Work study involves systematically examining work methods to improve efficiency. It has several components, including motion and time study. Motion study analyzes body movements during tasks. Time study determines the time taken by qualified workers to perform tasks. The objectives of motion and time study are to reduce costs while maintaining quality. Work simplification redesigns work practices, equipment, and layouts to reduce physical stress. It uses various charts and diagrams. Principles of motion economy provide guidelines to maximize efficiency and minimize fatigue. Time study is used to determine staffing needs, costs, and more. Stopwatch time study times short jobs, while long-cycle study times long jobs. Performance rating and allowances adjust observed times.

1. Unit 2

2. Chapter 2.1
Work study

3. • Work study may be defined as systematic examination of
methods of carrying on activities so as to improve the
effective use of manpower and equipment and to set up
standards of performance for the activities being performed.
• Work measurement or time study is the application of
techniques designed to establish the time for a qualified
worker to carry out specified jobs at a defined level of
performance.
Work study

4. Components of Work Study

5. • Why use it ?
- Productivity
- Improving equipment utilization
- Conserving materials and energy
- Reducing human effort
- Advancing the goals of the organization on
many fronts
• Changes may be small, but improvements must
be made continually to keep the company
competitive.
• Quality and price are the most important
considerations for staying competitive
• Motion and time study concentrate on reducing
cost but must never lost sight on quality

6. 1. Develop the best work method and efficient utilization of
man, machine & methods.
2. Comparative evaluation of performance
3. Develop economical and efficient tools, fixtures, and
production aids.
4. Assist in the selection of new machine and equipment
5. Train new employees in the preferred method
6. Reduce effort and the unit cost of production.
7. Efficient panning for production.
Objective of Motion and time studies :

7. 1. Definitions
• Motion study involves the analysis of the basic hand, arm,
and body movements of workers as they perform work.
• Work design involves the methods and motions used to
perform a task.
• This design includes
– the workplace layout and environment
– the tooling and equipment (e.g., work holders, fixtures,
hand tools, portable power tools, and machine tools).
• work design is the design of the work system.

8. Method/Motion Study and work
simplification
• Selection of the work to be studied.
• Collection of Data and recording of relevant facts
about the existing method.
• Critical and impartial examinations of the data
collected( table 1).
• Development of the best method .
• Installation of the new method
• Maintaining the new method.

9. (Table 1) Critical examination questions
• Purpose
– What, Why, What else might & Should
be done ?
• Place
– Where, Why, Where else & Where
should it be done ?
• Sequence
– When, Why then, When else could &
When should ?
• People
– Who, Why, Who else might & should do
it?
• Method or Means
– How, Why, How else could, How else
should
a sound reason for
every activity
no assumptions so
double check
quality, safety and
health must not
compromised
a sound reason for
every activity
no assumptions so
double check
quality, safety and
health must not
compromised

10. Method Study

11. 2.Work Simplification
• Work simplification is defined as the use of equipment ,
ergonomics, functional planning and behavior modification
to reduce the physical and psychological stresses on the
body of activities at home or work . These can be broadly
classified as:-
1. Modifying the workplace layout and equipment.
2. Modifying the loads lifted
3. Controlling the work environment
4. Redesigning work practices

12. 2.1 Work simplification is carried out with
the help of various charts and diagrams
• Process charts:- outline process charts, Two handed
Process charts, Flow Process charts
• Flow diagram
• String Diagrams
• Multiple Activity chart

13. 2.3 Principles of Motion Economy
Principles of motion economy provides guidelines to help determine
work method, workplace layout, tools and equipment . The objective
of this principle is to maximize efficiency and minimize worker fatigue
. The principles of motion economy eliminate wasted motion , ease
operator tasks and reduce fatigue There are 3 categories of
principles:-
1.Principle that apply to the use of the human body
2.Principles that apply to the workplace arrangement( workplace
layout)
3.Principles that apply to the design of tooling and equipment.

14. 2.2 Process Charting

16. 3.Work Measurement or Time Study
• Time study attempts to find out the amount of work that a qualified
operator , properly trained , can do in a given time . The operator
must do the work according to a certain method , under certain
conditions , and at certain pace which will produce a certain physical
reaction.
• Performance Rating is a technique for equitably determining the
time required to perform a task by the normal operator after the
observed values of the operation under study have been recorded.
• Allowance Factor is addition o an allowance to take care of the many
interruptions , delays , and slowdowns brought on by the fatigue ,
which enter into every work assignment.

17. Importance and Uses of Time Study
• No. of machine tools needed
• No. of production personnel needed
• Manufacturing costs and selling prices
• Scheduling and delivery criteria
• Machine speeds and work balancing
• New equipment purchases
• Incentive wages

18. 3.1 Stopwatch Time Study
 May use various stopwatches-read in decimal minutes.
 Continuous time study- short duration jobs
 Long-cycle time study-long jobs, or when work elements out-of -sequence
3.2 Performance Rating
It is the procedure in which the time study engineer compares the performance of
operators under observation to the normal performance and determines a factor
called Rating Factor
Rating Factor=Observed performance/ normal performance
3.3 Allowances
1. Daily allowance
2. Fatigue allowance
3. Personal allowance
4. Special allowance