International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Topology Optimization of Gears from Two Wheeler Gear Set Using Parametric StudyIOSRJMCE
: Gears are used to transmit motion from on shaft to another and it has wide variety of applications. One of the applications of gear is in automobile gear box. Gears generally fail when the working stress exceeds the maximum permissible stress. These stresses are proportional to the amount of power transmitted by the gears. This project intends to identify the magnitude of the stresses for a given configuration of a two wheeler gears transmitting power while trying to find ways for reducing weight of the gear. The philosophy for driving this work is the lightness of the gear for a given purpose while keeping intact its functionality thus reducing the material cost of the gear. Ease of incorporating the new feature for weight reduction over the existing process of manufacturing and the magnitude of volume of weight reduced could be considered as the key parameters for assessment for this work.
Topology Optimization of Gears from Two Wheeler Gear Set Using Parametric StudyIOSRJMCE
: Gears are used to transmit motion from on shaft to another and it has wide variety of applications. One of the applications of gear is in automobile gear box. Gears generally fail when the working stress exceeds the maximum permissible stress. These stresses are proportional to the amount of power transmitted by the gears. This project intends to identify the magnitude of the stresses for a given configuration of a two wheeler gears transmitting power while trying to find ways for reducing weight of the gear. The philosophy for driving this work is the lightness of the gear for a given purpose while keeping intact its functionality thus reducing the material cost of the gear. Ease of incorporating the new feature for weight reduction over the existing process of manufacturing and the magnitude of volume of weight reduced could be considered as the key parameters for assessment for this work.
Design, Analysis and weight optimization of Crane Hook: A Reviewijsrd.com
Crane hook are highly liable component and are always subjected to failure due to accumulation of large amount of stress which can eventually lead to its failure .In this present work, to study the different design parameter & stress pattern of crane hook in its loaded condition for different cross section, the design and drafting of crane hook will be prepared by using ANSYS 14.5. By finite element analysis, the stress which is to be formed in various cross section are compared with design calculation .The stress concentration factors are used in strength and durability evaluation of structure and machine element. In this work and also we observe the parameter that affects the weight reduction.
Design of multi storey building resting on single columneSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of the project is to analyze and design of multi-storey building resting on the single column by using different code
provisions. A lay out plan of the proposed building is drawn by using AUTO CADD 2010.The structure consist of ground floor
plus five floors, each floor having the one house .Staircase must be provides separately. The planning is done as per Indian
standard code provisions. The building frames are analyzed using the various text books. Using this so many standard books
analysis of bending moment, shear force, deflection, end moments and foundation reactions are calculated. Detailed structural
drawings for critical and typical R.C.C. members are also drawn. Co-ordinates for all structural members are tabulated for ready
reference.
Keywords: Multi Story Building, Single Column, Staircase.
Design of G+8 RCC Training Institute & Hostel Blockjeyanthi4
The building is located in seismic zone V and the basic wind speed in this location is 55m/s. The preliminary gravity and lateral load analysis are carried out manually for a typical 2D frame and compared with software results. The member sizes for beams and columns were found out from the preliminary manual analysis and design. 3D finite element modeling was carried out in ETABS for the building. Based on the analytical results (moment, shear force), the member sizes are finalized and design was carried out as per the codes IS 456, SP16, IS 13920. Ductile design and detailing is carried out as per IS 13920 & SP34.
Design and comparison of a residential building (g+10) for seismic forces usi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Earthquakes take a huge toll on life and property. Since the effect of seismic forces on structures is quite significant, it is important that the design of the structures must be done in the best possible way to take into account these effects and thereby aiming for an adequate structural response. Different international seismic codes differ significantly in parameters specified. With the variations in parameters the performance of the building varies. Hence, it is necessary to do a comparative study so as to conclude which building will perform better. This paper presents with the analysis and design of a G+10 for seismic forces using four international building standards- IS1893, Euro code 8, ASCE7-10 and the British Codes. The analysis of the building was done using STAAD.Pro.V8i. The building was then designed as per the specified codes. Once the design was completed a pushover analysis was done in SAP2000 to check the seismic performance of the building. A comparative study between the design and the seismic performance of the building was done. Keywords: Seismic forces, Seismic Standard, Seismic performance, Comparative Analysis.
Design and Stress Analysis of various cross section of HookIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Design of Football Stadium - Design Project for Civil EngineersIndhumathi1134
Project covers the planning and design of Football Stadium, which includes the design of Staircase, Beam & Column manually done using IS:456-2000 & SP-16
Presentación de mi experiencia en la reunión 89 de la Fuerza de Tareas de Ingeniería de Internet (IETF) patrocinada por el Programa de Becas de la Internet Society (ISOC). La presentación se hizo al estilo seminario en la insitutición donde trabajo como una manera de retribuir y difundir el trabajo de ISOC e IETF.
Todos usamos la Internet a diario. Todos podemos contribuir en su evolución.
Design, Analysis and weight optimization of Crane Hook: A Reviewijsrd.com
Crane hook are highly liable component and are always subjected to failure due to accumulation of large amount of stress which can eventually lead to its failure .In this present work, to study the different design parameter & stress pattern of crane hook in its loaded condition for different cross section, the design and drafting of crane hook will be prepared by using ANSYS 14.5. By finite element analysis, the stress which is to be formed in various cross section are compared with design calculation .The stress concentration factors are used in strength and durability evaluation of structure and machine element. In this work and also we observe the parameter that affects the weight reduction.
Design of multi storey building resting on single columneSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of the project is to analyze and design of multi-storey building resting on the single column by using different code
provisions. A lay out plan of the proposed building is drawn by using AUTO CADD 2010.The structure consist of ground floor
plus five floors, each floor having the one house .Staircase must be provides separately. The planning is done as per Indian
standard code provisions. The building frames are analyzed using the various text books. Using this so many standard books
analysis of bending moment, shear force, deflection, end moments and foundation reactions are calculated. Detailed structural
drawings for critical and typical R.C.C. members are also drawn. Co-ordinates for all structural members are tabulated for ready
reference.
Keywords: Multi Story Building, Single Column, Staircase.
Design of G+8 RCC Training Institute & Hostel Blockjeyanthi4
The building is located in seismic zone V and the basic wind speed in this location is 55m/s. The preliminary gravity and lateral load analysis are carried out manually for a typical 2D frame and compared with software results. The member sizes for beams and columns were found out from the preliminary manual analysis and design. 3D finite element modeling was carried out in ETABS for the building. Based on the analytical results (moment, shear force), the member sizes are finalized and design was carried out as per the codes IS 456, SP16, IS 13920. Ductile design and detailing is carried out as per IS 13920 & SP34.
Design and comparison of a residential building (g+10) for seismic forces usi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Earthquakes take a huge toll on life and property. Since the effect of seismic forces on structures is quite significant, it is important that the design of the structures must be done in the best possible way to take into account these effects and thereby aiming for an adequate structural response. Different international seismic codes differ significantly in parameters specified. With the variations in parameters the performance of the building varies. Hence, it is necessary to do a comparative study so as to conclude which building will perform better. This paper presents with the analysis and design of a G+10 for seismic forces using four international building standards- IS1893, Euro code 8, ASCE7-10 and the British Codes. The analysis of the building was done using STAAD.Pro.V8i. The building was then designed as per the specified codes. Once the design was completed a pushover analysis was done in SAP2000 to check the seismic performance of the building. A comparative study between the design and the seismic performance of the building was done. Keywords: Seismic forces, Seismic Standard, Seismic performance, Comparative Analysis.
Design and Stress Analysis of various cross section of HookIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Design of Football Stadium - Design Project for Civil EngineersIndhumathi1134
Project covers the planning and design of Football Stadium, which includes the design of Staircase, Beam & Column manually done using IS:456-2000 & SP-16
Presentación de mi experiencia en la reunión 89 de la Fuerza de Tareas de Ingeniería de Internet (IETF) patrocinada por el Programa de Becas de la Internet Society (ISOC). La presentación se hizo al estilo seminario en la insitutición donde trabajo como una manera de retribuir y difundir el trabajo de ISOC e IETF.
Todos usamos la Internet a diario. Todos podemos contribuir en su evolución.
Spanish' Second year of Secondary Studies (High School). Prof. José Alfonso Bolaños use this presentation in class, trying to practice TAI (Team Assisted Individualization).
Pins require very little service and total failure seldom occurs. Wear, pitting, and scoring are the usual troubles
encountered with pins. In this paper, going to apply induction hardening process on pins and its comparison will
be done with existing pins. Different hardening thickness or case depth will be applied and analysis will be done
to interpret the results. Case depth of 1mm, 2mm or 2.5mm will be taken in induction hardening process.
Caterpillar 320dl excavator model is taken for study. Material used for the pins is EN8 grade of steel. And
different material used for the pin for analysis purpose will be bronze alloy, Titanium. The main objective in this
project is to determine the appropriate induction hardening case depth to be used in manufacturing pins.ThreedHiympeenrsmioensh
m aondde Alsn osfy sp iwnisl lu bseed u sined e xtoc aavnaatloyrz ew tihlle bsetr ecsres astteadtu uss oinng t hCea ptiianVs.5 T shoef tmwaarxei,m mumes hdienfgo rwmiallt iboen ,d monaex iumsuinmg
stress point and dangerous areas are found by the stress analysis.
Optimization of Design Parameters for Crane Hook Using Finite Element AnalysisIJRTEMJOURNAL
The Crane hooks are very at risk segments that are regularly utilized for mechanical purposes.
In this way such segments in an industry must be produced and composed in an approach to convey most extreme
execution without failure. Failure of a crane hook essentially relies upon three central point i.e. measurement,
material, overload. The undertaking is worried towards expanding the safe load by fluctuating the cross-sectional
measurements of the four distinct segments and diverse materials. The chose areas are square, circle, and
trapezoidal. The territory stays consistent while changing the measurements of the four unique segments. The
crane hook is demonstrated utilizing catia programming. The pressure and life investigation is finished utilizing
ANSYS 18.1 workbench. The ordinary worry along add up to misshaping, stress and life’s according to the
materials considered. It is discovered that trapezoidal cross segment yields most extreme load of 4000 KG to 5000
KG for steady cross segment zone among four cross segment.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Static Stress Analysis of Connecting Rod Using Finite Element ApproachIOSR Journals
Every vehicle which equipped with internal combustion engine requires connecting rod. In this paper a static stress analysis of connecting rod made up of SS 304 used in Cummins NTA 885 BC engine is conducted, using finite element method. After measuring the dimension of connecting rod, model is developed in CATIA V5 software and imported to ANSYS WORKBENCH 14.0 software. Static analysis is done by fixing the smaller end and load is applied at bigger end of connecting rod. Stress developed at four different sections is used for analysis. Maximum stress point and section prone to failure is finding out by this analysis. Graph between stress and load is plotted at section prone to failure and result of stress analysis is shown with the help of image.
Finite element analysis of single cylinder engineLaukik Raut
This paper deals with, the problem occurred in single cylinder engine crank shaft. It consist of static structural
and fatigue analysis of single cylinder engine crank shaft. It identifies and solves the problem by using the
modeling and simulation techniques. The topic was chosen because of increasing interest in higher payloads,
lower weight, higher efficiency and shorter load cycles in crankshaft. The main work was to model the crank
shaft with dimensions and then simulate the crank shaft for static structural and fatigue analysis. The modeling
software used is PRO-E wildfire 4.0 for modeling the crank shaft. The analysis software ANSYS will be used for
structural and fatigue analysis of crank shaft for future work. The material for crank shaft is EN9 and other
alternate materials on which analysis will be done are SAE 1045, SAE 1137, SAE 3140, and Nickel Cast Iron.
The objectives involves modeling and analysis of crank shaft, so as to identify the effect of stresses on crank
shaft, to compare various materials and to provide possible solution.
A computational approach for evaluating helical compression springseSAT Journals
Abstract Helical compression springs are generally synthesized and evaluated by determining the maximum torsional stress, fatigue life, natural frequency, and/or load loss due to stress relaxation. To this end, researchers have developed finite element analysis (FEA) modeling methods to simulate the design performance of helical compression springs. The intent of this paper was to make a useful contribution to the published works for evaluating round wire helical compression springs. Specifically, commercially available FEA software was used to construct a structural model of a helical compression spring to simulate its full range of compression. The proposed FEA modeling methodology considers coil-to-coil contact and the end coils were modeled as rigid surfaces. With 9 mm of compression, the predicted spring rate correlated with the analytically calculated value to within 5%. Keywords: Helical compression spring, machine component design, spring FEA
Design and Linear Static Analysis of Transport Aircraft Vertical Tail for Dif...IJSRD
The design of vertical tail structure varies according to nature of aircraft and its function. The experimental test of vertical tail structure is difficult and more expensive process. In this present work detailed design of transport aircraft vertical tail with rudder structure modelling done by using CATIA V5 R19 software. The static stress analysis is carried out to find the stresses at of the vertical tail with rudder structure for different deflection of rudder. The stresses are estimated to find the safety factor of the structure using finite element approach with the help of MSC/PATRAN and MSC/NASTRAN software. The material used in the vertical tail structure is aluminium 7075-T6, which has high fatigue strength. From the analysis it is found that maximum principal stress of vertical tail structure is less than yield strength of aluminium 7075-T6 alloy. The maximum principal stress value form analysis is used to find fatigue damage calculations for vertical tail structure. The obtained analytical result shows that safe no of fatigue life hours of vertical tail structure. The result is verified with reserve factor approach.
Linear Static and Dynamic Analysis of Rocket Engine Testing Bench Structure u...IJERA Editor
This article presents a study of a testing bench structure for Rocket Engines, which is under development by the PUC-Minas Aerospace Research Group. The Bench is being built for civilian’s liquid bipropellant rocket engines up to 5 kN of thrust. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the bench structure using the Finite Element Method (FEM), by structural linear static and dynamic analysis. Performed to predict the behavior of the structure to the requests of the tests. The virtual simulations were performed using a CAE software with the Nastran solver. The structure is 979 x 1638 mm by 2629 mm, consisting of folded-plates (¼ "x 3¼" x 8") and plates of 1/4" and 1/2 ", both SAE 1020 Steel .The rocket engine is fixed on the structure through a set called engine mount. It was included in the analysis clearances or misalignments that may occur during tests. As well as, the load applied was evaluated with components in varying orientations and directions. It was considered the maximum size of the engine mount and the maximum inclination angle of load. At the end of this article it was observed that the worst stress and displacement values obtained were for the hypothesis with the inclination of five-degrees with load components in the positive directions of the axes defined and it was also obtained the first twenty frequency modes of the structure.
Design and Analysis Nose Landing Gear SupportIJSRD
Nose landing gear support bracket is one of the main parts in the nose landing gear assembly, whose function is to maintain the stability of the landing gear during the movements. This work is focused on the FEA analysis of support bracket by varying the stress concentration area, The objective of this work is to determine the static and modal analysis of support bracket with different stress concentration areas, then analysis is done using ANSYS WORKBENCH, These results could provide some useful suggestions for design and improvement for the better component
Design & Development of Articulated Inspection ARM for in House Inspection in...ijsrd.com
Magnetic confinement of plasma can be achieved using a device Tokamak. Concept of Tokamak confinement is also been tried to develop a fusion reactor. Reactor environment is of high hostile for human intervention due to radiation from activated atoms. For any kind of maintenance works Remote operation is necessary. An attempt was made to arrive at a concept of using articulated inspection arm to check the components if any damage or replacement required during shutdown operation of reactor machine. Proof of concept towards Design and development of articulated inspection arm for Torus Vessel was carried out & a robot having multi link joint with a camera mounted on the end point and also an arm having three degrees of freedom was attempted. The concept was materialized developing an articulated inspection robotic arm.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Knowledge engineering: from people to machines and back
Li3619361944
1. S. Baragetti Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1936-1944
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Structural Design of a Tender Lift for Medium- And Large-Sized
Yachts
S. Baragetti1,2
1
Departiment of Engineering, University of Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, 24044, Dalmine (BG), Italy.
GITT – Centre on Innovation Management and Technology Transfer of the University of Bergamo, Via
Salvecchio 19, 24129 Bergamo, Italy.
2
Abstract
Tender lifts are yacht accessories that are mainly used to drop small boats and persons into the water. The
extensive personalisation of yachts can lead to some critical issues for the design of tender lifts, which must be
specifically made according to the unique geometry of each yacht. The aim of this work was to analyse and
optimise the structure of a prototype tender lift for medium-sized yachts, as realised by BesenzoniS.p.A
(Sarnico, BG) with AISI 304. The optimisation process involved analytical and numerical models, which were
verified by experimental measurements. In particular, the stress and strain states of the actuation device were
evaluated along the entire range of motion of the mechanism. The results were used to modify the geometry of
the prototype. The optimised prototype demonstrated reduced applied stresses and increased values for the
safety factor along the entire mechanism.
Keywords: nautical sector; tender lift; numerical models; analytical models; experimental measurements;
optimisation
I.
Introduction
The installation of a tender lift on the stern
is a very common feature of medium- and largeclass yachts. This mechanical system fulfils two
main tasks: it eases the boarding and the descent of
bathers into the open sea, and it is also used to
lower small crafts into the water (Figs. 1and 2).
The various tender lift models that are
commercially available present a great diversity in
their main characteristics. The basic concept behind
the tender lift is simple, with the planking level
being moved via the operation of two parallel fourbar linkage devices. However, the extensive
personalisation of yachts can lead to some critical
issues for the design of tender lifts, which must be
specifically adapted to the unique geometry of each
boat.
Fig. 1: Picture of a yacht with a tender lift mounted
on the stern.
Fig. 2: Operation of the tender lift.
www.ijera.com
1936|P a g e
2. S. Baragetti Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1936-1944
The aim of this work was to analyse and
optimise a new prototype structure for tender lifts,
as realised by BesenzoniS.p.A (Sarnico, BG). AISI
304 plates and welded section beams were used for
the realisation of the prototype. Analysis was
performed through three different approaches, in
which the movement mechanism of the tender lift
was carefully examined (ISO 2010; RINA 2010;
API 2000; Baragetti,Medolago 2012). Classical
mechanics analytical methods were initially
applied, followed by the development of detailed
finite element method (FEM) models of the
mechanical system. To validate the implemented
models, experimental tests were conducted on the
prototype.
II.
www.ijera.com
The results obtained from the first
prototype provided a complete overview of the
stress and strain states of the system, which
allowed the identification of the major critical
aspects. An optimisation process was implemented,
beginning with a sensitivity analysis, to identify the
critical structural parameters of the tender lift. A
calculation code was used to design a new
optimised
lift
with
enhanced
structural
performance. Care was taken in analysing the
influence of the stiffness of the planking level on
the stress state of the elements of the movement
mechanism.
Prototype description
The prototype hydraulic tender lift is constituted of three main elements: two parallel four-bar linkage
devices
and
a
planking
level
Fig. 3a). The movement mechanism of the planking level for this prototype is presented in
Fig. 3b. A hydraulic actuator drives the
stern, to lower small crafts or people, for a
four-bar linkage system, whose constrained nodes
maximum capacity of 850 kg. The prototype was
are mounted on the hull of the craft, while the
realised in AISI 304 steel (Table 1), and the beam
upper beam is built-in with the planking level. The
sections for the device were hollow and
tender lift is designed to be mounted in the boat’s
rectangular.
Plankinglevel
Device
a)
b)
Fig. 3: Example of devices for: (a) the movement of the planking level of a tender lift, and (b) the mechanism of
the tender lift prototype studied in the present work.
Table 1 Mechanical characteristics of AISI 304 steel
(source: www.matweb.com)
Yield tensile
Rp 0.2
215
[MPa]
strength
% Elongation at
A%
45%
break
Young’s modulus
E
206000
[MPa]
www.ijera.com
III.
Prototype analysis
3.1 Theoretical and numerical models
To study the critical points of the prototype,
a calculation code was developed. This code allowed
the stress state in critical sections of the mechanism
to be determined at discrete positions along the
device (Fig. 4). By using this tool, a graph of the
safety factor in each of the critical sections was
created (Fig. 5). The safety factor was less than 1.5 in
every operating position of the device.
1937|P a g e
3. S. Baragetti Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1936-1944
www.ijera.com
a)
b)
Fig. 4: (a) Critical sections of the device arms and (b) model adopted for the calculation code.
Actuator extension [mm]
Fig.5: Safety factors ηin the critical sections of the mechanism, along the whole device.
To investigate the stress state of the four-bar
linkage system more pragmatically, a shell numerical
FEM of the movement device was developed. In this
step, the following simplified hypotheses were
adopted: (1) the material was assumed to show a
linear elastic behaviour (Table 1), (2) a single device
was modelled (i.e., the presence of the planking level
was ignored), (3) a load of 2/3 of the nominal load
was assumed, and (4) only two positions of the
www.ijera.com
actuator were simulated (zero actuator travel and
fully extended actuator). The load was applied at the
tip of the shoe (i.e., the connecting rod of the four-bar
linkage), as shown in Fig. 4b. The base plate of the
device was constrained to the ground with a fixed
restraint. Sharp edges in the prototype were
reproduced in the numerical model. The results of the
mechanism simulations (Fig. 6) revealed that the
yield value of the material was exceeded in several
regions for both simulated configurations.
1938|P a g e
4. S. Baragetti Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1936-1944
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a)
b)
Fig. 6: FEM model results of the tender lift movement device, in terms of equivalent von Mises stress [MPa],
considering the two simulated configurations: (a) zero actuator travel and (b) fully extended actuator.
3.2 Strain gauge measurements
Experimental measurements were performed
on the prototype to validate the FEM simulation
results (Fig. 7). LY11-3/120 HBM linear strain
gauges (http://www.hbm.com/it/) were used to
measure the deformations. These strain gauges were
placed at specific points of the device (Figs. 8 and 9),
and the stress state was calculated by assuming a
linear elastic/perfectly plastic material behaviour.
The orientation of the strain gauges was chosen such
that the strain gauge measurement grid was aligned
with the dotted lines on the device arms (Figs. 8 and
9). Figure 10 compares the strain gauge
measurements and the numerical results for the strain
gauge mounted in the most-loaded region (strain
gauge 2). In this figure, the vertical dotted line
identifies the design load of a single tender lift device
(i.e., 2/3 of the maximum nominal carrying capacity).
Points of the FEM curve related to load values that
differed from the values applied in the simulation
were obtained through the linear interpolation of the
results, with the model assumed to be linear elastic.
Fig.7: Tender lift mechanism prototype, with applied strain gauges for the experimental measurements.
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5. S. Baragetti Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1936-1944
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Fig.8: Placement of strain gauges 1 and 2 on the prototype.
Fig.9: Placement of strain gauge 3 on the prototype
250
η [MPa]
2
200
Rp0,2 = 215 MPa
150
100
Experimental
Speimentale
FEM
50
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Carico [N]
5000
6000
7000
a)
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6. S. Baragetti Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1936-1944
www.ijera.com
300
Rp0,2 = 215 MPa
250
η [MPa]
2
200
150
Experimental
Sperimentale
FEM
100
50
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Carico [N]
5000
6000
7000
b)
Fig. 10: Strain gauge measurement (σ) vs. applied load for strain gauge 2, relative to the (a) fully raised or (b)
fully lowered tender lift.
The data collected from strain gauge 2
suggested that the FEM model was coherent with the
real stress state, and that the section where the strain
gauge was mounted worked beyond the yielding limit
of the material.
IV.
state in the critical sections. The value of each
identified parameter was plotted on the x-axis against
the value of the bending moment in the critical A-A
section on the y-axis (Fig. 4a). Examples of these
graphs are shown in Fig. 11 for only two variables.
This analysis revealed that the prototype geometry
was far from optimal, and that the stress values at the
critical points could be decreased by employing
suitable modifications.
Optimisation
The validated calculation code was used to
perform a sensitivity analysis. The purpose of this
sensitivity analysis was to identify the main
geometrical parameters that influenced the stress
3,500E+04
Mf A-A [N∙mm]
3,000E+04
2,500E+04
2,000E+04
1,500E+04
1,000E+04
500E+04
0,000E+00
100
200
300
a [mm]
400
500
a)
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7. S. Baragetti Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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6,000E+04
Mf A-A [N∙mm]
5,000E+04
4,000E+04
3,000E+04
2,000E+04
1,000E+04
0,000E+00
-110 -100 -90
-80 -70 -60
η[gradi]
-50
-40
-30
b)
Fig. 11: Sensitivity analysis. Value of the bending moment Mf A-A in the critical section A-A (Fig. 4a), as a
function of the examined parameter, (a) a or (b) . The prototype state is specified by the red line.
V.
Planking level effect
After the geometry had been optimised, the
influence of the planking level on the stress state of
the device arms was analysed. Unfortunately, neither
the geometry nor the material of the planking level
was known beforehand, because the ship owner will
determine how the system will be mounted.
Therefore, a reference geometry was proposed, and
the effect of variations in the stiffness on the stress
state of the device was analysed. The results of
numerical models (Fig. 12) indicated that the stress
state of the tender lift increased with decreasing
stiffness of the planking level. The stiffness range
considered during the investigation produced a
maximum increase in the Mises equivalent stress of
40% in the critical regions.
Fig. 12: Numerical model of the tender lift with the planking level (stresses in [MPa]).
VI.
Optimised prototype
The investigation allowed the critical points
of the tender lift prototype to be defined and the
parameters governing its strength to be identified.
By using the analysis results, a new optimised
geometry was proposed (Fig. 13a), which employed
the following modifications (Fig. 13b) compared to
the original prototype: (1) the hydraulic actuator was
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linked at the inferior beam, (2) the β angle was
chosen so as to maintain its value as close to 90° as
possible during its range of motion, (3) the beam b
(and also beam d, because b = d) was extended, and
(4) the sharp edge of the rocker arm without actuation
was rounded.
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a)
b)
Fig. 13: (a) Optimised geometry for the tender lift device compared to (b) the original prototype geometry.
Although these modifications involved a
negligible variation of the system mass and
dimensions, they allowed the mechanism to achieve a
marked increase in structural strength. In particular,
safety factors of greater than 1.2 were achieved in all
of the critical sections of the modified prototype (Fig.
14).
Fig. 14: Safety factors for the optimised prototype along the range of motion for sections A-A, B-B, C-C, and DD. These sections are shown in Figs. 4a and 15 for the original and optimised prototypes, respectively.
VII.
Fig. 15: Critical sections of the arms of the optimised
prototype mechanism.
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Conclusions
This work presented the optimisation
process for a prototype tender lift that was designed
for installation on medium-large size yachts. The
examined structure can be used for different
purposes; for example, it may be used as a moving
level to lower small crafts or people into the water.
The stress and strain states of the actuation device
were carefully evaluated along the range of motion.
Analytical and numerical methods, together with
experimental measurements, were used to modify the
geometry of the prototype. The new prototype
demonstrated reduced applied stresses and increased
values for the safety factor, which were greater than
1.2.
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1936-1944
www.ijera.com
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
ISO 19901-3 (2010), Petroleum and Natural
Gas Industries - Specific Requirements for
Offshore Structures - Part 3: Topsides
Structure.
RINA (2010), Rules for the Classification of
Ships, Part B.
API RP 2A-WSD (2000), Recommended
Practice for Planning, Designing and
Constructing Fixed Offshore PlatformsWorking Stress Design.
Baragetti, S., Medolago, A., “Progettazione
di una plancetta/tender lift per yacht di
dimensioni medio-grandi”, 41°Convegno
Nazionale AIAS, 5-8 settembre 2012,
Padova.
HBM, Strain Gauges and Accessories
Manual.
Retrieved
from
http://www.hbm.com/it/.
www.ijera.com
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