The document provides instruction on expanding sentences through coordination, subordination, relative clauses, appositive phrases, and adverbial clauses. It includes examples of expanding simple sentences by adding objects, complements, and adverbials. Subordinate elements such as relative clauses and appositive phrases are described as adding definition and modifying meaning. The placement of adverbial clauses is also discussed as affecting emphasis and flow. Students are assigned readings and writing tasks on sentence expansion and combining for the next class.

1. Lesson Three Sentence Expansion

2. Dimensions of Language Cultural Dimension Syntagmatic Dimension Paradigmatic Dimension

3. 1. Formal \ Informal 2. Standard \ Nonstandard 3. General \ Specific 4. In Group \ Out Group Word Categories

4. Reference Tools Dictionary merriam-webster.com Thesaurus

5. The Writing Assignment Write one or two paragraphs in which you describe and/or explain to one of your classmates your like or dislike for writing in English. Length : 100 - 200 words Due at the beginning of next week’s class.

6. Writing Advice In fact, I like it, but can’t do it well. To begin with, I don’t always know how to get started when I am asked to write an essay in English In fact, I pretty like it, but can’t do it well. To begin with, I always don’t know how to get start when I was asked to write an essay in English Don’t always started am

7. Writing Advice Many foreign teachers may feel surprised for the first time they teach in China. And I also heard some of them complaining. They want us to write whatever we can think of, anything, any style. And that is what most of us want. because they -- Page 12 as well. have Many foreign teachers feel surprised the first time they teach in China. I have also heard some of them complaining because they want us to write whatever we can think of--anything, any style. And that is what most of us want as well.

8. Writing Advice Sometimes, I show great admiration for the great masterpieces. Actually, I don’t know how could a person writes such works Sometimes I show great admiration for the great masterpieces. I actually don’t know how a person could write such admirable works. I actually don’t know how a person could

9. Sentence Expansion

10. A sentence base is the minimum required for a sentence. The most basic sentence contains a noun phrase (NP) and a verb phrase (VP). Sentence Bases

11. Mark ate. NP + VP Sentence Base

12. Sentence Base We can also add the following optional third elements to the clause: an object (O) a complement (C) and/or an adverbial (AV). We add these elements to the clause to make a more informative sentence

13. Sentence Base Object Mark met Tracy .

14. Sentence Base Complement Tracy seemed to be older .

15. Sentence Base Adverbial Mark fell in love the first time he saw her .

16. Sentence Expansion 1. Coordination 2. Subordination

17. Sentence Expansion Coordination means “ being of equal structural rank.” Coordination occurs when we use a coordinator (or, and, but, nor, yet, so) to connect parts of a sentence together.

18. Sentence Expansion We can use coordination to connect words or phrases: 1. Mark was excited but nervous. 2. He was excited about the feelings he had but nervous because of his personality.

19. Sentence Expansion We can use coordinated elements in the subject or the predicate. Her beauty and excellent taste for food was too much to resist . . The opportunity was new and exciting.

20. Sentence Expansion Subordination means ‘being of lower structural rank.’ Words that are added to the bare sentence base are said to be subordinate because they are grammatically secondary to the main elements.

21. Sentence Expansion Subordinating elements modify the meaning of the sentence base. We call theses subordinating elements modifiers . Modifiers are absolutely essential to writing effectively because they provide vital, substantial, and specific information.

22. Sentence Expansion Subordination 1. Relative Clauses 2. Appositive Phrases 3. Adverbial Clauses 4. Participial Phrases 5. Absolute Phrases

23. Sentence Expansion 1. Relative Clauses Relative clauses enable the writer to embed a complete subject/predicate into a noun phrase. Relative = relationship Relative Clauses are introduced by either a relative pronoun (that, who, or which) or a relative adverb (where, when, why)

24. Sentence Expansion 1. Relative Clauses Example: 1. Tracy invited Mark to sit down. 2. They shared a pot of coffee. What is the relationship between these two sentences? How can we make the relationship more clear?

25. Sentence Expansion 1. Relative Clauses Combining the sentences requires the use of a relative clause: Tracy invited Mark to sit down where they shared a pot of coffee.

26. Sentence Expansion 2. Appositive Phrases An appositive phrase is a reduced sentence headed by a noun, functioning, just like a relative clause, to define or restrict the noun by adding definition-like details to it. Appositive phrases rename nouns or noun phrases.

27. Sentence Expansion 2. Appositive Phrases Example: Tracy invited Mark to sit down, where they shared a pot of coffee. Mark was an extremely shy person around girls.

28. Sentence Expansion 2. Appositive Phrases ‘ Appositive’ simply means being ‘positioned’ next to something, generally a noun. Therefore, the most common and expected sentence position for the appositive phrase is immediately after the noun it expands. Mark, being an extremely shy person around girls, was invited by Tracy to sit down, where they shared a pot of coffee.

29. Sentence Expansion 2. Appositive Phrases However, we can also place them at the beginning or the end of a sentence. These are fairly unusual sentence patterns (especially the latter) and are considered fairly dramatic, so they will usually come as a surprise to the reader and will send the message that the writer has taken pains in crafting the sentence.

30. Sentence Expansion 2. Appositive Phrases An extremely shy person, Mark was invited by Tracy to sit down, where they shared a pot of coffee. At the beginning of the sentence the appositive phrase will tend to put more stress on the subject.

31. Sentence Expansion 2. Appositive Phrases Mark was invited by Tracy to sit down for a cup of coffee an extremely nervous boy when around girls. At the end of the sentence the appositive phrase will be the focus of the sentence.

32. Sentence Expansion 2. Appositive Phrases Introductory Appositive Series Upset stomach, sweaty palms, and shaking leg syndrome — all these symptoms caused Mark to act very strangely. The subject of the sentence is all these symptoms ; the list of appositives names the symptoms.

33. Sentence Expansion 3. Adverbial Clauses Adverbial clauses (subordinating) are clauses that modify verbs using a subordinator. Examples of subordinating words: if, since,when, while, although, even though, after, before as if, as long as, as soon as

34. Sentence Expansion 3. Adverbial Clauses Example: When Tracy allowed me to, I wanted to ask her out on a date.

35. Sentence Expansion 3. Adverbial Clauses Two frequent problems with adverbial clauses: The wrong idea gets subordinated The meaning of the subordinator is imprecise

36. Sentence Expansion 3. Adverbial Clauses The wrong idea gets subordinated Example: 1. When Tracy allowed me to, I wanted to ask her out on a date. 2. Tracy allowed me to, when I wanted to ask her out on a date.

37. Sentence Expansion 3. Adverbial Clauses 2. The meaning of the subordinator is imprecise Example: 1. When Tracy allowed me to, I wanted to take her out on a date. 2. If Tracy allowed me to, I wanted to take her out on a date.

38. Sentence Expansion 3. Adverbial Clauses Adverbial clauses can be placed in the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence.

39. Sentence Expansion 3. Adverbial Clauses At the beginning of a sentence, adverbial clauses can function as a cohesive link between known and unknown information. When Tracy allowed me to, I wanted to take her out on a date. I wanted to take Tracy out on a date, when she allowed me to. Notice the change in focus when we change the position.

40. Sentence Expansion 3. Adverbial Clauses Placing an adverbial clause in the middle of a sentence will interrupt the flow of the sentence and slow the reader down. They add stress and length to the words they modify and changes the rhythm. I wanted, when Tracy allowed me, to take her out on a date.

41. Next Week: Sentence Expansion & Sentence Combining

42. The Reading Assignment Preview Chapter 3, pgs 57-74 for next week’s class

43. The Writing Assignment Write one paragraph in which you describe your future career goals and intellectual interests to the faculty of the English Department. Write another paragraph in which you describe your future career goals and intellectual interests to a Canadian third-year university student.