The document provides an introduction to information communication technology (ICT) integration and objectives of an ICT course. It discusses the history of computing from the abacus to modern computers. The evolution is divided into five generations based on the technology used: vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and future artificial intelligence. It defines the basic parts and functions of a computer including input, output, central processing unit, memory, and software and hardware. Finally, it covers computer data representation, storage units, uses, and limitations.

1. WELCOME
PEDAGOGY ACROSS CURRICULUM
AND ICT INTEGRATION
By…
Narendar Reddy.K

2. ICT INTRODUCTION
 OBJECTIVES
 After undergoing this course the teacher will be able
to:
 1. Effectively use ICT tools, software applications and
digital resources
 2. Integrate ICT into teaching-learning and its
evaluation
 3. Acquire, organize and create her/his own digital
resources
 4. Participate in the activities of teachers’ networks
 5. Participate in the evaluation and selection of ICT
resources
 6. Practice safe, ethical and legal ways of using ICT
 7. Use ICT for making classroom processes more
inclusive and to address multiple learning
abilities

3.  Introduction.
 Information Communication Technology
 Creating Information,Regularising,Conducting and
transferring the information is called as ICT.
 It deals with Primary data,Information
process,Analysis of Information,Information
Storage.
 Education is the major field which uses
Information Technology.
 Learning with the aid of Computers(Computer
Aided Learning – CAL).
 Teaching with the aid of Computer(Computer Aided
Teaching – CAI)
 Simulation.
 Animation.

4. WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
 The word computer was derived from two Latin
words com, which means together and putare,
which may means add,calculate,count,
or estimate.

5. EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
Abacus is considered as the first computer
 The ABACUS developed in 3000 BC by Chinese

6.  The abacus was so successful that its use
spread from China to many other countries.
 Abacus was not an automatic machine, but
rather a machine that allowed the user to
remember his or her current state of
calculation, while performing more complex
mathematical calculations.
 Its a memory aid for the user making mental
calculations and not the mathematical
calculating machines as we know

7. NAPIER BONES
 JOHN NAPIER AND THE NAPIER RODS OR BONES (1614)
 John Napier was a Scottish mathematician who invented
a set of Logarithms for calculations that enabled the
reduction of difficult and tedious multiplication to addition
of table entries.

8.  The Napier bones or rods consisted of strips of wood
with the left edge (vertically) consisting of 9 squares (1 to
9). Each square accept the top one is diagonally divided.
Therefore, the first square of each rod holds a single digit
and the other squares hold this numbers double, triple,
quadruple and so on until the last square holds nine
times the number in the top square. The digits of each
product are written in the two
halves (triangles) created by the diagonal line
zero is always on top.

9. ADDING MACHINE
 BLAISE PASCAL AND THE ADDING MACHINE (1642)
 PASCAL BLAISE, a French Engineer invented the first
commercial calculator and named it the ADDING MACHINE

10. WILLIAM OUGHTRED AND THE SLIDE RULE (1630)
 The SLIDE RULE was invented in ENGLAND by
William
Oughtred and it was based on the emerging work of
John Napier.

11. LEIBNITZ CALCULATOR
 GOTFRIED VON LEIBNITZ created a better
calculator
(known as the LEIBNITZ CALCULATOR) that was
capable of doing extra tasks of multiplication,
division as well as evaluating square roots.
 This period can effectively be referred to as the
MECHANICAL COMPUTER ERA (1624 1890).

12. CHARLES BABBAGE’S ANALYTICAL ENGINE
 The concept of today's computers (Input - Process
- Output) was first visualized by Charles Babbage
in 1834 in England.
 In less than two years, Babbage had sketched out
many of the recognizable features of the modern
computer. He called it the Analytical Engine.
This machine would be the first computer ever
capable of storing programmed information. His
idea for the Analytical Engine consisted of 4
parts an input device, a storage device, a mill
(processing unit) and an output device.

14. TABULATION MACHINE
(ELECTRO MECHANICAL PUNCHED CARD TABULATOR)
 HERMAN HOLLERITH 1890
 HERMAN HOLLERITH made further improvements to the
calculator by producing the TABULATION
MACHINE.
 History has it that the US 1880 census took 7
years to tabulate rendering the final result or
figure obsolete. However Hermans machine counted
the entire population data in only 6 weeks.
 Based on the success of his invention, Hollerith
and friends formed a company that later became
the popular IBM (INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
MACHINE).

15. GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
Generations of Computers
First
Generation
Second
Generation
Third
Generation
Fourth
Generation
Fifth
Generation

16.  1st generation computers used a lot of electricity (200kwts)
 Generated a lot of heat which was often the cause of malfunction. They
had to be cooled down with the help of gigantic fans
 Based on machine language to perform operations These machines
could only solve one problem at a time
 They had limited primary memory (as they used magnetic drums for
memory)
 Used Vacuum tubes for their circuitry (or internal operations)
 Used Punched cards for Input and Output
 Very expensive to develop, maintain and purchase
 EXAMPLE OF 1ST GENERATION COMPUTERS
 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) is referred to as
the worlds first digital computer. It weighed 30 tons and used 200
kilowatts of electricity. This computer consisted of 1800 vacuum Tubes,
1500 relays and hundreds of resistors and inductors.
FIRST GENERATION THE ERA OF THE VACUUM TUBES (1940 1956)

17. FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER

18. SECOND GENERATION: TRANSISTORS (1956-1963)
 The world would see transistors replace vacuum tubes in
the second generation of computers. The transistor was
invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see widespread
use in computers until the late 1950s.
 The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube,
allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper,
more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-
generation predecessors. Though the transistor still
generated a great deal of heat that subjected the
computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the
vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on
punched cards for input and printouts for output.

19. SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER
High-level programming
languages were also being
developed at this time, such
as early versions of COBOL
and FORTRAN. These were
also the first computers that
stored their instructions in
their memory,

20. THIRD GENERATION: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (1964-1971)
 The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of
the third generation of computers. Transistors were
miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and
efficiency of computers.
 Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with
third generation computers through keyboards and monitors
and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the
device to run many different applications at one time with a
central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the
first time became accessible to a mass audience because they
were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

21. THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER

22. FOURTH GENERATION: MICROPROCESSORS (1971-PRESENT)
 The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built
onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an
entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel
4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of
the computer—from the central processing unit and memory
to input/output controls—on a single chip.
 In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user,
and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh.
Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop
computers and into many areas of life as more and more
everyday products began to use microprocessors.

23.  As these small
computers became
more powerful, they
could be linked
together to form
networks, which
eventually led to the
development of the
Internet. Fourth
generation computers
also saw the
development of GUIs,
the mouse and
handheld devices.

24. FIFTH GENERATION: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (PRESENT
AND BEYOND)
 Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial
intelligence, are still in development, though there are some
applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used
today. The use of parallel processing and super conductors is
helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
 Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology
will radically change the face of computers in years to come.
The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices
that respond to natural language input and are capable of
learning and self-organization.

25. FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER

26. WHAT IS A COMPUTER ?
A Computer is an electronic device
that receives input,stores or processes
the input as per the user instructions
and provides the output in the desired
format
Input Process Output
Simplest workflow of computer

27. WHAT IS INPUT? PROCESSING?OUTPUT?
 Computer input is called Data
 Output obtained after processing data based on user’s
instructions is called Information.
 Raw facts and figures which can be processed using
arithmetic and logical operations to obtain information
are called data
 Processes that can be applied to data are of two types
 1.Arithmatic Operations
 2.Logical Operations

28. BLOCK DIAGRAM
Control UnitInput unit Output unit
Arithmetic Logic
Unit
Memory unit

29. INPUT UNIT
 Devices used to input data and instructions
KEYBOARD MOUSE
PUNCH CARD
JOY STICK
LIGHT PEN TOUCH SCREEN SENSORS
MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER
RECOGNITION SCANNER MICROPHONE WEB CAMERA

30. OUTPUT UNIT
 Devices used to provide information to the user in
desired format.

31. OUTPUT UNIT

32. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
- COMPONENTS

33. CPU REGISTERS
 CPU Registers. In computer architecture, a
processor register is a very fast computer
memory used to speed the execution of computer
programs by providing quick access to commonly
used values-typically, the values being in the midst
of a calculation at a given point in time.

35. ARITHMETIC AND LOGICAL UNIT
 All Arithmetic operations and logical
operations take place in ALU
MEMORY
All input data,instructions and data interim to the
processes are stored in the memory
Memory is of two types
1. Primary Memory
2. Secondary Memory

36. PRIMARY MEMORY AND SECONDARY MEMORY
 Primary memory is the main memory of the computer
where the currently processing data resides.
 The secondary memory of the computer is auxiliary
memory where the data that has to be stored for a long
time or permanently, is kept.
 The basic difference between primary and secondary
memory is that the primary memory is directly
accessible by CPU whereas, the secondary memory
is not directly accessible to CPU

37. PRIMARY MEMORY
RAM AND ROM
 Primary memory can be divided into two types of
memory that are RAM (Random Access Memory)
 RAM is a both read and write memory. The data
which has to be currently processed is kept in RAM
which can be quickly accessed by the CPU. RAM is
volatile and loses data if the power is switched off.
 ROM is a read only memory; its content can not be
altered. It has the instructions that are used when
the system is booted up. ROM is a non-volatile
memory i.e. it retains its content even if the power
is switched off.

38. SECONDARY MEMORY
 Secondary memory is an auxiliary memory of the
computer. The data that has to be permanently
stored is kept in secondary memory. The CPU can
not directly access the data in secondary memory.
The data has to be initially copied to primary
memory then only it can be processed by CPU.
Hence, accessing data from secondary memory is
slower. The secondary memory can be accessed
using the input-output channel.

39. SECONDARY MEMORY
 The secondary memory is nonvolatile in nature, which
means that the content of the secondary memory exist
even if the power is switched off. The secondary
memory is magnetic memory or optical memory and it
available at cheaper rates as compared to the primary
memory.
 Secondary memory is available in bulk and always
larger than primary memory. A computer can even work
without secondary memory as it an external memory.
The examples of secondary memory are the hard disk,
floppy disk, CD, DVD, etc.

40. SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE
 Computer devices that we can see and
touch are the Hardware components of a
computer.
 Set of instructions or programs that make
the computer function using these
hardware parts are called software

41. COMPUTER CONVERTS TEXT INTO BINARY
Computers convert text and other data into binary by using an assigned
ASCII value. Once the ASCII value is known that value can be con
verted into binary. In the following example, we take the word hope, and
show how it is converted into binary that the computer understands.

42. COMPUTER STORAGE CAPACITY UNITS

43. USES OF COMPUTER

44. LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER

45. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS