.
The data field stores the element,
and the next field is a pointer to
store the next node's address.
13. Implementation of SLL in C language
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
struct node
{
int value;
struct node *next;
}*a,*b,*c;
clrscr();
a->value=5;
b->value=6;
c->value=7;
14. Implementation of SLL in C language
a->next=b;
b->next=c;
c->next=NULL;
printf("nNode an value=%d and Next =%u",a->value,a->next);
printf("nNode bn value=%d and next =%u",a->next->value,a-
>next->next);
printf("nNode cn value=%d and next=%u",a->next->next-
>value,a->next->next->next);
getch();
}
16. Single Circular Linked List
Each node has two parts like SLL
No beginning and No end
Does not contain NULL pointer like SLL
Last node is connected to first node i.e. link part of last
node contain address of first node
Traversing allowed only in forward direction
Time saving when we want to go from last node to first
node
A good example where it is used is a timesharing
problem solved by operating system
18. Doubly Linked List (DLL)
Each node has three parts, one data part and two link
part
Data part contain actual value
One link part contain next pointer to point next node
Another link part contain previous pointer to point
previous node
19. Doubly Linked List (DLL)
// C language to represent a node for DLL
struct node
{
int info;
struct node *next;
struct node *prev;
};
20. Doubly Linked List (DLL)
Traversing is possible in both directions i.e. forward and
backward directions
Required more memory as compare to SLL for the same
size ( two pointers required)
Previous link part value of first node and next link part
value of last node has value NULL
Complexity of insertion and deletion at a known position is
O(1)
We prefer DLL If we need better performance while
searching and memory is not a limitation
Can be used to implement stacks, heaps, binary trees
22. Doubly Circular Linked List
Each node has three parts like DLL
No beginning and No end
Does not contain NULL pointer like DLL
First node is connected to the last node and Last node is
connected to first node i.e. previous pointer of the first
node contain address of last node and next pointer of last
node contain address of first node
Traversing allowed in both directions i.e. forward and
backward directions
Time saving when we want to go from last node to first
node and vice versa
24. Operation performed on Linked List
The operations which can be performed on a linked list
follow:
1. Creation
2. Insertion
3. Deletion
4. Traversing
5. Searching
6. Concatenation
7. Display
25. Creation
This operation is used to create a linked list
Memory allocated for nodes
Creating first node
head = (node*) malloc (sizeof(node));
head -> data = 50;
head -> next = NULL;
26. Insertion
Used to insert a new node in the linked list
Insertion take place at different places such as
At beginning of the linked list
At the end of the linked list
At specified position i.e. between any two nodes
Inserting a node is a more than one step activity
Created node must be in same structure
27. Insertion
At beginning of the linked list
Here we want to add Node X
Before inserting Node X
29. Insertion
At the end of the linked list
Here we want to add Node X
Before inserting Node X
30. Insertion
After inserting Node X
next pointer of Node D pointes to new Node X and the
value of next pointer of Node D becomes NULL
31. Insertion
At specified position i.e. between any two nodes
Here we want to add Node X between Node B and Node C
Before inserting Node X
32. Insertion
After inserting Node X
Here, next pointer of Node B pointes to new Node X and next
pointer of Node X pointes to Node C
33. Deletion
Used to delete a node from the list
Deletion take place at different places such as similarly
insertion operation
From beginning of the linked list
From the end of the linked list
From specified position i.e. between any two nodes
Deleting a node is a more than one step activity
34. Deletion
Here we want to delete third node i.e. Node C from the
linked list
Next pointer of node B points to Node D
Similarly other deletion process will be done
35. Traversing
It is a process of examine all nodes of linked list i.e.
one end to the other end
Recursive function is used to traverse a linked list in a
reverse order
Going through first node to last node is called forward
traversing
Going through last node to first node is called
backward traversing
36. Searching
Process to find a desired element in the linked list
Sequential or linear search is the most common search
used in linked list
Traverse all nodes one by one and matches with key
value
There are two outcomes
Search is successful, if desired element is found in the
linked list
Search is unsuccessful, is desired element is not found in
the linked list
37. Concatenation
Process of appending second list to the end of the first
list
After concatenation, the linked list size will increases
This is simply done by pointing next pointer of last
node of first linked list to first node of the second
linked list
38. Display
Used to print information of each nodes in a linked list
Also display complete linked list