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1. Pholological Differences Between Mandarin and English
Language Studies 172 Assignment 1 :Essay on Language comparison. By: Kyle Sibson 14189702
Assessment 1 For this assessment I have been required to compare English with another language. I
have decided to choose Mandarin as my language of choice. A major elements of languages will be
compared in this essay. That being phonology. Phonology is defined as being "the study of the way
speech sounds form patterns".(Victoria Fromkin 2009). As (Hammond 1999) describes, every
spoken language has a unique system whereby sounds are organised. This unique pattern of pattern
can be termed phonology and varies widely in geographical and social differences. English is the
most widely spoken language in the world with up to a total of up to 1.8 ... Show more content on
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Yinyue  Pattern Two: Primary Stress + Unstressed (/ + o) e.g. Xihuan
ɕ Pattern Three: Primary Stress + Normal Stress (/ + ) e.g. Reqing. [ɻtɕi Tone
is one of the most important aspects of Mandarin; they can change the meaning of a word just by
changing the pitch of how we say the syllable. There are for tones in mandarin (5 if we include the
neutral tone) which are high, rising, falling–rising and falling. The diagram below shows the pitch of
each tone. An example of how tones can change a meaning can be used with the word ma. Ma with
a high tone means mother, with a rising tone it means hemp, with a falling–rising tone means horse
and lastly a falling tone means to scold. We can also say ma with a neutral tone indicates that a
yes/no question are being asked(Taochung Yao 1997). So as shown, it is very important when
speaking Mandarin that the tones are correct as if they are wrong they can change the entire
meaning of a word. So based on the analysis of both English and Mandarin phonology, we can see
that they vary greatly. The most logical reason for Chinese having tones is because only about up to
400 different syllables can be made whereas in English there are approximately 12000.(Gao 2002)
Also shown in English is the importance of stress and pitch, which lack the same importance in
Mandarin. While stress in English can change a noun to a verb or even change the complete
meaning of the word, stress in mandarin is only used on certain
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5. Measurement Of Esl Saudi Learners
VOT Measurement of ESL Saudi Learners' English Stops /p/ and /b/
1. Background:
A. Introduction: Languages make meaningful words by combining sound segments depending on
rules. Children try to acquire these sounds through listening. By the time goes on, they have a
linguistics competence that helps them produce meaningful sounds. Students who learn a second
language or a foreign language face issues due to the different phonetic system of their first
language and the second language. If they have a sound in the target language is not exist in their
mother tongue, they produce it like the closest sound they have in their first language (Ahmad
2011). Trubetzkoy (1939) mentioned that a language phonological system is " as a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Phonetic Inventory of Saudi Arabic Many research papers have talked about measuring stop
consonants voicing. There are many researchers put their attention on figuring out the difficulties of
pronouncing voicing and voiceless consonants by L2 learners such as (Binturki, 2008; Flege and
Port, 1981; Al–Saidat, 2010). The difference between voicing and voiceless consonants is the
voicing that occurs during the stop closure interval. The consonant is voiced when there is voicing,
while if there is no voicing, the consonant is voiceless. However, Lisker and Abramason (1964) do
not see that consonant stops (p, b, t, d, k, g) could be distinguished depending on a distinction
feature like the vocal cords voicing. For that reason, they proposed a distinction feature between
voiced and voiceless consonants which is Voice Onset Time (VOT). They defined VOT as "the time
interval between the burst that marks release of the stop closure and the onset of quasi–periodicity
that reflects laryngeal vibration" (1964, 422). Since English voiceless bilabial stop /p/ is not found in
Saudi Arabic, Saudi speakers of English as a second language have two possible ways to pronounce
it. First, they could not care about the distinction feature, then they could
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

9. Difference Between Phonetics And Phonology
Introduction: Phonetics and phonology both study the sound system but in a different way. Phonetics
and Phonology both are important for a language as phonetics represents the speech production
system and the perception of human beings, sign language and phonology represents the sound
system conveying its meaning. Every language has language system by which we can communicate
and pronounce words in a good way. Linguistics is called as the "Scientific Study of Language".
Linguistics utilizes scientific formulas and principles in language system. Linguistics has several
branches. Phonetics and phonology are the two fundamental branches of them. Phonology often
guided by phonetics. Phonology is also sometimes called as phonemics or phonematics. The main
difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics concerned with physical properties of
pronouncing sounds and phonology concerned with the organized structure of language though
these two study the sound system.
Body 1: Phonetics: Phonetics (pronounced /fəˈnɛtɪks/, from the Greek: φωνή, phōnē, 'sound, voice')
is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech, or in the case of
sign language– It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds or signs (phones): their
physiological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pronouncing every sound, there must be some air flows from the lungs. The air leaves the body
through nose or mouth. When the air passes through the throat, the vocal cords sometimes vibrate.
The vibration makes the sounds voiced. When the air doesn't vibrate the vocal cords, the sounds
might be voiceless. Different sounds are produced from different positions such as tongue, nose, lips
etc. Vocal tract identifies from head to neck. Vocal tract is divided into three major organs including
lungs which help to produce sounds. Those
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13. What Are The Rules Of Phonology
Rules of Phonology
The easiest way to understand what the rules of phonology are for is that it translates phonemes to
the real sounds, called allophones. Whatever we utter or produce using our vocal chords are
allophones, which has physical entities to it. While, phonemes are what is received by the listener
that has mental entities and are representative. The classes of phonemes that are bound to these rules
are: voiced consonants, rounded vowels, nasals, sibilants and etc. The existence of variations in
every language makes the phonological rules important to maintain recognizable words. Therefore,
the rules of phonology are used to show the patterns of distribution of sounds in a particular
language which might vary in different languages. In the rules of phonology, there are several
feature–changing rules that change the value of a certain component feature of a sound. For
example, the feature of a sound could change from non– nasal to nasal or from short to long.
Presumably, different languages have different rules, but some are very common in every language.
Among these feature–changing rules are assimilation rules. Assimilation can be defined ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among them is the voicing assimilation, which can be defined as the originally voiceless sound
picked up the feature voiced from another sound. For example, the word "roses" is pronounced as
[rəʊzəz] that shows the voiceless / s/ picked up the voiced feature of / z/. Next, there is a devoicing
feature changes in assimilation. On the contrary of voicing, the voiced sound picked up the voiceless
feature of another sound which reportedly common when speakers pronounced the phrase "have to".
Originally in English, the "have" ends with the voiced phoneme / v/, [hæːv t ͪ uː] and the word "to"
begins with the voiceless / t/. If some speakers devoiced / v/ into / f/, it can result in the
pronunciation of
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17. Essay How to Tame a Wild Tongue
Natalie Gonzalez 3/14/2007 Gloria Anzaldua, author of the article " How to tame a Wild Tongue",
expresses very strong views on how she feels her native Chicano Spanish language needs to be
preserved in order to maintain cultural unity when used as a private form of communication. Her
statement, " for a people who cannot identify with either standard (formal, Castilian) Spanish, nor
standard English, what recourse is left to them but to create their own language?" suggests that
despite the societal pressures of needing to learn more formal and ‘properly' accepted English and
Spanish, the very nature of the Chicano language is a unique creation of acceptance, through
language within the Mexican culture. She is opposed to assimilation on ... Show more content on
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The English language is universal. It has very set rules, forms and functions. The Chicano language
at best represents a personal story, a private communication that is not understandable or even
acceptable by non–chicanos. By contrast, Richard Rodriquez, in his article entitled "Aria", strongly
believes in surrendering to learning the proper English language, despite how strongly he feels his
native tongue is a private language that once functioned to unite his family. Rodriguez creates a
division of a public and a private discourse. He feels that he has a ‘right to learn the public
language of los gringos'. He creates a visual clash of two worlds: a public world as represented by
school and the need to learn English; and a private world as represented by his family and the use of
Spanish within the home. He feels that in order to adapt and create assimilation that he needs to
abandon the comfort of using Spanish to communicate and force himself to learn English – even if
it meant alienating his family members. He does not believe as Anzaluda does that you have to
create your own language if you cannot identify with more formal forms of acceptance. Although he
admits it is heartbreaking to have shared fewer words with his parents because of the language
barrier, he thinks his choice in learning and practicing English was necessary. In fact, the more he
learned
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21. Spanish 1: High School Course Notes
This is just so I can read an essay Spanish (español), also called Castilian[3] (castellano About this
sound listen (help·info)), is a Romance language that originated in Castile, a region of Spain.
Approximately 406 million people speak Spanish as a native language, making it second only to
Mandarin in terms of its number of native speakers worldwide.[1][2] It also has 60 million speakers
as a second language,[2] and 20 million students as a foreign language.[4] Spanish is one of the six
official languages of the United Nations, and is used as an official language by the European Union
and Mercosur. Spanish is a part of the Ibero–Romance group of languages, which evolved from
several dialects of common Latin in Iberia after the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first documents to record what is today regarded as the precursor of modern Spanish are from
the 9th century (see Glosas Emilianenses). Throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era, by
far the most important influence on Spanish (Castilian) lexicon came from neighboring Romance
languages–Navarro–Aragonese, Leonese, Aragonese, Catalan, Portuguese, Galician, Mirandese,
Occitan, Gascon, and later, French and Italian–but also from Basque, Arabic, and to a lesser extent
the Germanic languages. Many words were borrowed from Latin through the influence of written
language and the liturgical language of the Church. Local sociolects of Vulgar Latin evolved into
Spanish in the north of Iberia, in an area defined by Álava, Cantabria, Burgos, Soria and La Rioja.
The dialect was later brought to the city of Toledo, where the written standard of Spanish was first
developed, in the 13th century.[17] In this formative stage, Spanish (Castilian) developed a strongly
differing variant from its close cousin, Leonese, and, according to some authors, was distinguished
by a heavy Basque influence (see Iberian Romance languages). This distinctive dialect progressively
spread south with the advance of the Reconquista, and so gathered a sizable lexical influence from
the Arabic of Al–Andalus, much of it indirectly, through the Romance Mozarabic dialects.[18] The
written standard for this new language began to be developed in the cities of Toledo, in the 13th to
16th centuries, and
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25. Phhonological Features Of Cockney
What is Cockney? There is more than one possible answer to this question. It is conventionally used
to refer to any person who was born within a certain radius of a church named 'St. Mary–le–Bow'
and therefore could hear the Bow Bells ringing. In general, it loosely refers to a traditional accent,
which is spoken by people from the Londoner working–class. However, the term 'Cockney' is
informal. Its most extraordinary characteristic is the usage of rhyming schemes to code their
language, but then again, there are also several phonological features which differentiate 'Cockney'
from other British accents and dialects. Three of those features are going to be described. One of the
most common characteristic, that distinguishes 'Cockney English' from RP English, is the so called
'glottal stop' [ʔ] or otherwise known as 't–glottalization'. In order to produce it, the space between
the vocal cords, named glottis, needs to be closed, since the vibration of the vocal cords has to stop.
The vocal folds have to be tightly closed and then they need to be opened again. Lung air is being
released by doing so and an explosive sound, which is similar to a cough, known as glottal stop, can
be perceived. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many features to it; three of those were mentioned. All of them may be archetypical for
'Cockney' English, but they have spread across the south–east of England and can now also be found
in various other dialects and accents surrounding London; traces can even be found in Scottish
English. While those features are commonly used in the working–class, the middle class only uses
them in certain circumstances and the upper class relinquishes them entirely, since its usage stands
for poor people and poor education, which makes it looked down upon and seen as inferior;
especially the 't–glottalization' and
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29. Measurement Of Esl Saudi Learners
6
Samia Alamri
LING 236
Tuesday, November 3rd 2015
Research Paper Proposal
VOT Measurement of ESL Saudi Learners? English Stops /p/ and /b/
1. Background:
A. Introduction: Languages make meaningful words by combining sound segments depending on
rules. Children try to acquire these sounds through listening. By the time goes on, they have a
linguistics competence that helps them produce meaningful sounds. Students who learn a second
language or a foreign language face issues due to the different phonetic system of their first
language and the second language. If they have a sound in the target language is not exist in their
mother tongue, they produce it like the closest sound they have in their first language (Ahmad
2011). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Pharyngeal Uvular
Glottal
Plosive b
t d t? d? k ? q ?
Nasal m
n ?
Fricatives f ? ?
??
s z s? ? ? ? ? X ? h
Approximants
?

30. Lateral
l
Table 1. The Phonetic Inventory of Saudi Arabic Many research papers have talked about measuring
stop consonants voicing. There are many researchers put their attention on figuring out the
difficulties of pronouncing voicing and voiceless consonants by L2 learners such as (Binturki, 2008;
Flege and Port, 1981; Al–Saidat, 2010). The difference between voicing and voiceless consonants is
the voicing that occurs during the stop closure interval. The consonant is voiced when there is
voicing, while if there is no voicing, the consonant is voiceless. However, Lisker and Abramason
(1964) do not see that consonant stops (p, b, t, d, k, g) could be distinguished depending on a
distinction feature like the vocal cords voicing. For that reason, they proposed a distinction feature
between voiced and voiceless consonants which is Voice Onset Time (VOT). They defined VOT as
?the time interval between the burst that marks release of the stop closure and the onset of quasi–
periodicity that reflects laryngeal vibration? (1964, 422). Since English voiceless bilabial stop /p/ is
not found in Saudi Arabic, Saudi speakers of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

34. The Phonological Features Of What Is Cockney?
What is Cockney? There are two possible answers to this question. It is conventionally used to refer
to any person who was born within a certain radius of a church named 'St. Mary–le–Bow' and
therefore could hear the Bow Bells ringing; anyway nowadays it refers to anyone with a London
accent. In general, it refers to a traditional accent, which is spoken by people from the working–
class. However, the term 'Cockney' is informal. Its most extraordinary characteristic is their coded
language with the help of rhyming schemes, but there are also phonological features which
differentiate 'Cockney' from other British accents and dialects. Three of those features are going to
be described. One of the most common characteristics, that distinguish 'Cockney English' from
others, is the so called 'glottal stop [ʔ] or otherwise known as 't–glottalization'. In order to produce it,
the space between the vocal cords, named glottis, needs to be closed, since the vibration of the vocal
cords has to stop. The vocal folds have to be tightly closed and then they need to be opened again.
Lung air is being released by doing so and an explosive sound, which is similar to a cough, known
as glottal stop, can be perceived. It is used as an allophone of /t/ in several positions but mostly pre–
consonantly or before weak ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many features to it; three of those were mentioned. All three features are characteristic for
'Cockney' English, but they have spread and can now also be found in various other dialects and
accents surrounding London; traces can even be found in Scottish English. While those features are
commonly used in the working–class, the middle class only uses them in certain circumstances and
the upper class relinquishes them entirely, since its usage stands for poor people and poor education,
which makes it frowned
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

38. Sanskrit
Sanskrit
संस्कृ तम् saṃskṛtam
Pronunciation [sə̃skɹ̩ t̪əm]
Spoken in Greater India
Total speakers 14,135 native speakers in India (2001)[1]
Language family Indo–European
* Indo–Iranian o Indo–Aryan + Sanskrit
Writing system Devanāgarī (de facto), various Brāhmī–based scripts, and Latin alphabet
Official status
Official language in India (Uttarakhand) one of the 22 scheduled languages of India
Regulated by No official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639–1 sa
ISO 639–2 san
ISO 639–3 san
Indic script .
Sanskrit (संस्कृ तम् saṃskṛtam, properly saṃskṛtā vāk, later also saṃskṛtabhāṣā, "refined speech"), is
a historical Indo–Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of ... Show more content on
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It is essentially a prescriptive grammar, i.e., an authority that defines (rather than describes) correct
Sanskrit, although it contains descriptive parts, mostly to account for some Vedic forms the use of
which had become rare in Pāṇini's time.
The term "Sanskrit" was not thought of as a specific language set apart from other languages, but
rather as a particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking. Knowledge of Sanskrit was a
marker of social class and educational attainment in ancient India and the language was taught
mainly to members of the higher castes, through close analysis of Sanskrit grammarians such as
Pāṇini. Sanskrit, as the learned language of Ancient India, thus existed alongside the Prakrits
(vernaculars), which evolved into the Middle Indic dialects, and eventually into the contemporary
modern Indo–Aryan languages.
[edit] Vedic Sanskrit
Main article: Vedic Sanskrit

39. Sanskrit, as defined by Pāṇini, had evolved out of the earlier "Vedic" form. The beginning of Vedic
Sanskrit can be traced as early as around 1500 BCE (the accepted date of the Rig–Veda).[citation
needed] Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or "Pāṇinian" Sanskrit as separate
'dialects'. Though they are quite similar, they differ in a number of
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43. Measurement Of Esl Saudi Learners
VOT Measurement of ESL Saudi Learners' English Stops /p/ and /b/
1. Background:
A. Introduction: Languages make meaningful words by combining sound segments depending on
rules. Children try to acquire these sounds through listening. By the time goes on, they have a
linguistics competence that helps them produce meaningful sounds. Students who learn a second
language or a foreign language face issues due to the different phonetic system of their first
language and the second language. If they have a sound in the target language is not exist in their
mother tongue, they produce it like the closest sound they have in their first language (Ahmad
2011). Trubetzkoy (1939) mentioned that a language phonological system is " as a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Phonetic Inventory of Saudi Arabic Many research papers have talked about measuring stop
consonants voicing. There are many researchers put their attention on figuring out the difficulties of
pronouncing voicing and voiceless consonants by L2 learners such as (Binturki, 2008; Flege and
Port, 1981; Al–Saidat, 2010). The difference between voicing and voiceless consonants is the
voicing that occurs during the stop closure interval. The consonant is voiced when there is voicing,
while if there is no voicing, the consonant is voiceless. However, Lisker and Abramason (1964) do
not see that consonant stops (p, b, t, d, k, g) could be distinguished depending on a distinction
feature like the vocal cords voicing. For that reason, they proposed a distinction feature between
voiced and voiceless consonants which is Voice Onset Time (VOT). They defined VOT as "the time
interval between the burst that marks release of the stop closure and the onset of quasi–periodicity
that reflects laryngeal vibration" (1964, 422). Since English voiceless bilabial stop /p/ is not found in
Saudi Arabic, Saudi speakers of English as a second language have two possible ways to pronounce
it. First, they could not care about the distinction feature, then they could
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

47. Language, Phonetics And Phhonology And The Language Of...
The sounds of Language Phonetics and phonology It is a fact that syntax deals with sentence
formation, semantics with sentence interpretation, and phonetics and phonology with sentence
utterance. Phonetics deals with how sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived. Phonology
deals with how sounds function in relation to each other in a language. The first one is about sounds
of language while the second one is about the sound system of language. Speech–sounds The natural
or primary medium of human language is sound. A speech–sound is a phonetically distinct unit of
speech. There are huge speech–sounds called phones or segments. Phonemes and allophones A
phoneme is a unit of sound that makes difference in the meaning of a word. Phonemes are
distinctive sounds in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
English language has that kind of rhythm called stressed–timed where stressed syllables occur in a
sentence at fairly regular intervals of time even if there are many unstressed syllables between them.
Vocal folds vibrate with different frequencies when we speak and the faster they vibrate the higher
the pitch is. In English it does not make a big difference if you say words with low or high pitch
they still remain the same meaning. Tone languages are those languages where the pitch changes the
meaning of words e.g. some African, Asian and Native American languages. In Mandarin Chinese
/ma/ can mean, among other things, 'horse' and 'mother', depending on the tone. The rise and fall of
the voice in speaking is called intonation. In English intonation helps the function and boundaries in
syntactic unit and corresponds to punctuation in writing e.g. in He has gone has a falling intonation
He has gone? Has a rising intonation. Connected speech Till now the study of words was in isolation
while in connected speech including weak and strong forms, assimilation and liaison will be
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51. Differences And Similarities Between English Language And...
For my research paper, I have chosen to explore the differences and similarities between the English
language and the German language. My interest in this subject area is mainly due to my own
nationality and roots in Germany. My grandma (or should I say meine omi), is from Gersfeld,
Germany and she immigrated to the United States during World War II. My research has conducted
many results that yield both similarities and differences between the languages. One of the most
prominent difference between the two languages is that "German is spoken by about 95 million
people worldwide, and is the official language of Germany, Austria and parts of Switzerland"
(Shoebottom, 1), meanwhile statistics show that "English is the third most widespread native
language in the world, after Standard Chinese and Spanish. It is the most widely learned second
language and is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign
states" (Shoebottom, 1).
Contrary to this large disparity, according to Charles Russ, author of Historical German Phonology
and Morphology, English and German "both belong to the Germanic branch of the Indo–European
language family" (1), this results in numerous similarities between the languages; including the
words: "export, partner, blue jeans, computer, teenager, and jet" (Garry and Rubino, 244). German
and English also share the same alphabet however, the German language includes "the umlauted
letters: ä, ö, ü, and the ß (scharfes S
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55. Phonetics Vs Phonology Essay
Phonetics VS. Phonology
Phonetics and Phonology both are the study of sounds. However, there is a slight difference between
them. Phonetics is the study of individual sounds within a language; it deals with the study of
acoustic, auditory, and articulatory phonetics. Phonology is the study of how the sounds interact
with each other once they combine to form a word, and how those words combine to form a
sentence.
Phonetics is a fundamental branch of linguistics; it is the study of the sound made by human voice in
speech. English has 26 Alphabets, whereas it has 44 sounds. English sounds are divided into
consonant and vowel sounds. In consonant sounds there is some constriction of the airflows in the
vocal tract, whereas with vowel sounds there is no constriction of airflow.
Linguists describe consonant sounds using three criteria, which are voicing, place of articulation,
and manner of articulation. First, there are two types of voicing for consonant sounds, they are either
voiced (+V) or voiceless sounds (–V). voiced sounds are produced when air is passing through a
vibrating vocal cords, so the vocal cords are closed, but when air passes through them ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is sometimes called functional phonetics. The function of sound of particular languages. Phonemic
analysis is concerned with phonemes and allphones. Phonemes are meaningful sound, if one is used
instead of another in a word, its meaning changes. Different sounds which changes the meaning of
the word. Example Top and Pop. The /t/ sound when it is changed to /p/ sound the meaning of the
word changes. While allphones are the varieties of a phoneme. They don't change the meaning of
the word if one is used instead of another. Different pronunciation of a word which doesn't change
its meaning. Example: [Tap] we can pronounce the word by: /th/ [aspirated] and /t/ [unaspirated].
This doesn't change the meaning of the
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59. Analyzing Texts in Old, Middle and New English
A The analysis of texts 1. Old English – The story of Jacob's Deceit 17. And hēo sealde him Þone
mete Þe heo seaÞ, and hlāf; and hē brōhte Þæt his fæder 18. and cwæð: 'Fæder mīn!' Hē andswarode
and cwæð: 'Hwæt eart Þū, sunu mīn?' 19. And Iācob cwæð: 'Ic eom Ēsau, Þīn frum–cenneda sunu.
Ic dyde swā Þū mē bebude. Ārīs upp and site, and et of mīnum huntoðe, Þæt Þu me blētsiƷe.'
Translation: 17. And she sold him that meat she boiled, and bread, and he brought them to his father.
18. and said: "Oh, my father!" he answered and said: "What are you(what do you want), my son?"
19. And Iacob said: "I am Esau, your first–born son. I did what you bid me. Arise up and sit and eat
what I got of my hunting, so that you bless me" Phonetic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
hwæt |Old Scan. –ƕat, L – quod |what |what | |6. hlāf |Germ. –liab, old Scand.–hleifr, Goth.–laifs,
ср.Рус. –хлҌбъ |loaf |bread | |7. huntoðe |old. Fr.–hurter |hunting |hunting | |8. blētsiƷe |Early
Nortumbr. –bloedsia |bless |bless | |9. Þæt |Germ. –die, der, das. Old Scand.– sá, Þat, Goth. –sa,sō,
Þata. |that |that | | |Greek –ho, hē | | | |10. fæder |Latin – pater |father |father, отец | 2. Middle English
– From Capgrave's Chronicle of England [1394] In the XVIII. Ʒere the Kyng held his Parlement at
Dulyn, and thidir com alle the lordes that had mad subjeccion onto him. And in that same tyme,
Edmund, duke of York, Keper of Ynglond, held a Parlement at London; to whech Parlement cam the
duke of Gloucetir fro Yrlond, expressing the Kyngis costis in Yrlond: and his legacion was so
acceptabil, that the clergy graunted him a dyme, and the lay fe a fiftene. In this
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