The document describes steps for constructing a process flowchart: 1) Determine boundaries by identifying the start and end of the process. 2) List the steps using verbs. 3) Sequence the steps. 4) Draw symbols including ovals, boxes, arrows, and diamonds. 5) Take a system model approach by including inputs, processes, outputs, controls, and feedback. 6) Include pertinent information and use titles/dates. 7) Finalize the flowchart by checking for completeness and consensus.

1. ANALYTICAL TOOLS
Lesson 14

2. Constructing a Process Flowchart
• Step 1: Determine the Boundaries
• 1. Where does a process begin?
• 2. Where does a process end?
• Step 2: List the Step
• 1. Use a verb to start the task description.
• 2. The flowchart can either show the sufficient information to understand the general process flow or
detail every finite action and decision point.
• Step 3: Sequence the Steps
• 1. Use post-it notes so you can move tasks.
• 2. Do not draw arrows until later.

3. Constructing a Process Flowchart
• Step 4: Draw Appropriate Symbols
• 1. Start with the basic symbols:
• 1. Ovals show input to start the process or output at the end of the process.
• 2. Boxes or rectangles show task or activity performed in the process.
• 3. Arrows show process direction flow.
• 4. Diamonds show points in the process where a yes/no questions are asked or a decision is required.
• 5. Usually there is only one arrow out of an activity box. If there is more than one arrow, you may need
a decision diamond.
• 6. If there are feedback arrows, make sure feedback loop is closed; i.e. it should take you back to the
input box.

4. Constructing a Process Flowchart
• Step 5: System Model
• 1. Draw charts using system model approach.
• 2. Input - use information based upon people, machines, material, method, and
environment.
• 3. Process - use subsets of processes in series or parallel.
• 4. Output - use outcomes or desired results.
• 5. Control - use best in class business rules.
• 6. Feedback - use information from surveys or feedback.

5. Constructing a Process Flowchart
• Step 6: Check for Completeness Include pertinent chart information, using
title and date for easy reference.
• Step 7: Finalize the Flowchart
• 1.Ask if this process is being run the way it should be.
• 2.Are people following the process as charted?
• 3.Do we have a consensus?
• 4.What is redundant; add what is missing.

6. Regression Analysis
• A statistical process for estimating the relationships among variables.
• Helps one understand how the typical value of the dependent variable
changes when any one of the independent variables is varied, while the other
independent variables are held fixed.
• Widely used for prediction and forecasting.
• Depends on the form of the data generating process, and how it relates to
the regression approach being used.

7. how to analyze team productivity in 5 simple
steps.
1. Track your Current Productivity and Utilization.
2. Analyse, Analyse, And Analyse.
3. Improve your Planning.
4. Manage Customer Expectations.
5. Create a Productive Working Environment.

8. The 5 whys
• 1. Implement some form of time recording – “You can’t manage what you can’t measure”, by capturing
time-sheets you can understand your current utilization and productivity
• 2. Define Appropriate Variables – if you sell services you will want to measure chargeable utilization, ensure
you define variables that enable you to measure utilization and productivity that is applicable to your
business.
• 3. Improve your planning – it will also give you a more realistic view of the health of the organization by
comparing planned versus actual.
• 4. Manage Customer Expectations – communicate to your entire team the importance of managing the
customer’s expectation from initial enquiries all the way through to project delivery. In the long run you will
have more happy customers resulting in your employees having to perform less un-productive tasks.
• 5. Encourages Collaboration – boost your productivity by creating an environment where your team
members can easily share knowledge, ideas and lessons learned.

9. OVERRAL REQUIREMENT
EFFECTIVENESS
• To evaluate how effectively a manufacturing operation is utilized.
• The results are stated in a generic form which allows comparison between
manufacturing units in differing industries.
• Used to identify scope for process performance improvement, and how to
get the improvement.
• Also commonly used as a key performance indicator (kpi) in conjunction
with lean manufacturing efforts to provide an indicator of success.