It is a complete study of Leukemia. It also contains survival statistics of Leukemia.

1. STUDY OF
LEUKEMIA
PRESENTED BY BIDHAN CHANDRA MALLICK
Roll No-24201914019
Reg. No-142420210019

2. INTRODUCTION
• It is a group of malignant disorder, affecting the blood and blood –forming
tissue of the bone marrow lymph system and spleen.
• The word Leukemia comes from the Greek leukos which means "white" and
aima which means "blood".
• leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells, but some leukemias start in
other blood cell types.

3. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

4. • White Blood Cells also called leukocytes. The Lymphoid stem cells of bone
marrow, produces B cell and T cell.
• In case of leukemia nromal bone marrow produses immature and
undifferentiated leukocytes or blat cells. Then abnormal immature leukocytes
then circulates in the blood and enters the blood forming organs ( liver ,
spleen, lymph nodes) and other sites throughout the body.
• In case of leukemia red blood cell and platelets remain normal but the other
cells become abnormal

5. TYPES OF LEUKEMIA
There are four main types of Leukemia .They are
• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).
• Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).
• Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukemia (CLL).
• Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML).

6. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
• Usually occurs before 14 years of age peak incidence is between 2-9 years of age,
older adult.
• Pathophysiology :
• The accumulation of lymphoblasts in the bone marrow interferes with the
production of red and white blood cells and platelets, leading to the symptoms of
Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia .
• Symptoms :
• Generalized lymphadenopathy, Infection of respiratory tract, Anaemia and bleeding
of mucus membrane ,Weight lossa, Mouth sore

7. Causes :
• Most of the times no clear reasons can be found for Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Some
of the commo causes are Certain chromosome problems, Exposure to radiation, including
x-rays before birth, Past treatment of chemotherapy drugs, Receiving bone marrow
transplant ,Genetic disorder, having a sibling with leukemia etc.
Diagnosis :
• Low RBCs count,low platelet count , low normal or high WBC count, Blood smear show
immature lymph blasts.
• Treatment :
Central nervous system (CNS) prophylax

8. Histology of ALL

9. Acute Myeloid Leukemia
• It occurs at any age but occurs most often at adolescence and after age of 55
Pathophysiology:
• Characterized by the development of immature myeloblasts in the bone marrow.
Symptoms :
• Anemia - weakness ,fatigue.
• Thrombocytopenia- bleeding, bruising.
• Functional neutropenia-fever, infection.
• Bone pain.

10. Cause :
• AML are caused by replacement of normal bone marrow with leukemic cells, which
causes a drop in red blood cells, platelets and normal white blood cells.
Diagnosis :
• Low RBC, Hb , Hct , low platelet count, low to high WBC count with myeloblasts.
Treatment :
• Use of cytarabine, 6-thioquanine, and doxorubic. The same care of client as All,
plus give adequate amounts of fluids(2000 to 3000 ml per day.). Instruct client
about medication, effects, side effects and nursing

11. Histology of AML

12. Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukemia
• The incidence of CLL increases with age and is rare under the age of 35.It is common in men.
Pathophysiology :
• It is characterized by proliferation of small, abnormal , mature B lymphocytes, often leading to decreased
synthesis of immunoglobulin and depressed antibody response.
• The number of mature lymphocytes in peripheral blood smear and bone marrow are greatly increased.
Sings and Symptoms :
• Enlarged, but painless, lymph nodes, Fatigue , Fever
• Pain in the upper left portion of the abdomen, which may be caused by an enlarged spleen
• Night sweats, Weight loss , Frequent infections

13. • Cause :
• Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukemia is caused by multiple genetic mutations
and epigenetic changes. Men are about twice as likely to get CLL as women,
and risk increases with age.
Treatment :
• Chemotherapy agents such as chlorambucil , and the glucocorticoids.
• Treated drug therapy, Bone marrow transplant.

14. Histology of CLL

15. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
• Philadelphia chromosome, the chromosome abnormality that causes chronic myeloid
leukemia. Occurs between 25-60 years of age. Peak 45 year .
Sings and Symptoms :
CML has three phases: chronic, accelerated, and blastic phase.
• Chronic phase : It's the earliest stage and the easiest to treat. But might not even have
symptoms.
• Accelerated phase : Fever, short of breath, Lose weight, Feel less hungry, enlarged spleen,
pain in bones. Other symptoms may include stroke, changes in vision, ringing in ears,
prolonged erections.
• Blastic phase : The leukemia cells multiply and crowd out healthy blood cells and platelets.

16. Cause :
• No obvious cause for CML can be isolated. The only known risk is if person have been in
contact with benzene exposure and high doses of radiation.
Diagnosis :
• Lower RBC count, Hb , Hct , high platelet count early, lower count later.
Treatment :
• The commonly drugs are hydroxyureaand busulfan (monitor of WBC count needed with
therapy).
• The only potential curative therapy of CML is the bone marrow transplant.

17. Histology of CML

18. RISK FACTORS OF LEUKEMIA

19. SURVIVAL STATICS
• When discussing cancer survival statistics, doctors often use a number called
the 5-year survival rate. This refers to the percentage of patients who live at
least 5 years after their cancer is diagnosed .

20. • Chances of Lukemia statistic in India Boys vs Girls respectively.

21. THANK YOU