Develop technical competence in basic principles of soil mechanics and fundamentals of application in engineering practice. (Outcomes b, e, k)
Ability to list the salient engineering properties of soils and their characteristics and describe the factors which control these properties. (Outcomes c)
Sexual reproduction is a biological process by which offspring are produced by the combination of genetic material from two parent organisms. It involves the fusion of specialized reproductive cells called gametes, which typically come from two different individuals of the same species.
Gamete Formation: Each parent produces specialized reproductive cells called gametes. In most animals, the male parent produces small, mobile gametes called sperm, while the female parent produces larger, usually immobile gametes called eggs. In plants, the male gamete is typically contained within pollen grains, and the female gamete is located within ovules.
Fertilization: The gametes from the male and female parents fuse during fertilization, forming a zygote. This process usually occurs through the union of the sperm and egg. Fertilization typically occurs externally in many aquatic organisms and internally in most terrestrial organisms.
Genetic Variation: One of the key features of sexual reproduction is the generation of genetic diversity. Offspring produced through sexual reproduction inherit genetic material from both parents, leading to genetic variation among individuals within a population. This genetic diversity is important for the adaptation and evolution of species over time.
Meiosis: In preparation for sexual reproduction, specialized cell division called meiosis occurs in the cells that give rise to gametes. Meiosis ensures that the resulting gametes contain only half the number of chromosomes found in other body cells, allowing the union of gametes to restore the full chromosome number in the zygote.
Sexual reproduction is the predominant mode of reproduction in multicellular organisms, including most animals, plants, and fungi. It offers several advantages, such as genetic diversity, which enhances the ability of organisms to adapt to changing environments and improves the overall fitness of populations.
Sexual reproduction is common in many multicellular organisms, including animals, plants, and fungi. It contrasts with asexual reproduction, where offspring are produced from a single parent and are genetically identical or very similar to that parent. The diversity introduced by sexual reproduction is advantageous for evolutionary processes, as it can lead to individuals with new combinations of traits that may be better adapted to changing environments.
The organ system of animals is a complex network of specialized structures working together to support life functions, maintain homeostasis, and enable organisms to interact with their environment. Organ systems are comprised of organs, tissues, and cells, each with unique roles and functions that contribute to the overall health and survival of the organism.
Animals exhibit a remarkable diversity of organ systems, reflecting their adaptation to different ecological niches, lifestyles, and evolutionary histories. While specific structures may vary among species, most animals share several fundamental organ systems essential for survival. These include the digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, nervous system, muscular system, skeletal system, excretory system, reproductive system, and endocrine system.
Develop technical competence in basic principles of soil mechanics and fundamentals of application in engineering practice. (Outcomes b, e, k)
Ability to list the salient engineering properties of soils and their characteristics and describe the factors which control these properties. (Outcomes c)
Sexual reproduction is a biological process by which offspring are produced by the combination of genetic material from two parent organisms. It involves the fusion of specialized reproductive cells called gametes, which typically come from two different individuals of the same species.
Gamete Formation: Each parent produces specialized reproductive cells called gametes. In most animals, the male parent produces small, mobile gametes called sperm, while the female parent produces larger, usually immobile gametes called eggs. In plants, the male gamete is typically contained within pollen grains, and the female gamete is located within ovules.
Fertilization: The gametes from the male and female parents fuse during fertilization, forming a zygote. This process usually occurs through the union of the sperm and egg. Fertilization typically occurs externally in many aquatic organisms and internally in most terrestrial organisms.
Genetic Variation: One of the key features of sexual reproduction is the generation of genetic diversity. Offspring produced through sexual reproduction inherit genetic material from both parents, leading to genetic variation among individuals within a population. This genetic diversity is important for the adaptation and evolution of species over time.
Meiosis: In preparation for sexual reproduction, specialized cell division called meiosis occurs in the cells that give rise to gametes. Meiosis ensures that the resulting gametes contain only half the number of chromosomes found in other body cells, allowing the union of gametes to restore the full chromosome number in the zygote.
Sexual reproduction is the predominant mode of reproduction in multicellular organisms, including most animals, plants, and fungi. It offers several advantages, such as genetic diversity, which enhances the ability of organisms to adapt to changing environments and improves the overall fitness of populations.
Sexual reproduction is common in many multicellular organisms, including animals, plants, and fungi. It contrasts with asexual reproduction, where offspring are produced from a single parent and are genetically identical or very similar to that parent. The diversity introduced by sexual reproduction is advantageous for evolutionary processes, as it can lead to individuals with new combinations of traits that may be better adapted to changing environments.
The organ system of animals is a complex network of specialized structures working together to support life functions, maintain homeostasis, and enable organisms to interact with their environment. Organ systems are comprised of organs, tissues, and cells, each with unique roles and functions that contribute to the overall health and survival of the organism.
Animals exhibit a remarkable diversity of organ systems, reflecting their adaptation to different ecological niches, lifestyles, and evolutionary histories. While specific structures may vary among species, most animals share several fundamental organ systems essential for survival. These include the digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, nervous system, muscular system, skeletal system, excretory system, reproductive system, and endocrine system.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
6. •Eons are the largest subdivision or
interval in the geologic time scale
which is hundreds of millions of
duration.
•A. Phanerozoic eon is the most
recent eon which is about 500 million
years ago
7. •Eons is divided into smaller subdivisions called
eras.
•The Phanerozoic eon is divided into
• a.Cenozoic era, the most recent, about 65
million years ago
• b. Mesozoic era, occurs between 65 - 250 million
years ago
• c. Palaeozoic era is about 299- 542 million years ago
8. •B. Precambrian eon- is divided into
• a. Proterozoic era which is about
2500 million years ago
• b. Achaean era, 3800 million years ago,
• c. Hadean era, which is 4600 million
years ago
9. •Eras are further divided and it is called
period.
•In the geologic time scale, Cenozoic is divided
into, Quaternary and Tertiary periods, the
Mesozoic into Cretaceous,Jurassic, and
Triassic Periods, the Paleozoic into Permian,
Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, Devonian,
Silurian, Ordovician, and Cambrian periods
10. • Periods are further subdivided and it is called
epoch.
• Only Cenozoic era is finely subdivided into epoch
because rocks have been intensely deformed and
are buried deeply and has been severely modified
in a long term earth process. The subdivisions of
Cenozoic era are, For Quaternary period,
Holocene and Pleistocene epochs, Tertiary
periods, Pliocene, Miocene, Oligocene,
Eocene, Paleocene epochs.
11. • The Precambrian or Cryptozoic Era (4.6 Ga –
540 Ma) a. Represents 80% of Earth’s history
•b. Eon of “Hidden Life” – fossil record obscure.
Hadean Eon (4.56 -3.8 Ga)
a. From “Haedes” Greek god of the underworld
b. Chaotic time, lots of meteorite bombardment
c. Atmosphere reducing (Methane, Ammonia, CO2)
d. Start of the hydrologic cycle and the formation of the
world oceans
e. Life emerged in this “hostile” environment
12. Archean Eon (3.8 – 2.5 Ga)
a. Anaerobic (lack of oxygen)
b. No Ozone
c. Photosynthetic prokaryotes (blue green algae)
emerged and started re-leasing oxygen to the
atmosphere
•Life forms still limited to single celled organisms
without a nucleus (prokaryotes) until 2.7 Ga when
Eukaryotes emerged
13. Proterozoic Eon (2.5 Ga to 540 Ma)
a. Oxygen level reaches ~ 3% of the
atmosphere
b. Rise of multicellular organisms
represented by the Vendian Fauna
•Formation of the protective Ozone
Layer
14. •Phanerozoic Eon (540 Ma to
Present)
a. Eon of “visible life”
b. Diversification of life.
c. Many life forms represented in the
fossil record
d. Life forms with preservable hard
parts
15. Paleozoic Era (540 – 245)
a. Age of “Ancient Life”
b. Rapid diversification of life as represented by the
Cambrian Fauna
•(Cambrian Explosion)
a. Dominance of marine invertebrates
b. Plants colonize land by 480 ma
c. Animals colonize land by 450 ma
d. Oxygen level in the Atmosphere approaches present
day concentration
• Massive Extinction at the end (End of Permian Extinction)
16. Mesozoic Era (245 – 65 Ma)
a. Age of Reptiles
b. Dominance of reptiles and dinosaurs
c. Pangea starts to break-apart by 200 ma
d. Early mammals (220 mya)
e. First birds (150 ma)!
f. First flowering plants (130 ma)
g. Mass Extinction at the end of the
Cretaceous (65 ma)
17. Cenozoic Era (65 ma to present)
a. Age of Mammals
b. Radiation of modern birds
c. Early Primates 60 ma
d. Continents near present-day positions (40
ma)
e. First hominids (5.2 ma)
f. Modern humans (0.2 ma)
•Global ice ages begin (2 Ma)
18.
19.
20. Instruction: Identify in what Era the following
pictures belong.
1. _______________________________
2. __________________________________
3.________________________
4. ___________________
5._______________________
21. •Multiple Choice.
•Instruction: Choose the letter of the best answer.
•1. Which is the correct order of the geologic time
scale from oldest to recent?
a. eon, era, period, epoch c. eon, period, epoch, era
b. epoch, period, era, eon d. epoch, eon, era, period
2. How Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic are
categorize?
• a. eon b. era c. period d. epoch
22. •3. Which of the following are the first organisms on
earth?
•a. animals b. plants c. dinosaurs d. trilobites
•4.Which of the following era is where we are
currently in?
•a. Cenozoic era b. Paleozoic era
•c. Mesozoic era d. Proterozoic era
•5. When did mammal became the most dominant
organism on earth?
•a. Cenozoic era b. Paleozoic era
•c. Mesozoic era d. Proterozoic era
23. •6.Which of the following is true about the use of
fossils as indicators of the geologic time scale?
a. Fossils found in deeper layers are older than the
fossils found on upper layers.
b. Fossils are usually found in between layers of
sedimentary rocks.
c. Fossils are remains of primitive animals that can
be interpreted through their composition.
d. Fossils are compared with the composition of the
layers of the earth.
24. •7. During the Paleozoic era, all of the
following events happened except;
a. Animals began to breathe in air.
b. Land plants began to develop.
c. Trilobites and brachiopods started to
appear.
d. Dinosaurs evolved from primitive
reptiles.
25. •8.Which of the following were
used to divide the geologic time
scale?
a. rock layers and fossils
b. fossils and live animals
c. lava flows and rocks
d. age of rocks and fossils
26. •9. According to what paleontologist belief,how
old is the earth?
a. 2020 years old
b. 4.6 billion years old
c. 4.6 million years old
d. 3.6 billion years old
•10. Based from the geologic time scale, in
which period do most events happened?
•a. Precambrian b. Phanerozoic
•c. Hadean d. Proterozoic
