Here are the answers to the questions: 1. c 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. c 6. a 7. b 8. b 9. a 10. c

1. Isaiah 60:22
“WHEN THE TIME IS RIGHT, I, THE LORD,
WILL MAKE IT HAPPPEN”

3. LESSON 9: FEELINGS AS MODIFIER
OF MORAL DECISION MAKING

4. FEELINGS

5. Feelings are subjective emotional
experiences that encompass a wide range
of states, such as happiness, sadness,
anger, and love. They arise in response to
external events, internal thoughts, or
emotions, and are often accompanied by
physical sensations and cognitive
processes.

6. Pros of Feelings in Moral Decision Making:
Empathy and
Compassion
Feelings like empathy can lead to more compassionate and
altruistic moral decisions, promoting the well-being of others.
Quick Intuition Emotions provide rapid, intuitive responses to moral dilemmas,
helping individuals make swift decisions in complex situations.
Moral Salience
Feelings can highlight the moral significance of a situation,
prompting individuals to give more thought to ethical
considerations.
Emotional Guidance
Feelings can act as a moral compass, helping individuals align
their actions with their personal values and societal norms.

7. Cons of Feelings in Moral Decision-Making:
Strong emotions can
introduce bias into moral
judgments, leading to
decisions that may not
align with reasoned ethical
principles.
Intense emotions can lead
to impulsive decisions that
do not consider the full
moral complexity of a
situation.
Emotion-
Driven Bias Impulsivity

8. Subjectivity
Inconsistent
Judgments
Over emphasis
on Immediate
Consequences
Feelings are
subjective, and what
one person feels as
morally right may
differ from another
person's perspective,
making moral
decisions highly
individualistic.
Emotions can lead to
inconsistent moral
judgments, where the
same situation may
elicit different moral
responses depending
on one's emotional
state.
Feelings can focus
on immediate
emotional
consequences,
potentially neglecting
long-term ethical
implications.

9. Feelings can act as
obstacles in making
what are considered
"right" decisions
within the frameworks
of ethical subjectivism
and emotivism:
Did you
know?

10. What is ethical subjectivism and emotivism?
Ethical subjectivism and emotivism
are both forms of non-cognitivism in
metaethics. Non-cognitivism is a
broad category of ethical theories
that reject the idea that moral
statements express objective facts or
propositions. Instead, they propose
different ways of understanding
moral language and judgments

11. Ethical Subjectivism:
Obstacle: Ethical subjectivism asserts that morality is subjective and based on
individual feelings, beliefs, or opinions. This subjectivity can create challenges when
trying to determine objective moral standards.
Challenge: In a subjectivist view, if one person feels that an action is morally
right and another person feels it is morally wrong, there is no external standard to
appeal to for resolution. This can lead to moral relativism, where each individual's
feelings dictate their own moral code.
Implications: In practical terms, this can hinder ethical discussions, as there
may be no common ground for establishing moral principles that apply universally. It
can also make it difficult to address moral disagreements, as arguments often
become centered around personal feelings and perspectives.

12. Emotivism:
Obstacle: Emotivism posits that moral statements are expressions of emotions or
attitudes, essentially reducing moral judgments to emotional response.
Challenge: This view can make it challenging to engage in substantive moral
debates or discussions. Since moral statements are seen as expressions of personal
feelings rather than objective claims, it may be difficult to persuade others to accept
particular ethical principles.
Implications: Emotivism can hinder the development of ethical theories or
frameworks that go beyond individual emotions. It can also limit the ability to make
persuasive arguments for certain ethical positions, as appeals to emotions may not
be convincing to those who don't share the same feelings.

13. In both ethical subjectivism and emotivism, the
emphasis on feelings and subjectivity can make it
difficult to establish a foundation for universally
accepted ethical standards. While proponents
argue that these theories reflect the inherent
subjectivity of morality, they also acknowledge that
they may pose challenges when it comes to
achieving consensus on what constitutes "right"
ethical decisions in a broader societal context.
These challenges highlight the ongoing debate
about the role of emotions and subjectivity in
ethics.

14. Examples of Ethical Subjectavism:
Example 1 - Personal Taste in Music:
Suppose someone says, "Country music is the best genre because I love
it." In an ethical subjectivist view, this statement is expressing a personal
preference rather than making an objective claim about the superiority of
country music. The speaker's belief that country music is the best is based on
their subjective feelings and taste.
Example 2 - Capital Punishment:
An individual might say, "I believe the death penalty is morally wrong
because it feels like state-sanctioned murder to me." In this case, the
person's moral judgment against capital punishment is grounded in their own
subjective feelings and emotional response to the issue.

15. Examples of Emotivism
Example 1 - Abortion:
Consider the statement, "Abortion is wrong." From an emotivist perspective,
this statement isn't expressing an objective moral fact but rather the speaker's
emotional reaction. It might mean, "I disapprove of abortion," indicating the
speaker's negative emotional stance on the issue.
Example 2 - Environmental Conservation:
If someone says, "Protecting the environment is a moral duty," an emotivist
might interpret this as an expression of approval for environmental conservation.
The statement reflects the speaker's positive emotional attitude toward
environmental protection.

16. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF FEELINGS
IN MORAL DECISION MAKING
Empathy and Compassion:
Situation: You come across a homeless person in the freezing cold. They are
shivering and hungry.
Moral Decision: You feel a strong sense of empathy and compassion, so you
decide to buy them a warm meal and offer them your spare blanket.
Moral Outrage:
Situation: You witness a case of blatant racial discrimination at your
workplace.
Moral Decision: Fueled by moral outrage, you decide to report the incident to
higher authorities and actively support efforts to address discrimination in your
workplace.
POSITIVE

17. NEGATIVE
Anger and Retaliation:
Situation: A co-worker spreads false rumors about you that could damage your
reputation.
Moral Decision: Overcome by anger, you may decide to retaliate by spreading
rumors about your co-worker, even though it's morally wrong.
Social Influence:
Situation: In a group discussion, your friends express strong disapproval of a
particular political stance.
Moral Decision: You align your opinion with the group, even if you don't entirely
agree, due to the social influence of your friends' emotions and opinions.

18. 1. What is the term for the philosophical view that suggests moral judgments are
based on individual opinions and feelings, making morality subjective?
a) Ethical objectivism
b) Moral relativism
c) Ethical subjectivism
d) Emotivism
2. Which emotion can lead to moral decisions aimed at self-preservation, potentially
resulting in morally questionable actions?
a) Empathy
b) Fear
c) Joy
d) Love

19. 3. Which emotion often motivates people to take actions against perceived injustices
and advocate for social change?
a) Fear
b) Anger
c) Moral outrage
d) Joy
4. Which of the following is NOT a positive effect of feelings on moral decision-
making?
a) Empathy and compassion
b) Love and loyalty
c) Moral outrage
d) Fear and self-preservation

20. 5. What is the term for responding to a perceived wrongdoing with a corresponding
action, often seeking revenge or retribution?
a) Empathy
b) Altruism
c) Retaliate
d) Compassion
6. What is the term for the emotional response that can motivate individuals
to act morally, especially when they witness someone else's suffering?
a) Compassion
b) Indifference
c) Disgust
d) Apathy

21. 7. When someone feels guilt and shame for a past wrongdoing, what is the typical
response to these emotions in terms of moral decision-making?
a) Seek revenge
b) Make amends and seek forgiveness
c) Ignore the feelings
d) Suppress the guilt
8. What is emotivism in ethics?
a) A theory that moral judgments are based on objective, universally accepted
principles.
b) A theory that moral judgments are expressions of personal emotions and
attitudes.
c) A theory that moral judgments are entirely dependent on cultural norms.
d) A theory that moral judgments are objective and unchangeable.

22. 9. What is one potential advantage of moral decision-making based on empathy
and compassion?
a) It can lead to acts of kindness and altruism.
b) It promotes moral relativism.
c) It encourages rigid moral absolutism.
d) It disregards the role of emotions in ethics.
10. "How would you best describe feelings in the context of moral
decision-making?"
a) They are objective and universally applicable.
b) They are primarily driven by rational reasoning.
c) They are subjective emotional experiences that encompass a wide
range of states, such as happiness, sadness, anger, and love.
d) They are determined by external events only.