Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its properties. It seeks to answer fundamental questions about the nature of language, including what language is, how it is used, and its core components. The main areas of linguistics include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Linguistics helps us better understand language acquisition, speech therapy, computational linguistics, language teaching, and the analysis of literature. Studying linguistics provides insights into human communication abilities and how they can be applied.

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3. Language enables us to express our thoughts, ideas,
and feelings to others and also to understand theirs.
Linguistics is the scientific study of this rich and varied
ability.
It seeks among others to answer a number of
fundamental questions:
What is the nature of language?

4. Humans: animals communicate
but their communication system
lack the ability to communicate
beyond the “hear it now” and their
messages are non-noble ones. So
language is confine to human in a
strict sense.
Communicate an interact: the
human communicative system
is far more complicated than of
animals.

5. oral-auditory: mouth and ear
communication.
habitually-use: everywhere
everyday usually with little
cognitive effort. Words and
sentences are seeming to flow
out in a subconscious almost
automatic way. Why?

6. arbitrary symbols:
there is no obvious relation between the linguistic sign and
the object in the real world.
Table = ‫منضدة‬

7. Core area:
Phonetics and phonology, Morphology, Syntax,
Semantics, Pragmatics
Hybrid interdisciplinary linguistics:
Historical English, Psycholinguistics, Sociolinguistics
Extensions:
The new linguistic approaches, Linguistics in classroom
Areas of linguistics

8. Linguist study of language:
Sound: elements, conditions, and particles
Structure: the structure of words, sentences,
and in between. What is in between?
Meaning: what is being said. Words,
sentences, and even longer texts and
utterances.

9. Sound:
Phonetics: studies human speech sounds in general
from various angles.
d and t, are they real sounds? how they are
used? how they are perceived? and what are the
language that uses these sounds?

10. Phonology: how these sounds are used in
particular language?
nbik vs friʃ

11. Structure:
Morphology: in many language words are not
indivisible but are composed of smaller units.
Nation-al-ize-ation = consist of 4 parts
The field that deals with this and such alike
phenomenon is called “Morphology”
It seeks to define how words are built from smaller
units and what are the component parts of words
such as.

12. Syntax: is the study of sentence structure. For
many linguists, this is the core area of
linguistics leading to the most fundamental
insights about languages.
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
Is this sentence grammatical or not?

13. Meaning:
Semantics: the meaning of words or sentences.
What is the relationship between?
Wide – narrow Tulip – flower
Marry failed her exam even though she didn’t
work at all.
The logic of the meaning of this sentence is
discussed within the sentence semantics.

14. Pragmatics:
Wider area, the use of language and its
effects. It is concerned with the meanings that
the sentences have in particular context in
which they are uttered.
I’ll come to your party!
Depending on the relationship it could be a
promise or a warning.

15. A fundamental question remains: why
should we study linguistics?

16. Language awareness: do native speakers often
know enough about their language?
- What do German say when they want to
translate the word ‘chees’ into their language?
- ‘Ain’t’ is it colloquial, regional, or standard?

17. Speech therapy: what happens when the use
of language is ‘impaired’?
Computers and linguistics: why can’t
computers do the work the way we do?
Machine translation programs, NLP (Natural
Language Processing) programs they haven’t
reached the standard that human language
capabilities.

18. Computers and linguistics: why can’t
computers do the work the way we do?
Machine translation programs, NLP (Natural
Language Processing) programs they haven’t
reached the standard that human language
capabilities.

19. This is due to the fact that they work
differently to the brain, or maybe they do
not know enough about language.
Linguistic research may help here.

20. Language acquisition: how do children
manage to learn language so easily? Do
they imitate? This is main subfield that
seeks to find out the principles of this
process.

21. Analysis of literature: Shakespeare used
his time’s language which is different from
today. So many elements are hardly to be
understood today. Linguists tell you what
they are.

22. Language teaching: is linguistics important
for the teaching of a foreign language? To
teach a language you should know its
structure, know about the language and its
elements.

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