LESSON 2-FIRST AID.pptx

BASIC
FIRST AID
MALLORY ALVA V. BALABBO RN,SCFHS-RN, LPT

DEFINITION OF FIRST AID
◦First Aid is an emergency care
and treatment of a sick or injured
person before more advanced
medical assistance, in the form of
the emergency medical services
(EMS) arrives.

Responsibilities of a first
aider :
◦Preserve life and provide initial emergency care
and treatment to sick or injured people
◦Protect the unconscious
◦Prevent a casualty’s condition from becoming
worse

Exposure to Biological hazards
◦ First aider may be exposed to biological substances such as blood-borne pathogens and communicable diseases,
whilst dealing with a victim.
◦ These may result from dealing with:
◦ Trauma related injuries
◦ Resuscitation
Blood-borne pathogens that can be transmitted from a penetrating injury or mucous exposure, in particular,
Hepatitis B virus,
Hepatitis C Virus
Human Immune deficiency Virus (HIV).

Universal Precautions:
◦ First aiders should equip themselves with the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). This equipment is
used to minimize infection from disease.
◦ Universal Precaution include:
l Wearing appropriate protective equipment for the task
l Treating all person as if infectious
l Washing following completion of task
l Appropriate disposal of disposal protective items and/or equipment
l Maintaining good hygiene practices before, during and after tasks involving contamination risk.

Exposure sources:
◦The following are common sources
of exposure:
◦All human body fluids and
secretions, especially any fluid with
visible blood
◦Any other human material

Exposure Routes:
◦The following are typically means of exposure:
◦Punctures or cuts from sharp objects contaminated
with blood/fluid
◦A spill of blood/fluid onto mucous membranes of the
eyes, mouth and/or nose
◦A spill of blood/fluid onto skin that may or may not be
intact
◦A laceration and contaminated with blood/fluid from a

Basic of First Aid
◦Check for BREATHING: Lack of oxygen intake (through
a , brain damage or death in few minutes
◦Check for BLEEDING: Life cannot continue without an
adequate volume of blood to carry oxygen to tissues
◦Check for SHOCK: Unless shock is prevented, first aid
performed, and medical treatment provided, death may
result even though the injury would not otherwise be

EMERGENCY ACTION
PRINCIPLES
Survey the scene
◦ Once you recognized that an emergency has occurred and decide to
act, you must make sure the scene of the emergency is safe for you,
the victim/s, and any bystander/s.
Element of the Survey of the Scene
l Scene safely
l Mechanism of injury or nature of illness
l Determine the number of patients and additional resources.

Activate Medical Assistance and Transfer Facility
◦Phone First and Phone Fast
◦Both trained and untrained bystanders should be
instructed to Activate Medical Assistance as soon as
they
◦have determined that an adult victim requires
emergency care “Phone First”. While for infant and
children a “Phone fast” approach is recommended.

Do a Primary survey of the Victim
◦In every emergency situation, you must first find out if
there are conditions that are an immediate threat the
victim’s life.
1. Check for consciousness
2. Check for airway
3. Check for breathing
4. Check for circulation

Do a Secondary Survey of the Victim
◦It is a systematic method of gathering
additional information about injuries or
conditions that may need care.
◦Interview the victim
◦Check vital signs
◦Perform head-to-toe examination.

CHOKING
◦Choking happens when an object
lodges in the throat or windpipe
blocking the flow of air. In adults, a
piece of food is usually to blame. Young
children often choke on small objects.
Choking is life-threatening. It cuts off
oxygen to the brain.

◦The HEIMLICH MANEUVER, which also is
referred to as ABDOMINAL THRUSTS, involves
positioning yourself behind the person who is
choking (they should be standing), placing your
arms around their waist and putting your fist just
above the person’s belly button
◦Choking is so hazardous because brain damage
can happen in as little as four to six minutes if
someone doesn’t receive oxygen

◦CPR is required when a person
is: unconscious. not breathing
normally. not breathing.

6 SIGNS OF CHOKING
•ARE UNABLE TO TALK.
•HAVE DIFFICULTY BREATHING OR NOISY BREATHING.
•MAKE SQUEAKY SOUNDS WHEN TRYING TO BREATHE.
•COUGH, FORCEFULLY OR WEAKLY.
•BECOME FLUSHED, THEN TURN PALE OR BLUISH.
•LOSE CONSCIOUSNESS.

STEPS:
• Give five back blows. Stand to the side and just behind a choking
adult.
• For a child, kneel down behind. Place your arm across the person's
chest to support the person's body. Bend the person over at the waist
to face the ground. Strike five separate times between the person's
shoulder blades with the heel of your hand.
• Give five abdominal thrusts. If back blows don't remove the stuck
object, give five abdominal thrusts, also known as the Heimlich
maneuver.
• Alternate between five blows and five thrusts until the blockage
is dislodged.

◦ If the patient has collapsed or is unable to be lifted, he or she should be placed in the supine
position and the rescuer should kneel beside the patient’s abdomen or straddle it.
◦ The rescuer should place one hand on top of the other, with the heel of the bottom hand in the
midline between the patient’s navel and rib cage.
◦ He or she should lean forward so that the shoulders are over the patient’s abdomen and press
toward the diaphragm with a quick thrust, inward and upward.
◦ The rescuer should not press to the right or left of the midline. This should be repeated up to
three to five times if necessary.

• CALL local emergency number
•Place a fist slightly above your navel.
•Grasp your fist with the other hand.
•Bend over a hard surface. A
countertop or chair will do.
•Shove your fist inward and upward.

•If a conscious choking person is too big for you to reach around,
is obviously pregnant or is known to be pregnant, give chest
thrusts instead. Position your hands slightly higher for a pregnant
woman.
•Chest thrusts for a conscious adult are like abdominal thrusts,
except for the placement of your hands.
•For chest thrusts, place your fist against the center of the
person’s breastbone.
•Then grab your fist with your other hand and give quick thrusts
into the chest.

Drowning
◦is defined as the process of
experiencing respiratory
impairment from submersion
or immersion in liquid.

TAKE NOTE!!
Never become a casualty yourself
– never attempt a rescue beyond
your capabilities.

OBJECTIVES:
◦STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
◦DEFINE WHAT IS BLS
◦TO KNOW WHY CPR IS IMPORTANT
◦TO KNOW HOW TO PROPERLY ASSESS THE
VICTIM
◦ TO PERFORM CHEST COMPRESSIONS AND
RESCUE BREATHS
◦TO PLACE THE VICTIM IN A RECOVERY POSITION

WHAT IS BLS?
◦Basic Life Support, or BLS, generally refers to the type
of care that first-responders, healthcare providers and
public safety professionals provide to anyone who is
experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress or an
obstructed airway.
◦ It requires knowledge and skills in
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR), using
automated external defibrillators (AED) and relieving
airway obstructions in patients of every age.

WHAT IS CPR?
◦is an emergency lifesaving
procedure performed when the
heart stops beating.
◦Immediate CPR can double or
triple chances of survival after
cardiac arrest.

Why Is CPR Important?
Keeping the blood flow
active – even partially –
extends the opportunity
for a successful
resuscitation once trained
medical staff arrive on

BODY SYSTEM
Clinical death
Within 1 min. - cardiac irritability
1 - 4 min. - brain damaged not likely
4 - 6 min. - brain damage possible
Biological death
6 - 10 min. - brain damaged very likely
over 10 min. - irreversible brain damaged

WHEN TO START CPR
If you see a victim who is:
1. Unconscious/Unresponsive
2. Not breathing or has no normal breathing (only
gasping)
3. No definite pulse
Note: Responders need to generally assume that all
victims have infectious diseases.

WHEN NOT TO START CPR
All victims of cardiac arrest should receive CPR unless:
1. Patient has a valid DNAR (Do Not Attempt
Resuscitation) order.
2. Patient has signs of irreversible death (Rigor
Mortis, Decapitation).

-Confirmed gestation of < 23
weeks or birth weight < 400
grams, anencephaly.
- Attempts to perform CPR would place the
rescuer at risk of physical injury.

WHEN TO STOP CPR
SPONTANEOUS signs of circulation are restored
TURNED over to medical services or properly trained and
authorized personnel
OPERATOR is already exhausted and cannot continue CPR
SCENE becomes unsafe (such as traffic, impending or ongoing
violence—gun fires)
SIGNED waiver to stop CPR

◦ The C-A-B
• Core concept: Oxygen to the Brain!
• In order: Compression-Airway-Breathing
• Compressions create blood flow by
increasing intra-thoracic pressure and
directly compress the heart; generate blood
flow and oxygen delivery to the myocardium
and brain.

CAB: COMPRESSION
• CIRCULATION represents a heart that is actively pumping
blood, most often recognized by the presence of a pulse in
the neck (or other peripheral pulses)
• Assume there is NO CIRCULATION if the following exist:
Unresponsive, Not breathing, Not moving and Poor
skin color (cyanotic)
• Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) - sign of life

ADULTS &
ADOLESCENTS
CHILDREN
(age 1 year to puberty)
INFANTS
(age less than 1 year,
excluding newborns)
COMPRESSION RATE 100-120 per minute
COMPRESSION DEPTH
At least 2 inches
(5cm) but should
not exceed 2.4
inches (6cm)
At least 1/3 Antero-Posterior (AP) diameter of the
chest
About 2 inches (5cm) About 1.5 inches (4cm)

Proper Position in Performing CPR
CAB: COMPRESSION

• Place the heel of the second hand on top of
the first so that the hands are overlapped and
parallel.
• Kneel facing the victim’s chest
• Place the heel of one hand on the center of
the chest
CAB: COMPRESSION
ADULT CPR

• Lower half of the sternum, between the nipples.
• One hand only/ two hands for big children
• 30:2 for single rescuer, 15:2 for 2-man rescuer
(optional for HCP).
CAB: COMPRESSION
CHILD CPR

• Just below the nipple line, lower half of sternum
• Two fingers, flexing at the wrist (lone rescuer)
• 2 thumb-encircling hands technique (two rescuers)
CAB: COMPRESSION
INFANT CPR

•Head-Tilt/Chin-Lift Maneuver
Tilt the head back with your one hand and lift up the chin
with your other hand
CAB: Open AIRWAY

• Jaw-Thrust Maneuver
A technique that can be done by at least two highly trained
BLS providers (if suspected with cervical trauma).
CAB: Open AIRWAY

CAB: BREATHING
• Maintain open airway
• Pinch nose shut (if mouth to mouth RB is preferred)
• Open your mouth wide, take a normal breath, and make a
tight seal around outside of victim’s mouth
• Give 2 full breaths (1 sec each breath)
• Observe chest rise
• 30:2 (Compression to Ventilation ratio)
• 5 cycles or 2 minutes

HIGH QUALITY CPR
1. Correct Compression Site
2. Adequate Compression Rate (100-120/minute)
3. Adequate Compression Depth
ADULT: at least 2 inches (5cm) but should not exceed 2.4 inches (6cm)
CHILDREN: about 2 inches (5cm)
INFANTS: about 1.5 inches (4cm)
4. Chest Recoil completed after each compression
5. Minimize interruptions to less than 10 seconds in between chest
compressions
6. Avoidance of Excessive Ventilation

Recovery Position
ADULT INFANT

DIRECTIONS: Read the questions on the
screen carefully and write the correct answer on
a ½ sheet of paper.
1. What is the proper steps before performing CPR?
2. When you are ready to Start CPR, is it ABC? Or CAB?
3. How many cycles per minute should you perform?
4. How any chest compressions should you do?
5. How many rescue breaths?

WHAT IS WOUND?
◦Wounds are injuries that break the skin or
other body tissues.
◦They include cuts, scrapes, scratches, and
punctured skin. They often happen because
of an accident, but surgery, sutures, and
stitches also cause wounds.
◦Minor wounds usually aren't serious, but it is
important to clean them

INCISED WOUND
An incised wound, or
cut or "slash," results
when an object with a
sharp tip or sharp
edge, makes contact
with the skin

LACERATED WOUND
A laceration is a wound
that occurs when skin,
tissue, and/or muscle is
torn or cut open. Most
lacerations are the result
of the skin hitting an
object, or an object hitting
the skin with force.

ABRASION WOUND
An abrasion is a type of
open wound that's caused
by the skin rubbing
against a rough surface. It
may be called a scrape or
a graze.

PUNCTURE WOUND
A puncture is a wound
made by a pointed object
such as a nail, knife, or
sharp tooth. Puncture
wounds often appear to be
on the surface, but may
extend into the deeper
tissue layers.

PENETRATING WOUND
Penetrating wounds are
caused by objects that
penetrate the body, that is,
they pierce the skin and
lacerate, disrupt, destroy, or
contuse adjacent tissue, thus
creating an open wound.
Penetrating injuries can have
multiple etiologies; the most
common are gunshot wounds

HEMATOMA
◦A pool of mostly clotted blood
that forms in an organ, tissue, or
body space. A hematoma is
usually caused by a broken
blood vessel that was damaged
by surgery or an injury. It can
occur anywhere in the body,
including the brain.
◦hematoma occurs when blood
leaks from larger blood vessels.

CONTUSION
◦ Contusion is the medical term
for a bruise. It is the result of
a direct blow or an impact,
such as a fall. Contusions are
common sports injuries. Most
people think of a bruise as a
black-and-blue spot.
◦ contusion occurs when blood
leaks from smaller blood
vessels

BLEEDING FIRST AID
Apply direct pressure to the bleeding wound
•Apply firm pressure over the wound. Use a sterile or
clean bulky pad and apply it firmly with hand
pressure. Apply a bandage to keep the dressing in
place.
•If bleeding is severe, DO NOT waste time looking for
suitable padding, but be prepared to use the patient’s
hand or your hand to hold the wound together if the
patient is unable to do this unaided.

Raise the injured area
•If the wound is on a limb, raise it in a supported
position to reduce blood flow to the injured
area.
•If an arm is injured, you could apply an arm
sling or elevation sling.
•NOTE: Try to avoid any direct contact with the patient’s
blood or other body fluids. Use disposable gloves if
possible. If gloves are not available, place your hands

If a foreign body is embedded in the wound
•DO NOT remove it but apply padding on
either side of the object and build it up to
avoid pressure on the foreign body.
•Hold the padding firmly in place with a roller
bandage or folded triangular bandage applied
in a criss-cross method to avoid pressure on
the object.

Keep the patient at total rest
•Even if the injury involves the arm
or upper part of the body, the
patient should rest in a position of
greatest comfort for at least 10
minutes to help control the
bleeding.

Seek medical assistance
•If the wound appears to be minor and
the patient is able to travel by car,
arrange an urgent appointment with a
local doctor to assess and treat the
injury.

If blood leaks through the pressure pad and
bandage
•Apply a second pad over the first. Use a tea towel or
similar bulky fabric and apply maximum pressure to the
area.
•For major uncontrolled bleeding quickly remove the
blood-soaked pad and bandage and replace with a
fresh bulky pad and bandage. The continuing bleeding
may be due to the pad slipping out of position when the
first bandage was applied.

Why do we elevate the bleeding part of the body
above the heart?
◦Reducing the flow of blood will also help stop
the bleeding, so raise the affected area if
possible. If the injury is to the hand or arm, simply
raise it above the head. If the injury is to a lower
limb, lie down and raise the affected area above
the level of the heart.

NOSE BLEED ( EPISTAXIS)
◦Nosebleeds (also called
epistaxis) are common. Some
60% of people will have at
least one nosebleed in their
lifetime. The location of the
nose in the middle of the face
and the large number of
blood vessels close to the
surface in the lining of your
nose make it an easy target

TRIVIA
◦HOW MANY BONES DOES AN ADULT
HAVE?
◦HOW MANY BONES DOES A BABY HAVE?

DID YOU KNOW?
◦THIS DISEASE CLAIMS 1
LIFE EVERY 9 MINUTES
◦40% OF VICTIMS ARE
CHILDREN YOUNGER THAN
15

RABIES
◦Rabies is a viral zoonotic disease that causes progressive and
fatal inflammation of the brain and spinal cord.
◦Rabies is a deadly virus spread to people from the saliva of
infected animals. The rabies virus is usually transmitted through
a bite.
TWO TYPES OF RABIES:
1.Furious rabies – characterized by hyperactivity and
hallucinations.
2.Paralytic rabies – characterized by paralysis and coma.

RABIES AGENT
◦RHABDOVIRUS
◦LYSSA VIRUS TYPE 1

RABIES
This disease, which can affect all
mammals (warm-blooded animals)
Domestic mammals:
Cats, cattle, and dogs

INCUBATION PERIOD
2–3 months but may vary
from 1 week to 1 year,
dependent upon factors such
as the location of virus entry
and viral load

FIRST AID
•Immediately wash the bite wound with
soap and clean water. Antiseptics may be
applied.
•Consult a physician or go to your nearest
Animal Bite Center for immunization.
•The victim may also be given antibiotics
and anti-tetanus immunization, if
indicated.

PREVENTION
◦ Rabies is preventable through three proven, effective interventions:
1. Awareness of rabies disease engages
communities and empowers people to save
themselves by seeking the care they need. This
includes an understanding of how to prevent
rabies in animals, when to suspect rabies, and
what to do in case of a bite.

PREVENTION
2. Post-exposure prophylaxis
(PEP) consists of a series of rabies vaccines
and, in some cases, rabies immunoglobulin
(RIG), administered after a suspected
exposure to rabies. Appropriate wound
management and prompt access to quality-
assured PEP is almost 100% effective in
preventing human rabies deaths.

PREVENTION
3.Mass dog vaccination is a proven, cost–
effective way to save human lives by
stopping transmission of rabies at its
source. While a variety of animal species
can host rabies, dogs are responsible for
99% of human cases. Eliminating rabies in
dogs is therefore key to sustainably
preventing human disease.

IDENTIFY IF THE STATEMENT IF MYTH OR
FACT
◦ ALL DOGS AND CATS HAVE RABIES
◦ RABIES VIRUS ARE MORE POTENT IN
PUPPY AND KITTENS
◦ RABIES ISNT PREVENTABLE
◦ USING TANDOK AND BAWANG CAN SAVE
LIVES
◦ DOGS AND CATS ARE NOT NATURALLY
BORN WITH RABIES
◦ RABIES IS A VIRAL DISEASE AMONG
MAMMALS
◦ RABIES IS HIGHLY PREVENTABLE
◦ IF BITTEN, WASH THE WOUND FOR 10-15
MINUTES WITH SOAP AND WATER. SEEK
MEDICAL HELP

SUMMARY
REMEMBER:
Once a rabies infection is
established, there's no
effective treatment.
Though a small number
of people have survived
rabies, the disease
usually causes death.

LESSON 2-FIRST AID.pptx

More Related Content

What's hot

Similar to LESSON 2-FIRST AID.pptx

More from MalloryAlvaCastaeda

Recently uploaded

LESSON 2-FIRST AID.pptx