leptospirosis, salmonellosis, swine flu and avian flu

1. Leptospirosis,Salmonellosis,
Swine and Avian flu
R.T.VINODHINI

2. LEPTOSPIROSIS
◾ Bacterial disease spread through - Urine of infected animals
◾ Humans can get leptospirosis - Direct contact with urine from infected animals
or through water
,soil or food contaminated with their urine
◾ Animals – Cattle,pigs,horses,dogs,rodents and other wild animals

3. DIAGNOSIS - LEPTOSPIROSIS
◾ ELISA:
◾ IgM antibodies against leptospires
◾ Genus specific
◾ PCR:
◾ Finding the genetic material of pathogen
◾ Microscopic agglutination test (MAT):
◾ Incubating patient serum with various serovars of leptospires
◾ Serovar that reacts with patient serum - Infecting serovar

4. SALMONELLOSIS
◾ 1st isolated in 1884 in pigs – S.choleraesuis
◾ One of the common cause for food poisoning
◾ Affects gastrointestinal system (stomach & intestines)
◾ Gram negative bacteria
◾ Common types - S.typhimurium,S.Bongori & S.Enterica
◾ More than 2500 serotypes
◾ Many are zoonotic

5. SALMONELLOSIS
◾ Transmission:
◾ Fecal-oral (humans)
◾ Contaminated foods
◾ Close contact with infected animals

6. DIAGNOSIS
◾ Diagnosis – Isolation of Salmonella organisms
◾ Serotyping & antimicrobial testing
◾ PCR
◾ 90 % - Stool culture
◾ Blood
◾ Urine

7. SWINE FLU
◾ H1N1
◾ H1 - Hemagglutinin & N1 – Neuraminidases
◾ Influenza viruses types -A,B and C
◾ InfluenzaA is the most common type and H1N1 is a
type of influenzaA.
◾ Respiratory disease of pigs

8. SWINE FLU
◾ Hemagglutinin‐ protein the virus uses to attach to
the host cells.
◾ Neuraminidase‐ enables the virus to be released
from the host cell.
◾ M2 Ion Channel - allows protons to move
through the viral envelope and is essential for the
virus replication process.
◾ RNP‐ Ribonucleoprotein containing the virus
RNA genome.

9. DIAGNOSIS
◾ Respiratory specimen ((nasal/throat swab) - First 4 to 5 days of illness (when an
infected person is most likely to be shedding virus)
◾ However
, some persons, especially children,may shed virus for 10 days or longer
.
◾ T
ests:
◾ RTPCR
◾ Rapid influenza diagnostic test
◾ Direct immunofluorescence assays

10. AVIAN FLU
◾ Birdfluor fowlplague
◾ InfluenzaA virus
◾ Categorized-Haemagglutinin(H 1-16) &Neuraminidase(N1-9) subtypes
◾ Lowpathogenicityavianinfluenza(LPAI) -H1-4,H6,H8- 16
◾ Lowpathogenicitynotifiableavianinfluenza(LPNAI) -H5 andH7
◾ Highlypathogenicityor highlypathogenicnotifiableavianinfluenza(HPNAI) onlybymutated
formsofH5 andH7

11. DIAGNOSIS
◾ LP and HPAI viruses - oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs.
◾ AI viruses grow well -Allantoic sac of 9 to 11 day old
embryonating chicken eggs and they agglutinate RBCs
◾ rRT- PCR (Real Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR) -
preferred diagnostic test which gives result in 3 hours