How spectacle lenses are made.
In this section you will get the information about lens manufacturing (part 1),i.e, how lens blanks are manufactured and in lens surfacing (part 2) you will get the information about how lenses are surfaced and a finished lens is manufactured.
How spectacle lenses are made.
In this section you will get the information about lens manufacturing (part 1),i.e, how lens blanks are manufactured and in lens surfacing (part 2) you will get the information about how lenses are surfaced and a finished lens is manufactured.
progressive lenses, multifocal lenses, polyfocal lenses, lenses for presbyopia, bifocal lenses, lenses for near reading, lenses for the elderly, above age 40
progressive lenses, multifocal lenses, polyfocal lenses, lenses for presbyopia, bifocal lenses, lenses for near reading, lenses for the elderly, above age 40
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MATERIAL HANDLING ROBOT FOR MULTI STATIONIAEME Publication
In our project we have designed material handling robot for multi stations. Material handling robot for multi stations is a mobile robot used in industrial applications to move materials around a manufacturing area or a warehouse. Proximity Sensor, DC Motor, Wheel and Material handling vehicle are the main blocks in this project. Here we use proximity sensor to handle a material and to replace it at a particular place in for our requirement. For this purpose we use visitor guided vehicle. A motor is attached with the vehicle wheel for moving purpose. The motor gets power through control unit. The proximity sensor detects the positioning plate and gives the output signal to the control unit and it activates the relay. Themotor runs when the relay is on. When the vehicle reaches a particular place thereader detects and alarm is activated
Pediatric Ophthalmic dispensing in different visual problemsRaju Kaiti
Pediatric dispensing, introduction, different from adult dispensing, frame selection, lens selection, special case fitting, Do's and Dont's, Measurements, Down's syndrome, albinism, aphakia, strabismus, syndromes
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF UNSYMMETRIC BUILDING WITH OPTIMALLY PLACED FRICTION DAMPERSIAEME Publication
Conventional methods of seismic rehabilitation with concrete shear walls or steel bracing
are not considered suitable for some buildings as upgrades with these methods would have
required expensive and time consuming foundation work. Supplemental damping in
conjunction with appropriate stiffness offers an innovative and attractive solution for the
seismic rehabilitation of such structures. This paper deals with the use of friction damper as a
passive dissipative device in order to seismic retrofit of existing structures and discusses the
optimal placement criteria. To fulfill this objective, six storey and ten storey L-shaped
buildings have been modeled with five different damper location formats in SAP2000 subjected
to El Centro and Utterkashi earthquake records. Non-Linear Modal Time History Method has
been used for the analysis and base shear, joint displacement, member forces and hysteresis
energy has been compared to find out most optimal damper location format.
Periscope Updates: Everything You Need to KnowAna Hoffman
Periscope is ever-changing - just like any live streaming app should be! There's a lot to keep up with, and that's exactly what this SlideShare presentation is about.
Your comments/social media shares are MUCH appreciated!
Also, you can learn anything you need to about Periscope in this Periscope Tutorial at Traffic Generation Café:
http://www.trafficgenerationcafe.com/periscope-tutorial/
Product Presentaion - Safe-X
This is an extension to a popular brand marketed by our company. To make the presentation stand out from other players in the market, key features were explained with icons and some important information were provided to support the statements given.
This was for a product extension. Since there was many features, I have made the presentation in such a way so that customers can easily recall. Therefore icons were used to describe each feature.
ophthalmic plastic lens manufacturing, their history, merits, demerits and specifications, difference between CR-39 and Polycarbonate lenses and their durability
When it comes to sunglasses quality DOES matter, particularly for pilots. Recently the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) updated their Safety Brochure titled “Sunglasses – Beyond the Image”.
We have created an informative Powerpoint slideshow for you so that you can learn more about sunglasses and what a quality pair of sunglasses should be.
Aviator sunglasses are essential for protecting your eyes from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation (UV Rays), but there are even more considerations to think about. Lens technology and materials, frame construction, polarization and lens tints will impact the effectiveness and usefulness of the sunglasses you choose to protect your most important sensory asset – your eyes!
(US version) Julbo NXT lenses - The ultimate in perfection whatever the cond...julbo-eyewear
A past master in the art of lenses, Julbo continues to lead the field with cutting-edge solutions perfectly adapted to the requirements of high-level sport. Our technical lenses Falcon, Octopus, Camel, Zebra and Zebra Light continue to use NXT Technology for unrivalled performance and the most effective solution for each discipline and each user.
Julbo NXT lenses - The ultimate in perfection whatever the conditionsjulbo-eyewear
A past master in the art of lenses, Julbo continues to lead the field with cutting-edge solutions perfectly adapted to the requirements of high-level sport. Our technical lenses Falcon, Octopus, Cameleon, Zebra and Zebra Light continue to use NXT Technology for unrivalled performance and the most effective solution for each discipline and each user.
Similar to Lens material and its propertes -od (20)
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. It is the portion of the transparent medium
bounded by 2 refracting surfaces at least 1 of
which is curved.
2
3. Ophthalmic lens materials means all materials used
during manufacturing, i.e. all materials entered into
the composition of the basic ophthalmic lens.
There are three types of lens material.
(1) NATURAL MEDIA
(2) GLASS
(3)PLASTIC
3
5. Quartz or rock made out of pure silica was
exclusively used
Its hardness and low mist retaining property made
it ideal for spectacle lens
Not used in optical instruments since it is doubly
refracting material
5
9. Clear natural crystals
of quartz are very
rare to find
So their use is almost
stopped
9
10. Glass lenses Plastic lenses
Heavy
Low impact resistant
Scratch resistant
Cheaper
3 piece can’t be use
Not proffered for children
Light weight
High impact resistant
Highly Scratch resistant
Costlier
3 piece can be use
good proffered for children
10
11. Glass lenses Plastic lenses
Less transmission
Aberration is low
Higher tendency to fog
More affected
It not necessary required
coating
2% greater transmission
Aberration is high
Lower tendency to fog
Less affected
must necessary required
coating
11
12. Amorphous compound
Super cooled liquid
Becomes softer & loses viscosity when heated
No specific melting point
12
16. 70 % Silica , 14- 16 % sodium oxide , 11-13 %
calcium oxide and small percentage of potassium ,
borax , antimony , arsenic
Used for single vision.
Distant portion of bifocal, trifocal.
Most widely used in ophthalmic industry.
16
18. Highly scratch resistant
Resistant to solvents & temperature fluctuation
Tinted by vaccum coating
Good optical qualities
Available in photochromic sunglass option
18
19. Low in costs
Produce least amount of chromatic aberration
Blanks available in all sizes
19
20. Low impact resistance
Heavier material
Chips can easily form while edging & handling
Not appropriate for children & sport wear
U.V. absorption not 100 % (upto 280nm)
20
24. Used in kryptok bifocal
Kryptok Lenses. Also referred to as a round lens,
the magnifying area in the lower part of the lens is
a complete circle. The lens can restrict viewing up
top, due to the round shape. There is less
significant transition between reading and distance
vision.
High prescription
24
25. High dispersion
High specific gravity
Transparency less than crown glass
25
31. Any lens having Refractive
Index (RI) higher than 1.523 in
glass is called high index lens
Available in 1.6 , 1.7 , 1.8 , &
1.9
Contents- high % of Titanium
oxide
Transmission- less than 92%
Useful for reducing the
thickness for high powered
lenses
31
32. Organic substances based on molecular frame
work of carbon with H, N, O
Superior to glass in many aspects except their
softness
They are comparatively more attractive
Can be easily tinted for cosmetic appeal and sun
wear
32
34. It is a polymeric material of large molecular wt.
which can be shaped by flow
Also called as organic lenses.
Most plastics are synthetic materials formed by
combining various organic ingredients with
inorganic materials such as carbon, hydrogen,
,nitrogen, chlorine & Sulphur.
34
36. It is also called as Columbia resin or allyl diglycol
carbonate.
CR – 39 or allyl diglycol carbonate is a plastic
polymer commonly used in manufacture of
eyeglass lenses.
It was developed by Pittsburgh Plate Glass
industries.
It is the thermosetting material.
36
37. CR stands for Columbia Resin & it is 39th
formula of a thermosetting plastic developed by
the Columbia resin project of PPG industries back
in 1940.
“CR” stands for Columbia Resin, and the number
39 denotes the type of Columbia Resin used.
37
38. For years CR- 39 was used without anti scratch
coating.
Now, however, most CR-39 lenses come with an
anti scratch coating, making the material much
more scratch resistant.
For smaller, high velocity, sharply pointed objects,
CR-39 lenses perform better than chemically
tempered glass.
38
39. CR-39 plastic lenses do not fog up as easily as
glass lenses.
Whereas welding or grinding spatter will pit or
permanently stick to glass lenses, it does not
adhere to plastic lens material.
39
41. Refractive index : 1.498
Abbe value : 59.3
Density : 1.31 g/cm3
UV cutoff : 355 nm
Specific gravity : 1.32 Gram/cc
41
42. The material is highly impact resistant and carries
high transparency.
Multiple tinting and coating is possible.
only drawback is weak resistant to abrasion.
42
44. Lightness
Impact resistance
Chemical inertness
Resistance to pitting
Resistance to fogging
Tintability
Versatility in optical design
44
45. Surface abrasion
Warpage upon glazing
Increased thickness
Inferior photochromic properties
Index variability with temperature
45
46. Petroleum
derivative and
plastic polymer
It is a high index
plastic lens
Gives extra level of
protection to the
lens wearers
Usually preferred
for children and
sportswear
46
47. It is a synthetic material.
Because of their unique molecular structure
they can flex easily without getting deformed.
All polycarbonate lens absorb U.V radiation up
to 380nm without additional treatment.
Polycarbonate lens produce more reflection
than ophthalmic crown glass.
47
48. It was developed in the 1970s for aerospace
application, and is currently used for the helmet
visors of astronauts and for space shuttle
windshields.
Eyeglass lenses made from polycarbonate were
introduced in the early 1980s in response to
demand for lightweight impact resistance lenses.
48
50. R.I. :- 1.586
Abbe value :- 30
Specific gravity :- 1.20
U.V. absorption :- 380 nm
Density : 1.2 g / cm3
50
51. Lightest of all materials
Most impact resistance material
30-40% thinner than CR-39
Absorbs nearly 100% of UV-A and UV-B radiation
Can be hard coated for scratch resistance
Center thickness can be ground to 1.2mm
Absorbs ultra violet radiation up to 380nm
51
52. High chromatic aberration
Poor optical qualities
More scratches are formed
Transparency is less
More lens distortion
Difficult to dye
More expensive
52
53. Very soft material – low scratch resistance
Distortions in vision away from optical center
Not as easy to tint – difficult to match colours
Produces undesirable lateral chromatic aberration
upon peripheral gaze
53
54. UV protected lenses
Coated with fine layer of silicon
Make scratch resistance
CR-39 lenses is higher than heat tampered glass
lenses but equal to chemical tampered glass
lenses.
54
55. Available in 2 forms
1) Glass high-index
2) Plastic high-index
GHI are made up of titanium oxide, barium oxide
or lead oxide
PHI are made up of Thermosetting plastics
These lenses have higher than standard R.I.
Most cosmetically acceptable lenses
It enables the lens to bend light "faster".
Hence they are lighter and thinner than standard
lenses.
55
59. Good cosmesis
Magnification is reduced
Available in range of lens types including
photochromic , multifocal etc.
Thinner and lighter than conventional lens
materials
Can be multicoated , tinted ,UV etc
Available in wide range of blank size & finished as
well as semi finished lens types
59
60. Greater distortions away from optical centre
Not available in larger blank sizes
Less impact resistant
More chromatic dispersion
Off axis abberation are seen
Fragile, expensive
Incases of plus lenses, the periphery become
too thin and hence easily breakable.
Higher RI, more the reflections, hence
reducing transmission .
60
61. Also known as Perspex or transpex
Also known as PMMA.
Polymerization of metha methacrylate
MMA its prepared by hydralysis & esterification
of acetone cyanohydrins
Cyanohydrins produced by action of hydro cyanic
add on acetone
61
64. Refractive index :- 1.49
Velocity :- 58
Density :- 1.119
Half of the weight of crown glass
64
65. Also known as phoenix or triology
Similar to polycarbonate but have higher quality
optics & thus provide clearer vision
65
66. Refractive index : 1.532
Abbe value : 43-45
Density : 1.1 g / cm3
UV cutoff : 380 nm
66
67. Trivex is lighter in
weight than standard
plastic but not quite as
thin as polycarbonate.
Trivex is a more rigid
material making it a
better selection for
rimless or dril mount
frames.
Dose not break easily.
67
69. Polarized filter is made by heating and
stretching thin sheet of PVA (poly vinyl
alcohol) to about 4 times of its original length.
Sheet is then passed through weak & iodine
sol.
Iodine molecules diffuse into the PVA layer
and thus creates a polarizing filter.
This thin sheet is laminated between 2 layer of
coated cellulose acetate butyrate and then
pressed to the desired curvature.
69
70. Available in
variety of tints.
Metallic oxides
are added to the
molten glass
material to get
desired tints.
METAL
OXIDES
COLOU
R
Iron Green
Cobalt Blue
Gold Red
Nickel Brown
Silver Yellow
Manganese Pink
70
77. Definition :- Reciprocal of the dispersive
power of the material and gives a measure
of the material ability to hold spectrum
together
The higher the abbe value less will be the
transverse chromatic aberration at periphery
Used to calculate axial and transverse
chromatic aberration
77
79. Abbe number of 60 is considered to have the least
chromatic aberrations and abbe number of 30 is for
the most chromatic aberrations.
When the wearer moves the eyes away from the
centre and looks through the periphery of the lens,
the prism is created.
79
80. The amount of prism created together with the
dispersion value of the lens material affects the
amount of “colour fringes” the wearer sees.
Standard plastic lenses have an abbe value of 58.
Most high index materials have a much lower
Abbe value.
80
81. Reflectance is the phenomenon of light reflection
occurs at each of the lens surfaces.
The result is the loss of lens transparency and
undesirable reflections on the lens surfaces.
81
82. The reflectance of the lens surface is calculated from
the refractive index of the material.
When the light is normal on the lens surface, the
percentage of light reflected at each surface is given
by:
Reflectance = 100 (n – 1)² / (n + 1)²%
82
83. The higher the refractive index, the greater the
proportion of light reflected from the surfaces.
83
85. Definition :- the ratio of speed of light in a
vacuum to the speed of light in a given medium
The higher the R.I. the thinner the lens can be
made
If a material has a greater ability to refract
light, less curve is required to obtain a specific
power hence resulting in a thinner lens.
Materials with an index between 1.523 and
1.57 are considered as mid-index, while 1.58
and greater is considered as high-index.
85
86. n = Velocity of light in air
Velocity of light in the medium
86
87. The amount of light which goes through a lens can
be reduced because of absorption by the lens
material.
This is negligible in case of a non–tinted lens, but
constitutes an intrinsic function of a tinted or photo
chromatic lens..
87
88. Absorption of an ophthalmic lens generally refers
to its internal absorption, i.e. to the percentage of
light absorbed between the front and the rear lens
surfaces.
Lens absorption occurs according to Lambert’s law
and varies exponentially as a function of lens
thickness.
88
90. Definition :- It is the ratio of 1 cubic cm of a
material to 1 cubic cm of water
The higher the specific gravity of a lens
material, the higher will be the density and
heavier will be the lens
SG will give a rough idea about the relative
weight of various lens
It cannot accurately predict relatively weights
of finished lenses as the denser material
normally have higher R.I. and thus have a
smaller mass.
90
91. Definition :- Relatively susceptibility of
plastics to fracture under stresses applied at
high speed
Relative impact resistance of various materials
will vary, depending on the size and shape of
the missile used in the test
The standard test employed by FDA involves
dropping a 5/8 inch steel ball on to the lens
from a height of 50 inches
Polycarbonate is the most impact resistance
followed by high index plastic lenses, CR-39,
and finally the ordinary glass lenses.
91
93. One of the straight features of glass lenses is
abrasion resistance.
Plastic lenses need to be coated with an additional
resin to approach the scratch resistance of glasses.
These resin coatings can be applied in a number of
ways.
93
94. Lenses may be dipped, or a thin layer of resin may
be spun onto the Lens surface.
These coating layers are usually 5 micron thick.
While abrasion resistance is an important property
for spectacle lenses, it is not crucial to the normal
use of the product.
94
95. Electrical properties characterize effects of
electromagnetic waves and electricity on the
materials.
95
96. chemical properties shows the reaction of materials
to the chemical substances usually found during
lens manufacture, in every day life, or to certain
extreme conditions to which materials can be
subjected.
These substances are usually hot or cold water,
acids and organic solvents.
96
97. Thermal properties state changes of state and the
effect of temperature on materials.
97
98. Therefore, a hypothetical ideal lens material from
both the patient’s and practitioner’s point of view – a
high refractive index with low dispersion,
unbreakable, unscratchable, low density, available
with aspherical surfaces in all multifocal form, easy
to tint and to add “inexpensive”, and from the
financial point of view, we do not really want them
last forever.
98
99. Unfortunately, there is no lens material that fits
this description, and we have to use compromise
99