This document outlines the key milestones in computer architecture from mechanical devices (Generation 0) to modern computers with artificial intelligence capabilities (Generation 5). It discusses the transition from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits. Important innovators mentioned include Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, John Atanasoff, John von Neumann, and founders of companies like IBM, Microsoft, Apple, Intel and Texas Instruments.

1. LESSON 1.0: MILESTONES IN
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
COMP1: COMPUTER CONCEPTS WITH INTERNET

2. OBJECTIVE
• To be able to see a brief sketch of some of the key historical
developments of computers and understand better where we
are now.

3. COMPUTER GENERATIONS

4. COMPUTER GENERATIONS
• Zeroth Generation: Mechanical Devices
• First Generation: Vacuum Tube Devices
• Second Generation: Transistors
• Third Generation: Integrated Circuits
• Fourth Generation: Microprocessors
• Fiftth Generation: Artificial Intelligence

5. ZEROTH GENERATION: MECHANICAL
DEVICES

6. ZEROTH GENERATION: MECHANICAL
DEVICES

7. 1ST GENERATION: VACUUM TUBE DEVICES
• Vacuum Tube – a glass tube used to control the flow of electricity
• Used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory
• Enormous in size—taking up entire rooms; Expensive to operate;
Used great deal of electricity
• Con only solve one problem at a time
• Input - punched cards and paper tape
• Output - printouts.

8. 1ST GENERATION: VACUUM TUBE DEVICES
Examples:
• UNIVAC – the first commercial computer delivered to a business
client.
• ENIAC – the first computer used for scientific studies
• Uses 18,000 vacuum tubes

9. 1ST GENERATION: VACUUM TUBE DEVICES
• “Bug” Literally
• Where the term ‘debugging’ came from

10. 2ND GENERATION: TRANSISTORS
• Transistor – small solid-state device that is used to control the
flow of electricity in radios, computers, etc.
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
• Smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more
reliable than vacuum tubes
• These computers could handle an enormous amount of data.
• Used in business, universities, and government from
companies.

11. 3RD GENERATION: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
• IC - tiny complex of electronic components and their
connections that is produced in or on a small slice of material
(as silicon)
• Drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
• Uses keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating
system.
• Computers been able to run different application program.
• Became accessible to mass audience because they were smaller
and cheaper than their predecessors

13. 4TH GENERATION: MICROPROCESSORS
• Microprocessors – Integrated Circuits designed to manage
information and process instructions
• IBM introduced first computer for home user. Apple introduced
the Macintosh.
• Computers can be linked together to form networks
• In this generation was the Internet developed.

14. 5TH GENERATION: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• Still in development
• Some applications are: voice recognition, hologram,
• Goal: to develop devices that respond to natural language
unput and are capable of learning and self-organization

15. FAMOUS COMPUTER PEOPLE

16. FAMOUS COMPUTER PEOPLE
• John Atanasoff
• Assembled first electronic
computer
• Came up with the concept of
using binary numbers

17. FAMOUS COMPUTER PEOPLE
• John van Nuemann
• Suggested that programs and
data could be represented in
a similar way and stored in
the same internal memory

18. FAMOUS COMPUTER PEOPLE
• Ada Byron/
Lady Lovelace/
Ada Lovelace
• Considered to be the first
programmer

19. FAMOUS COMPUTER PEOPLE
• Thomas Watson Sr.
• President and CEO of IBM who
turned the company into a
highly-effective selling
organization, based largely
around punched card
tabulating machines

20. FAMOUS COMPUTER PEOPLE
• Charles Babbage
• Worked on the Difference
Engine and the Analytical
Engine

21. FAMOUS COMPUTER PEOPLE
• Wilhelm Shickard
• Invented the first known
mechanical calculator,
capable of simple arithmeric

22. FAMOUS COMPUTER PEOPLE
• Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly
• Inventors of ENIAC

23. FAMOUS COMPUTER PEOPLE
• Herman Hollerith
• Founder of what would be
IBM company

24. FAMOUS COMPUTER PEOPLE
• Microsoft Founders
• Bill Gates
• Paul Allen

25. FAMOUS COMPUTER PEOPLE
• Jack Kilby
• inventor of IC
• Engineer at Texas Instruments

26. FAMOUS COMPUTER PEOPLE
• Robert Noyce
• founder of intel
• Credited as an inventor of IC also
• “It is 20 times faster, has larger memory,
is thousands of times more reliable,
consumes the power of a light bulb
rather than that of a locomotive,
occupies 1/30,000 the volume and costs
1/10,00 as much.”

27. FAMOUS COMPUTER PEOPLE
• Founders of Apple
• Steve Jobs
• Steve Wozniak

28. REFERENCE(S)
• Robers, Eric S. The Art and Science of C. Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company. Reading: 1995.