2. What do we know of cities? And of urban environments? 1 Bagian
3. Take any of today's environmental problems faced by the inhabitants of Earth, and its causes and pressures can easily be traced back, directly or indirectly, to urban areas. The forces and processes that constitute 'urban activity' have far-reaching and long-term effects not only on its immediate boundaries, but also on the entire region in which it is positioned. Rethinking Urban Areas
4. Effects, impacts, shortages etc. Problems, causes, lifestyle issues, consumption patterns There is a clear cyclical link between cities and urban areas on one hand, and global environmental problems on the other … Cause and Effect Cycles
5. Understanding the Scale of Environmental Problems National/ Global City/ Urban Area Community Household
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7. Environmental Dimensions of Urban Areas Resources, processes and effects related to flora and fauna, human beings, minerals, water, land, air, etc Resources, processes and effects related to buildings, housing, roads, railways, electricity, water supply, gas etc. Resources, processes and effects related to human activities, education, health, arts and culture, economic and business activities, heritage - urban lifestyles in general.
8. We should develop a clear urban environmental management framework 2 Bagian
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17. Much of the responsibility for urban environmental management lies with local governments 3 Part
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19. Community Participation The old paradigm of ‘ community participation ’ has now expanded to include many new ones … Expanding Paradigms Informed Consent Public Choice Decision Making Processes Education & Awareness Building Urban Governance Decentralization and Local Autonomy Information Disclosure Capacity Building
20. Local Governments World Charter on Local Governments LCA and Eco-Labeling Increased Capacity Building and Public administration changes Waste reduction and resource savings E- Tools available to Local Governments Local Agenda 21 Civil society participation and Lifestyle changes Kyoto Protocol Emissions, air pollution etc. Energy saving, natural resource saving, air pollution Urban planning rules and building codes EMS and ISO 14001 Consumption and production changes
21. Urban Capacity Building Urban Governance … for repackaging cities … for mainstreaming urban management The need of the day ... Urban capacity building is a process that involves value added instruction, the training of trainers, activities with multiplier effects, and networking. It involves both institutional capacity-building, as well as human capacity-building. Urban governance refers to the complex set of values, norms, processes, and institutions by which society manages its development and resolves conflict, formally and informally. It involves the state, but also the civil society.
22. This is where Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) come in … 4 Part
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24. Inspiration from ISO 14001 Environmental Policy Planning Implementation and Operation Checking and Corrective Action Management Review EMS The ISO 14001 Cycle
25. The GET Matrix Solid Waste Water Energy Transportation Housing … Governance Education Technology Actors and actions Management Systems Urban Components
26. Governance Education Technology The “ G.E.T.” Formula EMS - capacity building - training - information management - education and awareness - lifestyle changes ... - network infrastructure - urban design - water - energy - waste management - social services ... - institutional frameworks - laws and legislation - monitoring and evaluation - decision-making - role of civil society …
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28. External benefits Internal benefits Local Governments Urban Stakeholders (for eg. Developers Businesses Citizens Groups NGOs) In developing an EMS, there are both internal concerns (to the local government) and external concerns (to urban stakeholders)
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33. So what? How is an EMS actually implemented on the ground?? 5 Part
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37. Local Government Offices Model 1: Single Action Takes only one action, such as electricity/water saving or paper recycling … using the “Reduce, Reuse, Recycle” approach Very Common. Many cities in Australia, Europe and USA have implemented such action Examples
38. Local Government Offices Model 2: ISO 14001 Certification Obtains ISO 14001 certification, but for the city office buildings only involving all departments of the local government. More than 200 local governments in Japan have obtained ISO 14001 Certification. Examples
39. Local Government Offices Model 3: Utilities Certification Each office obtains ISO 14001 certification separately, and there is no link to local government or between utilities. Water Utility Elec. Utility Gas Utility Trans- portation York, Canada Honolulu, USA Examples
40. Local Government Offices Model 4: Green Procurement Local governments insist that developers and builders of urban projects, and suppliers of materials have ISO 14001 certification; Developers and builders Material Suppliers Scotsdale, USA Frankfurt, Germany Heidelburg, Germany Examples
41. Local Government Offices Model 5: Work with Residents Local governments work with groups such as residents, children, youth, women etc. to implement ‘green action’ through an EMS Residents and Citizens Groups Children and school students Minamata, Sendai and Tokyo in Japan Examples
42. EMS Actions Model 6: Link Environmental Actions EMS is frequently linked to, and used as an implementation strategy, for other environmental initiatives such as Local Agenda 21. Local Agenda 21 Basic Environment Plan Other E-initiatives Hailton-Wentworth, Canada Huddersfield, UK Examples
43. Model X: The full EMS But a ‘real’ EMS is a combination of all the five models, plus other actions and procedures outlined in the ISO 14001. Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Together, with other actions, is an EMS!! Manningham, Australia Seattle, USA Penang and Kuching, Malaysia Examples
44. Back to basics … Cities are not the cities that we know … 6 Part
45. Six Blind Men and the Urban Elephant … of looking at urban areas as having high population and densities, … and failing to see that the people themselves as a resource 1
46. Six Blind Men and the Urban Elephant … of looking at urban areas as pollution sources and consumption sinks, … and failing to see cities as ‘reservoirs of ideas’ and knowledge. 2
47. Six Blind Men and the Urban Elephant … of looking at urban areas as administrative units with ‘borders,’ … and failing to see its impacts on the hinterland and even beyond national boundaries. 3
48. Six Blind Men and the Urban Elephant … of looking at urban areas as breeding grounds for slums, disease and criminal activities, … and failing to see the real causes behind these ‘problems’. 4
49. Six Blind Men and the Urban Elephant … of looking at urban areas as areas of high ‘quality of life,’ … and failing to see that the real need is for a better lifestyle that is sustainable, equal and fulfilling. 5
50. Six Blind Men and the Urban Elephant … of looking at urban areas as A PROBLEM! … and failing to see it as A SOLUTION! 6
Urban areas are an enigma, an oxymoron of advantages and disadvantages, of good and bad, of happy and sad things ... On one hand, it is seen as a settlement of choice for an increasing number of the world's populance, but this is difficult to reconcile with the huge amounts of resources consumed and wastes generated. This presentation focuses on the need for a broad-based, long-term and accountable approach to developing environmental management systems (EMS) at the city level. The approach calls for new ways of thinking, of a shift from treatment to prevention, from technology to management, from data to knowledge.
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