The document outlines the history and evolution of computers, starting with early definitions and devices like tally sticks and the abacus, through significant inventions such as Napier's bones and the first programmable computer, the Z1. It details the progression from vacuum tubes in the first generation to microprocessors in the fourth generation, emphasizing the shift towards smaller, faster, and more efficient machines. The fifth generation of computers, based on artificial intelligence, is currently in development, with goals of natural language processing and learning capabilities.

1. HISTORY OF
COMPUTER

2. Topics
1. Definition of computer
2. Earliest computer
3. Computer History
4. Computer Generations

3. Definition of Computer
• Computer is a programmable machine.
• Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a
list of instructions.
• Computer is any device which aids humans in performing
various kinds of computations or calculations.

4. Definition of Computer
Three principles characteristic of computer:
• It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined
manner.
• It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
• It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.

5. Earliest Computer
• Originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job
title was computers.
• These human computers were typically engaged in the
calculation of amathematical expression.
• The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive,
requiring years of training in mathematics.
• The first use of the word" computer" was recorded in 1613,
referring to a person who carried out calculations, or
computations, and the word continued to be used in that
sense until the middle of the 20th
century.

6. Tally Sticks
A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and
document numbers, quantities, or even messages.
Telly Stick

7. Abacus
• An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in
performing mathematical calculations.
• The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
• The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first
used in China in around 500 B.C.
• It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.

8. Abacus
Earlier Abacus Modern Abacus

9. Napier’s bones
• Invented by John Napier in 1614.
• Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square
and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in
specially constructed boards.
John Napier Napier's Bones

10. Slide Rule
• Invented by William Oughtred in1622.
• Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms.
• Used primarily for
– Multiplication
– Division
– Roots William Oughtred
– Logarithms
– Trigonometry
• Not normally used for addition or
subtraction.
Slide Rule

11. Pascaline
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
• It is too expensive.
Blaise Pascal Pascaline

12. Stepped Reckoner
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
• The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide
automatically.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Stepped Reckoner

13. Jacquard Loom
• The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-
Marie Jacquard in 1881.
• It an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
Joseph- Marie Jacquard Jacquard Loom

14. Arithmometer
• A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de
Colmarin 1820,
• The first reliable, useful and commercially
successful calculating machine.
• The machine could perform the four basic
mathematicfunctions.
• The first mass-produced calculating machine.

15. Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
• It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate
polynomial functions.
• Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
• It is the first mechanical computer.

16. First Computer Programmer
• In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to
Babbage that he use the binary system.
• She writes programs for the Analytical
Engine.
Augusta Ada Byron

17. Scheutzian Calculation Engine
• Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
• Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
• The first printing calculator.

18. Tabulating Machine
• Invented by Herman Hollerithin 1890.
• To assist in summarizing information and accounting.
Herman Hollerithin Tabulating Machine

19. Havard Mark 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
(ASCC).
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• The first electro-mechanical computer.
Howard H. Aiken Mark 1

20. Z1
• The first programmable computer.
• Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938.
• To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape
into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated
through punch tape.
Konrad Zuse Z1

21. Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
• It was the first electronic digital computing device.
• Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student
Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and
1942.
Professor John Atanasoff Atanasoff-Berry Computer

22. ENIAC
• ENIAC stands for Electronic
Numerical Integrator and
Computer.
• It was the first electronic
general-purpose computer.
• Completed in 1946.
• Developed by John Presper
Eckert and John W. Mauchl.
ENIAC

23. UNIVAC 1
• The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal
Automatic Computer 1) was the
first commercial computer.
• Designed by J. Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly.
UNIVAC 1

24. EDVAC
• EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer
• The First Stored Program Computer
• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
• It has a memory to hold both a stored
program as well as data.
EDVAC

25. The First Portable Computer
• Osborne 1– the first portable computer.
• Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.
Osborne 1

26. The First Computer Company
• The first computer company was the
Electronic Controls Company.
• Founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly.
Electronic Controls
Company

27. Computer Generations
There are five generations of computer:
• First generation–1946 -1958
• Second generation–1959 -1964
• Third generation–1965 -1970
• Fourth generation–1971 -today
• Fifth generation–Today to future

28. The First Generation
• The first computers used vacuum tubes for
circuitry and magnetic drums for memory,
and were often enormous, taking up entire
rooms.
• They were very expensive to operate and in
addition to using a great deal of electricity,
generated a lot of heat, which was often the
cause of malfunctions.
Vacuum tubes

29. The First Generation
• First generation computers relied on machine language, the
lowest-level programming language understood by computers,
to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem
at a time.
• Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output
was displayed on printouts.

30. The Second Generation
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and
ushered in the second generation of
computers.
• One transistor replaced the equivalent
of 40 vacuum tubes.
• Allowing computers to become smaller,
faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient
and more reliable.
• Still generated a great deal of heat that
can damage the computer.
Transistors

31. The Second Generation
• Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary
machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which
allowed programmers to specify instructions in words.
• Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for
input and printouts for output.
• These were also the first computers that stored their
instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic
drum to magnetic core technology.

32. The Third Generation
• The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of
the third generation of computers.
• Transistors were miniaturized and
placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency
of computers.
• Much smaller and cheaper compare
to the second generation computers.
• It could carry out instructions in
billionths of a second.
Integrated circuit

33. The Third Generation
• Users interacted with third generation computers through
keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating
system, which allowed the device; to run many different
applications at one time with a central program that
monitored the memory.
• Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass
audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their
predecessors.

34. The Fourth Generation
• The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto
a single silicon chip.
• As these small computers became more
powerful, they could be linked together
to form networks, which eventually led
to the development of the Internet.
• Fourth generation computers also saw
the development of GUIs, the mouse
and handheld devices.
Microprocessor

35. The Fifth Generation
• Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).
• Still in development.
• The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping
to make artificial intelligence a reality.
• The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.
• There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that
are being used today.

36. (Topic) fo"k;
1- daI;wVj dh ifjHkk"kk
2- lcls igyk daI;wVj
3- daI;wVj dk bfrgkl
4- daI;wVj tujs'ku

37. (Definition of Computer) daI;wVj dh ifjHkk"kk
• daI;wVj ,d çksxzke djus ;ksX; e'khu gSA
• daI;wVj ,d e'khu gS tks funsZ'kksa dh ,d lwph ds vuqlkj MsVk esa gsjiQsj djrk gSA
• daI;wVj dksbZ Hkh midj.k gS tks fofHkUu çdkj dh lax.kukvksa ;k x.kukvksa dks djus esa
euq";ksa dks lgk;rk djrk gSA

38. (Definition of Computer) daI;wVj dh ifjHkk"kk
daI;wVj ds rhu fl¼kar
• ;g ,d vPNh rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr rjhds ls funs'kksa ds ,d fof'k"V lsV dk tokc nsrk
gSA
• ;g funsZ'kksa dh ,d iwoZ&ntZ lwph fu"Ikkfnr dj ldrk gSA
• ;g cM+h ek=kk esa MsVk dks tYnh ls LVksj vkSj iquçkZIr dj ldrk gSA

39. (Earliest Computer) tYn ls tYn daI;wVj
• ewy :i ls x.kuk dh x.kuk euq";ksa }kjk dh tkrh Fkh] ftldk dke 'kh"kZd daI;wVj
FkkA
• ;s ekuo daI;wVj vkerkSj ij xf.krh; vfHkO;fDr dh x.kuk esa yxs gq, FksA
• bl vof/ dh x.kuk fo'ks"k vkSj egaxh Fkh] xf.kr esa çf'{k.k ds o"kksZa dh vko';drk
FkhA
• ^^daI;wVj** 'kCn dk igyk mi;ksx 1613 esa ntZ fd;k x;k Fkk] tks ,d O;fDr dh
x.kuk djrk gS] ;k vfHkdyu vkSj 'kCn 20oha lnh ds eè; rd ml vFkZ esa mi;ksx
fd, tkrs jgsA

40. (Tally Sticks) VSyh dh NM+sa
VSyh fLVd ,d izkphu Le`fr lgk;rk midj.k Fkk tks fjdkWMZ vkSj nLrkost+ la[;k] ek=kk ;k
lans'k dks fjdkWMZ djus ds fy, FkkA
VSyh fLVd

41. (Abacus) vcsdl
• ,d vcsdl ,d ;kaf=kd midj.k gS tks xf.krh; x.kuk djus esa ,d O;fDr dh
lgk;rk djrk gSA
• vcsdl dk vkfo"dkj cschyksfu;k esa 2400 bZ-iw-
• vcsdl ftl :i esa ge lcls T;knk ifjfpr gSa] mldk bLrseky phu esa yxHkx 500
bZ-iw-
• ;g cqfu;knh vadxf.krh; lapkyu djus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

42. (Abacus) vcsdl
iwoZ vcsdl vk/qfud vcsdl

43. (Napier’s Bones) usfi;j dh gfM~M;k¡
• 1614 esa tkWu usfi;j }kjk vkfo"dkj fd;k x;kA
• vkWijsVj dks pkSdksj vkSj ?ku tM+ksa dks xq.kk djus] foHkkftr djus vkSj x.kuk djus ds
fy,] NM+ dks pkjksa vksj ?kqekdj vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls fufeZr cksMksZ esa j[kdj vkoafVr
djus dh vuqefr nhA
tkWu usfi;j usfi;j dh gfM~M;k¡

44. (Slide Rule) LykbM :y
• fofy;e eLVMZ }kjk 1622 esa vkfo"dkj fd;k x;kA
• y?kqx.kd ds ckjs esa usfi;j ds fopkjksa ij vk/kfjr gSA
• eq[; :i ls ds fy, bLrseky fd;k
− xq.kk
− foHkktu
− tM+ksa
− f=kdks.kfefr
• vke rkSj ij blds vykok ;k ?kVko ds fy, mi;ksx
ugha fd;k tkrk gSA

45. (Pascaline) ikLdykbu
• 1642 esa Cykbl ikLdy }kjk vkfo"dkj fd;k x;kA
• TkksM+uk vkSj ?kVkuk bldh lhek FkhA
• ;g dkiQh eg¡xk gSA
Cykbl ikLdy ikLdykbu

46. (Stepped Reckoner) LVSIM jsduj
• 1672 esa xkWVfizQM foYgse fycfut+ }kjk vkfo"dkj fd;k x;kA
• og e'khu tks Lopkfyr :i ls tksM+] ?kVk] xq.kk vkSj Hkkx dj ldrh gSA
XkkWVfizQM foYgse fycfut+ LVSIM jsduj

47. (Jacquard Loom) tSDdkMZ ywe
• tSDdkMZ ywe ,d eSdsfudy ywe gS] ftldk vkfo"dkj 1881 esa tkslsiQ&eSjh tSDdkMZ us
fd;k FkkA
• ;g ,d Lopkfyr ywe gS tks iap dkMZ }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gSA

48. (Arithmometer) vfjFkeksehVj
• ,d ;kaf=kd dSydqysVj dk vkfo"dkj FkkWel Mh dksyejhu 1820
}kjk fd;k x;k]
• igyh fo'oluh;] mi;ksxh vkSj O;kolkf;d :i ls liQy x.kuk
e'khuA
• e'khu pkj cqfu;knh xf.krh; dk;Z dj ldrh gS
• igyh cM+s iSekus ij mRikfnr x.kuk e'khuA

49. (Difference Engine and Analytical Engine) varj batu vkSj fo'ys"k.kkRed batu
• ;g ,d Lopkfyr] ;kaf=kd dSydqysVj gS ftls cgqin dk;ksaZ dks lkj.khc¼ djus ds
fy, fMtkbu fd;k x;k gSA
• 1822 vkSj 1834 esa pkyZ~l cScst }kjk vkfo"dkj fd;k x;k
• ;g igyk eSdsfudy daI;wVj gSA

50. (First Computer Programmer) igyk daI;wVj çksxzkej
• 1840 esa] vkWxLVk ,Mk ck;ju us cScst dks ladsr fn;k
fd og ckbujh flLVe dk mi;ksx djrk gSA
• og fo'ys"k.kkRed batu ds fy, dk;ZØe fy[krk gSA
vkWxLVk ,Mk ck;ju

51. (Scheutzian Calculation Engine) Scheutzian Xk.kuk batu
• 1843 esa (Per Georg Scheutz) }kjk vkfo"dkj fd;k x;kA
• pkYlZ cScst ds varj batu ds vk/kj ijA
• igys eqnz.k dSydqysVjA

52. (Tabulating Machine) VSfcax e'khu
• 1890 esa gjeu gksysfjfFku }kjk vkfo"dkj fd;k x;kA
• lwpuk vkSj ys[kk dks lkjkaf'kr djus esa lgk;rk djukA
gjeu gksysfjfFku VSfcax e'khu

53. (Havard Mark 1) gkoZMZ ekdZ 1
• blds vykok vkbZch,e Lokpkfyr vuqØe fu;af=kr dSydqysVj (ASCC) ds :i esa
tkuk tkrk gSA
• 1943 esa gkoMZ ,p ,sdsu (Howard H. Aiken) }kjk vkfo"dkj fd;k x;k
• igyk bysDVªks&eSdsfudy daI;wVjA

54. (Z1) tsM 1
• igyk izksxzkescy daI;wVj A
• 1936 ls 1938 rd dksujkM ”kwflu teZuh }kjk cuk;k x;kA
• Z1 dks izksxzke djus ds fy, vko';d gS fd mi;ksxdrkZ iap
Vsi dks ,d iap Vsi jhMj esa Mkys vkSj lHkh vkmViqV Hkh iap
Vsi ds ekè;e ls mRiUu fd, x,A

55. Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) ,VuklkWiQ&csjh daI;wVj (,chlh)
• ;g igyk bysDVªkWfud fMftVy daI;wfVax fMokbl FkkA
• 1939 vkSj 1942 ds chp vk;ksok LVsV ;wfuoflZVh esa izksiQslj tkWu vVkuklkWiQaM
Lukrd Nk=k fDyiQksMZ csjh }kjk vkfo"dkj fd;k x;kA
IkzksisQLkj tkWu vVkuklkWiQM ,VuklkWiQ&csjh daI;wVj

56. ENIAC
• ENIAC dk eryc bysDVªkWfud
U;wesfjdy baVhxzsVj vkSj daI;wVj gSA
• ;g igyk bysDVªkWfud lkekU; iz;kstu
daI;wVj FkkA
• 1946 esa iwjk gqvkA
• tkWu izaij ,dVSZaM vkSj tkWu MCY;w ekSpsy
}kjk fodflrA
ENIAC

57. UNIVAC 1
• UNIVAC I (UNIVERSAL
Automatic Computer 1) igyk
O;kolkf;d daI;wVj FkkA
• ts- fizLij ,dVZ vkSj tkWu ekSpyh }kjk
fMtkbu fd;k x;kA
UNIVAC 1

58. (EDVAC) ,MoSd
• EDVAC dk eryc bysDVªkWfud fMlØhV osfj,cy
vkWVkseSfVd daI;wVj gS
• Ikgyk laxzfgr izksxzke daI;wVj
• 1952 esa okWu U;weSu }kjk fMtkbu fd;k x;kA
• blesa LVksj fd, x, izksxzke ds lkFk&lkFk MsVk dks
j[kus ds fy, eseksjh gSA
EDVAC

59. (The First Portable Computer) igyk iksVsZcy daI;wVj
• vkslcksuZ 1&igyk iksVsZcy daI;wVjA
• vkslcksuZ daI;wVj dkWiksZjs'ku }kjk 1981 esa tkjh fd;k x;kA
vkslcksuZ 1

60. (The First Computer Company) igyk daI;wVj daaiuh
• igyh daI;wVj daiuh bysDVªkWfud daVªksy daiuh FkhA
• 1949 esa ts- fizLij ,dVZ vkSj tkWu ekSpyh }kjk LFkkfirA

61. (Computer Generations) daI;wVj tujs'ku
daI;wVj dh Ikk¡p ihf<+;k¡ gS%
• igyh ih<+h & 1946&1958
• nwljh ih<+h & 1959&1964
• rhljh ih<+h & 1965&1970
• pkSFkh ih<+h & 1971&vkt
• ikapoha ih<+h & vkt ls Hkfo";

62. (The First Generation) igyh ih<+h
• igys daI;wVj esa eseksjh ds fy, lfdZVªh vkSj pqacdh; Mªe ds
fy, oSSD;we V;wc dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk] vkSj vDlj
fo'kky gksrs Fks] iwjs dejs dks ysrs FksA
• os lapkfyr djus ds fy, cgqr egaxs Fks vkSj fctyh ds ,d
egku lkSns dk mi;ksx djus ds vykok] cgqr vf/d xehZ
mRiUu dh] tks vDlj [kjkch dk dkj.k FkkA
oSSD;we V;wc

63. (The First Generation) igyh ih<+h
• igys ih<+h ds daI;wVj e'khu Hkk"kk ij Hkkjkslk djrs Fks] lapkyu djus ds fy, daI;wVj
}kjk le>s tkus okys fuezre Lrj dh izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk] vkSj os ,d le; esa dsoy ,d
leL;k dks gy dj ldrs FksA
• buiqV fNfnzr dkMZ vkSj isij Vsi Ij vk/kfjr Fkk] vkSj fizaV vkmV Ij vkmViqV iznf'kZr
fd;k x;k FkkA

64. (The Second Generation) nwljh ih<+h
• VªkaftLVj us oSD;we V;wcksa dks cny fn;k vkSj nwljh ih<+h
ds daI;wVj dh 'kq#vkr dhA
• ,d VªkaftLVj us 40 oSD;we V;wcksa ds cjkcj txg ys yhA
• daI;wVj dks NksVk] rst] lLrk] vf/d mQtkZ&dq'ky vkSj
vf/d fo'oluh; cukus ds fy, vuqefr nsukA
• fiQj Hkh xehZ dk ,d cM+k dkj.k gS fd daI;wVj dks
uqdlku igq¡pk ldrk gSA VªkaftLVj

65. (The Second Generation) nwljh ih<+h
• nwljh ih<+h ds daI;wVj fØfIVd ckbujh e'khu Hkk"kk ls izrhdkRed] ;k fo/kulHkk]
Hkk"kkvksa esa pys x,] tks izksxzkej dks 'kCnksa esa funsZ'k fufnZ"V djus dh vuqefr nsrs gSaA
• nwljh ih<+h ds daI;wVj vHkh Hkh vk,ViqV ds fy, buiqV vkSj fizaVvkmV ds fy,
fNfnzr dkMZ ij fuHkZj gSaA
• ;s Ikgys daI;wVj Hkh Fks tks mudh Le`fr esa muds funsZ'kksa dks laxzghr djrs Fksa] tks ,d
pqacdh; Mªe ls pqacdh; dksj izkS|ksfxdh esa pys x,A

66. (The Third Generation) rhljh ih<+h
• ,dhÑr lfdZV dk fodkl rhljh ih<+h ds daI;wVjksa dh igpku FkkA
• VªkaftLVj dks NksVk vkSj flfydkWu fpIl ij j[kk x;k] fyls v/Zpkyd dgk tkrk gS]
ftlus daI;wVj dh xfr vkSj n{krk esa dkiQh o`f¼ dhA
• nwljh ih<+h ds daI;wVjksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr NksVk vkSj lLrkA
• ;g ,d lsdaM ds vjcksa esa funsZ'k ns ldrk gSA
,dhÑr lfdZV

67. (The Third Generation) rhljh ih<+h
• mi;ksxdrkZvksa us dh cksMZ vkSj ekWfuVj ds ekè;e ls rhljh ih<+h ds daI;wVjksa ds lkFk
ckrphr dh vkSj ,d vkWijsfVax flLVe ds lkFk gLr{ksi fd;k] ftlus fMokbl dks ,d
dsanzh; dk;ZØe ds lkFk ,d ckj esa dbZ vyx&vyx ,fIyds'ku pykus dh vuqefr nh
tks eseksjh dh fuxjkuh djrs FksA
• daI;wVj igyh ckj cM+s iSekus Ij n'kZdksa ds fy, lqyHk gks x, D;ksafd os vius
iwoZofrZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa NksVs vkSj lLrs FksA

68. (The Fourth Generation) pkSFkh ih<+h
• ekbØksizkslslj daI;wVj dh pkSFkh ih<+h dks yk;k D;ksafd
gtkjksa ,dhÑr lfdZV ,d ,dy flfydkWu fpi ij
cuk, x, FksA
• tSls&tSls ;s NksVs daI;wVj vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh gksrs x,]
mUgsa usVodZ cukus ds fy, ,d lkFk tksM+k tk ldrk
gS] ftlls varr% baVjusV dk fodkl gqvkA
• pkSFkh ih<+h ds daI;wVjksa us GUI] ekml vkSj gSaMgsYM
fMokblksa ds fodkl dks Hkh ns[kkA ekbØksizkslslj

69. (The Fifth Generation) ikapoh ih<+h
• vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal (AI) ij vk/kfjrA
• fiQj Hkh fodkl esaA
• lekukarj izlaLdj.k vkSj lqijdaMDVlZ dk mi;ksx d`f=ke cqf¼ dks okLrfodrk cukus esa
enn dj jgk gSA
• y{; mu midj.kksa dks fodflr djuk gS tks izkd`frd Hkk"kk buiqV dk tokc nsrs gSa
vkSj lh[kus vkSj vkRe&laxBu djus esa l{ke gSaA
• dqN ,fIyds'ku gSa] tSls fd vkokt dh igpku] ftldk ,i;ksx vkt fd;k tk jgk gSA
