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Patch Loading Resistance on Inclined steel Plate Girders with Stiffened Cell Flanges
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1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 10 Issue: 05 | May 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1540 Patch Loading Resistance on Inclined steel Plate Girders with Stiffened Cell Flanges Varsha Unni k.1, Krishna M. M.2 1PG Student APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Universal Engineering College, Vallivattom, Kerala, India 2Assistant Professor APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Department of Civil Engineering, Universal Engineering College, Vallivattom, Kerala, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Stiffening is always an important factor in the case of steelgirders. Stiffeningwithdifferent flangesaremoreeffective when it comes to increasing the capacity to withstand concentrated loads caused by support reactions in steel bridge girders incrementally launched. Steel box girders are widely used in bridges when heavy loads are acting. During the construction or launching time of steel bridges there will be a concentrated force acting perpendicular to the flange of girders, this concentrated force during erection time of construction is known as patch loading. This patch loading case causes web bulking and premature bridge failure. Box girders with inclined web and their patch loading behaviour is studied. This paper aims at investigating the patch loading resistance on steel girders with different hollow flange shapes. Here it is designed and analysed by using finite element analysis method by ANSYS 2022 R2. The model is deigned with parametric studies and conducted in order to investigate the effect of various geometric parameters such as angle of inclination, webthicknessandpatchloadinglengthanddifferent patch loading length. The results showed that the use of rectangular hollow shaped cell flanges enhances the resistance of steel plate girders to patch loading. Key Words: Patch loading, Inclined steel girders, Hollow flanges, Finite element analysis, Concentrated load, Triangular cell flange, rectangular cell flange, Trapezoidal cell flange 1.INTRODUCTION Steel bridges are widely used in Highway, Urban and Railway networks around the world. Steel bridges are often made using girders with thin webs with good shear strengths and flexural to cover lengthyspansandtobeabletowithstandheavyvertical loads during service. This causes premature failure of steel bridges or webs. To prevent buckling related failures and to increase the resistance to concentrated loads the following strategies are employed: (a) to increase the web thickness, (b) to use hollow flanges as stiffener (c) to add adequately spaced vertical or horizontal stiffeners Euro Casanova researched on patch loading resistance of steel plate girders stiffened with triangular cell flanges[1].Navarro- Manso [5] developed a steel bridge launching system based on a self-supportingdoubledeck,in whichthebottomflangeswere stiffened with a triangular cell to withstand the concentrated load reactions in the end supports and connections.Dissertation Balázs kövesdI [6] patch loading resistance of girders with corrugated webs showed corrugation on webs can reduce patch loading. This paper aims at investigating the patch loading resistance of inclined steel plate girders stiffened with cell flanges. to investigate the influence of various geometric parameters such as theangleofinclination,differenthollowshapes. Herehollow shapes of rectangle, triangle and trapezoidal shapes are used for the hollow flange cases. The investigation is focused on a locally loaded single panel and thus, other important instability related phenomena are out of the scope of this paper. Patch loading resistance on inclined girders with various hollow flanges and comparison have to be studiedotherthanfromstraight girders. This paper provides a detailed description of the optimization process, including the methodology used, the results obtained, and their significance. Overall, the project has significant implications for the patch loading and its resistance.
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 10 Issue: 05 | May 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1541 Fig -1: Inclined steel girder [7] 1.2. Parametric Analysis of Inclined Girder Parametric analysis was done to find the optimum inclined girder which has higher patchloadingresistance.Theoptimization of inclined girder was done using ANSYS Workbench 2022 R2. 14 models were analysedtofindanoptimummodel withhigher patch load resistance and prevention of buckling behaviour. The models were specified were specifiedwithdifferentanglesto get optimum angle of inclination from 50 ,100, 150 , 200, and 250 . Thickness of web from 4 to 8 mm are studied. Models were analysed using trial and error method in which length of 750mm, patch loading length of 200mm. From the optimum model hollow flange cases were done to get better patch loading resistance on inclined girders. 2. Analysis and Design of Inclined Steel Girder Model (without Flange Case) An elastoplastic material with a young’s modulus E = 200 GPa and Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.3 is considered to model the material nonlinearities. Taking one side (one web) part of inclined girder (box girder) For the study. 2.1 validation The material with fy 345MPa steel and the componentsof thegirdersaremodelledusingshell elementsSHELL181, a four-node element with six degrees of freedom at each node. Base journal adopted for validation was ‘Patch loading resistance of steel plate girders stiffened with triangular cell flanges’ by Euro Casanova, Carlos Graciano, Rolando Chacon, 2022. For validation, patch loading resistance of steel girders was analysed using ANSYS Workbench R2 and the results obtained were compared with the base journal results. Table -1: Results of Validation CONFIGURATION LOAD (kN) Finite Element Analysis value for the project 624.9 Journal value 593.96 Difference (%) 5.20 2.2 The Effect of Angle of Inclination with Patch Loading The parametric study of angle of inclination or the effect of inclination anglehaveto be fixedinordertoknowfrom whichangle onwards it reacts to patch loading, or still behave like straight girders rather than inclined. The total span (a) of girder takenis 750mm and patch loading length of 200mm (ss) for the studies [1] as shown in fig. 2. Angles of 50 , 100 , 150 , 200 ,250 are observed to select the model.
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 10 Issue: 05 | May 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1542 Table -2: Geometry and Material Properties Used in Parametric Studies hw(mm) tw(mm) fyw(Mpa) bf(mm) tf(mm) fyf(MPa) ss(mm) 1000 4 345 150 8 345 200 Fig -2: Patch loading in straight girders [1] . Mesh size is a crucial factor in finite element analysis (FEA), as it determines the level of detail and accuracy of the simulation. In this case, the mesh size of 20 mm was provided. The meshing process involves creating a finite element model of the structure, which consists of small elements that are connected to form a mesh. Fig -5: Boundary Condition Front View Fig -6: Boundary Condition Isometric View Fig -3: Mesh provided (front view) with angle 50 Fig -4: Mesh provided (isometric view)
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 10 Issue: 05 | May 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1543 Boundary conditions refer to the restrictions imposed on a structure at its edges or boundaries. The inclined steel girder is a type of structural member used in bridges to transfer heavy loads to protect the structure from damages. Here, fixed support was provided. The fixed supports ensure that the structure remainsstableanddoes notundergosignificantdeformationunder the applied loads Fig -7: Total Deformation Inclined at 5º Fig -8: Total Deformation Inclined at 25º The deformation values observed from the angles from 5º to 25º at the interval of 5º. The angle on inclination is an important part for inclined girders and their behaviour to patch loading is a major consideration (fig. 7 and fig. 8). 2.3 Results and Discussions The load values of different angles with flat straight girders. From this 5o onwards the deflection started therefore 5o inclined girder is selected for hollow flange cases for stiffening. The results of various angles as shown in table 3. Table -3: Load Deflection Value of Different Angles And also, the web thickness (wt) of 4mm selected from the thickness of 4 to 8mm, as thickness increases load capacity increases, so selected the lower (fig.9) value itself for the model for stiffening methods. Thatisangleof 5o,wtof8mmandpatch load length of 200mm for the optimum model for stiffening MODEL LOAD MAX (kN) DEFLECTION (mm) % DIFFERENCE IN LOAD FLAT STRAIGHT o0 433.26 0.81 1 FLAT FLANGE 50 403.81 1.86 6.79 FLAT FLANGE 100 364.34 3.53 15.01 FLAT FLANGE 150 366.21 3.13 15.4 FLAT FLANGE 200 365.00 5.22 15.02 FLAT FLANGE 250 365.91 3.17 15.03
5.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 10 Issue: 05 | May 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1544 Fig -9: Various thickness of web with selected model of angle of 50 3. Design and Analysis of Inclined Girder with Stiffened Hollow Cell Flanges For the stiffening of inclined girder for patch load resistance of angle inclination 50 , andwtof4mmandthicknessofplatesused is 4mm for flange cases. The hollow shapes of triangular, rectangular and trapezoidal were made and compared for better resistance is compared with flat flange. The total deformations were studied. Fig -10: Hollow Flange of Trapezoidal, Triangular, and Rectangular Hollow Shapes Fig -11: Equivalent Stress of Rectangular Hollow Flange Fig -12: Load Deformation Curve of Flange Cases
6.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 10 Issue: 05 | May 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1545 From the load deformation curve, it was observed that rectangular shaped hollow flanges showed better patch loading resistance among other triangular and trapezoidal shapes. Comparingwithdeformationvaluetakenandloadbearingcapacity, the rectangular shape has better patch loading resistance is due its rectangular shape. The max load of 608.86 kN with deformation of 7.80mm. 3. Conclusions This study contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field of steel bridgesandothersteel structuresandcanserve as a valuable resource for researchers and practitionersinthefieldofstructural engineering.Theinsightsgained from thisproject can be used to inform the design of more resilient steel structures. It has provided valuable sights into the effectiveness ofthis type of rectangular hollow flange in inclined steel girders with load bearing capacity. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the behaviour of patch loading on inclined girders and its resistance methods, suggests a promising method to enhance the resistance of patch loading activities. The resistance is enhanced by of hollow flange cases on inclined cases and the effect of inclination begins from 5º onwards Rectangular hollow flanges showed betterpatchloadresistancewhencomparedwith othertriangularandtrapezoidal hollow flanges Hollow flange can provide lightweight and maximum delay in web buckling The rectangle has equal wider flanges, therefore transfer or distribution of patch load towards the flanges is higher, while comparing with other triangle or trapezoidal shape The buckling due to patch loading is reduced on web due to equal sharing of loads on rectangular shaped flange on inclined steel girder Further study on the patch loading resistance on inclined steel girders with circular cell flanges cases, which is a special case to be carried out ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to thank the Management, Principal and Head of Civil Engineering Department of Universal Engineering College, Thrissur, affiliated by Kerala Technological University for their support. This paper is based on the work carried out by me (Varsha Unni k..), as part of my PG course, under the guidance of Er. Krishna M. M. (Assistant professor, Civil Department, Universal Engineering College, Thrissur, Kerala). I express my gratitude towards his for valuable guidance. REFERENCES [1] Euro Casanova et al. (2022) Patch loading resistance of steel plate girders stiffened with triangular cell flanges journal of structures 38 993-1000 [2] Carlos Graciano et al. (2021) Elastic buckling analysis of plate girders stiffened with triangular cell flanges under patch loading journal of structures 29 373-992 [3] Matthew j. et al. (2020) Welded steel beam with novel cross-section and web openings subject to concentrated flange loading journal of structures 24 580-599 [4] Fei Gao et al. (2020) Flexural behaviour of horizontally curved I-girders with round concrete-filledtubularflangeJournalof Constructional Steel Research 170 106090 [5] Ripa T et al. (2012) Design improvements for patch loading resistance in bridges during launching. In Proc. of Steel bridge construction steel 054, 20 04 [6] Balazas kovesdi (2010) Patch loading resistance of girders with corrugated webs available: https://epito.bme.hu/sites/default/files/hirek/hsz/kovesdi_balazs_phd.pdf [7] https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/steel-box-girder.html?sortBy=relevant.
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