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Lecture 2 - Evolution of Computers History.ppt
- 1. The Evolution ofComputers The Evolution of Computers
- 2. Early Computing Devices& Early Computing Devices & Their Inventors Their Inventors
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- 4. The Abacus The Abacus ďAbout 5,000 years ago, Chinese merchants started using the abacus or suan pan in business transactions. ď A device made up of rods of sliding beads mounted on a frame. ď Use to make counting easier and faster. ď It is considered the first computer.
- 5. WILLIAM SCHICKARD & WILLIAMSCHICKARD & THE CALCULATING CLOCK THE CALCULATING CLOCK
- 6. WILLIAM SCHICKARD & WILLIAMSCHICKARD & THE CALCULATING CLOCK THE CALCULATING CLOCK ďInvented what could be the considered the first mechanical calculator. ďThe Calculating Clock could perform basic addition and subtraction of up to six- digit number.
- 7. BLAISE PASCAL &THE BLAISEPASCAL &THE PASCALINE PASCALINE
- 8. BLAISE PASCAL &THE BLAISE PASCAL & THE PASCALINE PASCALINE ďInvented the machine called Pascaline. ďThe machine was created to help the father of Blaise Pascal who was a tax collector to add and subtract large amount of number. It was created on 1642.
- 9. GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNITZ GOTTFRIEDWILHELM LEIBNITZ & THE STEPPED RECKONER & THE STEPPED RECKONER
- 10. GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNITZ GOTTFRIEDWILHELM LEIBNITZ & THE STEPPED RECKONER & THE STEPPED RECKONER ďCreated the Stepped Reckoner in 1694. ďthe Stepped Reckoner could perform all four basic math operation (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division.)
- 11. CHARLES XAVIER THOMASDE CHARLES XAVIER THOMAS DE COLMAR & THE ARITHMOMETER COLMAR & THE ARITHMOMETER
- 12. CHARLES XAVIER THOMASDE COLMAR CHARLES XAVIER THOMAS DE COLMAR & THE ARITHMOMETER & THE ARITHMOMETER ďCreated the Arithmometer in 1820. ďA machine capable of performing the four basic math operations in a simple and reliable way. ďThe machine was so successful that even for one hundred years, the machine was still being sold.
- 13. CHARLES BABBAGE ANDLADY ADA CHARLES BABBAGE AND LADY ADA AUGUSTA LOVELACE & THE AUGUSTA LOVELACE & THE DIFFERENCE ENGINE DIFFERENCE ENGINE
- 14. CHARLES BABBAGE CHARLES BABBAGE ďConsidered a "father of the computerâ LADY ADA AUGUSTA LOVELACE LADY ADA AUGUSTA LOVELACE ď Regarded as the worldâs first computer programmer.
- 15. THE DIFFERENCE ENGINE THEDIFFERENCE ENGINE ď A mechanical device that could perform calculations and print results. ď Babbage forced to abandon the project because of lack of funds.
- 16. THE FIVE GENERATIONSOF THE FIVE GENERATIONS OF MODERN COMPUTERS MODERN COMPUTERS
- 17. FIRST GENERATION FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS(1939 - 1956) COMPUTERS (1939 - 1956)
- 18. FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS FIRSTGENERATION COMPUTERS ď Used Vacuum Tubes and Magnetic Drums for data storage. ď Programs were specifically built to help the computers do the task for which they were manufactured. ď Machine language was the only language 1st generation computer âunderstoodâ or accepted, making them difficult to program. ď Computers were bulky ď Commercial production is difficult and costly.
- 19. ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER (ABC) ATANASOFF-BERRYCOMPUTER (ABC) â˘Design in 1937 by John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. â˘The worldâs first electronic digital computer.
- 20. JOHNVINCENT ATANASOFF JOHNVINCENT ATANASOFF &CLIFFORD BERRY & CLIFFORD BERRY
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- 22. THE COLOSSUS THE COLOSSUS ďDesigned in 1943 by British scientist Alan Turing. ď It was used to decode German messages.
- 23. ALAN TURING ALAN TURING THEMAKER OF COLOSSUS THE MAKER OF COLOSSUS
- 24. HARVARD-IBM AUTOMATIC HARVARD-IBM AUTOMATIC SEQUENCECONTROLLED SEQUENCE CONTROLLED CALCULATOR (MARK I) CALCULATOR (MARK I)
- 25. HOWARD AIKEN HOWARD AIKEN THEDEVELOPER OF MARK 1 THE DEVELOPER OF MARK 1
- 26. THE MARK 1 THEMARK 1 ď Developed in 1944 by Howard H. Aiken. ď This computer was used by the US Navy.
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- 28. THE ENIAC THE ENIAC ďAlsoknown as Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC). ďDesigned in 1945 by John Presper Eckert, Jr. and John Mauchly. ďThis computer was used by the US Army.
- 29. JOHN MAUCHLY JOHN MAUCHLY & & JOHNPRESPER ECKERT, JR. JOHN PRESPER ECKERT, JR.
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- 31. THE EDVAC THE EDVAC ďAlsoknown as Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC). ďDesigned in 1945 by John Von Neumann. ďThis computer had a memory that could hold both data & a stored program.
- 32. JOHNVON NEUMANN JOHNVON NEUMANN THEMAKER OF EDVAC THE MAKER OF EDVAC
- 33. THE UNIVAC 1 THEUNIVAC 1
- 34. THE UNIVAC 1 THEUNIVAC 1 ďAlso known as Universal Automatic Computer 1(UNIVAC 1). ďBuilt in 1951 by Remington Rand. ďThis was the first commercial computer to feature a magnetic tape storage system.
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- 36. THE SAGE THE SAGE ďAlsoknown as Semi-Automatic Ground Environment(SAGE). ďEstablished in 1954. ďThis automated aircraft-warning system was the largest vacuum tube computer system ever built.
- 37. SECOND GENERATION SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS(1956 - 1963) COMPUTERS (1956 - 1963)
- 38. THE SECOND GENERATION THESECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS COMPUTERS ď Was the start of the high-level programming languages usage. ď The start of the making of the first transistor. ď The birth of the two supercomputers from IBM.
- 39. THE FIRST TRANSISTOR THEFIRST TRANSISTOR
- 40. THE TRANSISTOR THE TRANSISTOR ďIt is a device designed to act as both a transmitter and a resistor. ď The term Transistor comes from transmitter and resistor. ď Replaced the bulky & unreliable vacuum tubes. ď Making computers less power and space.
- 41. THE TRANSISTOR THE TRANSISTOR ďInventedby John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley in 1947 at the Bell Telephone Laboratories.
- 42. John Bardeen,Walter Brattain JohnBardeen,Walter Brattain &William Shockley &William Shockley
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- 44. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES ďFORTRAN (Formula Translator). ď ALGOL (Algorithmic Language). ď COBOL (Common Business- Oriented Language).
- 45. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES ďReplace long, difficult machine language with words, sentences and mathematical formulas. ď Making easier to program a computer. ď Computers are becoming more accessible to government, universities and businesses.
- 46. SECOND GENERATION SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS COMPUTERS THISINCLUDES THE FOLLOWING COMPUTERS FROM IBM
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- 50. SECOND GENERATION SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS COMPUTERS THEFIRST TWO SUPERCOMPUTERS WERE DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY FOR NUMERIC PROCESSING IN SCIENTIC APPLICATIONS.
- 51. THIRD GENERATION THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS(1964 -1971) COMPUTERS (1964 -1971)
- 52. THIRD GENERATION THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS COMPUTERS ďThe invention of the integrated circuit and semiconductor. ď The birth of the first successful minicomputer. ď UNIX operating system was born. ď The first GUI computer was design.
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- 54. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ďDeveloped by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments. ď Combined many transistors and other electrical components into a small silicon chip. ď This makes the sizes of the computers smaller.
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- 57. THE PDP-8 THE PDP-8 ďDeveloped in 1965. ď The first computer to use integrated circuits. ď The first commercial successful minicomputer because of its reasonable cost, speed and small size.
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- 59. UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM UNIXOPERATING SYSTEM ď Developed in 1969 by Kenneth Thompson and Dennis Ritchie of the AT&T Bell Laboratories. ď Capable of performing multiple task. ď It was written in the C programming language.
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- 61. THE XEROX STAR THEXEROX STAR ď Designed by Xerox corporation in 1970 ď A Graphical User Interface (GUI) computer. ď It allows user to point and click at icons making computers easier to use..
- 62. FOURTH GENERATION FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS(1971- Present) COMPUTERS (1971- Present)
- 63. FOURTH GENERATION FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS COMPUTERS ďCharacterized by the use of microprocessors. ď Microprocessors were introduced. ď The first operating system of Windows was made.
- 64. THE INTEL 4004 THEINTEL 4004 MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR
- 65. MICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR ď Developed byDr. Ted Hoff in 1971. ď Also know as Intel 4004. ď Can perform many input and output operations. ď Capable of reading and responding to instructions stored on its memory.
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- 67. THE ALTAIR 8800 THEALTAIR 8800
- 68. THE ALTAIR 8800 THEALTAIR 8800 ď Often called the first personal computer. ď Developed by Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS). ď The BASIC (Beginnerâs All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) programming language was used. ď The BASIC programming language was developed by Bill Gates and Paul Allen the founders of the software giant, MICROSOFT.
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- 70. APPLE II APPLE II ďIntroduced by Apple Computer in 1976. ď Appealing to consumers because of its software and well-written manuals. ď It can also be plugged into a standard household outlet.
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- 72. WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM WINDOWSOPERATING SYSTEM ď Introduced by Microsoft in 1985. ď Microsoft continued to improve its operating system. ď Microsoft soon became the dominating software company for PCâs.
- 73. IBMâS DEEP BLUE IBMâSDEEP BLUE
- 74. DEEP BLUE DEEP BLUE ďInvented by IBM in 1996. ď The first supercomputer that beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov in a match.
- 75. FIFTH GENERATION FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS(Yet to Come) COMPUTERS (Yet to Come)
- 76. FIFTH GENERATION FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS COMPUTERS ďIn 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors on a silicon chip would double every year. ď This prediction was known as Mooreâs Law and indeed it is proven to be true. ď Computer scientist are now working on fifth generation computers. ď This are envisioned to possess artificial intelligence, talk with human beings in ordinary languages, reason logically and learn from their own experiences.
- 77. BALLISTIC DEFLECTION BALLISTIC DEFLECTION TRANSISTORS(BDTs) TRANSISTORS (BDTs)
- 78. BALLISTIC DEFLECTION BALLISTIC DEFLECTION TRANSISTORS(BDTs) TRANSISTORS (BDTs) ď Currently in the experimental stage of development. ď These may replace regular transistors in the near future. ď BDTs have the potential to increase the speed of todayâs microprocessors by ten million times. ď This means that computers of the future are likely to become extremely powerful!
- 79. VIRTUAL REALITY (VR) VIRTUALREALITY (VR)
- 80. VIRTUAL REALITY (VR) VIRTUALREALITY (VR) ď This type of technology allows users to use all of their senses when interacting with a computer. ď The user feel as if he or she is completely surrounded by an artificial environment and he or she can manipulate the objects in the virtual world just like real objects.
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- 82. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE (AI) ď This refers to making machines exhibit human behavior and intelligence. ď Scientist are still trying to make robots that can speak and display common sense, emotions and consciousness like human beings. ď AI robots are expected to be capable of adapting the behaviors to surroundings and to the demands of a certain situation.
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