Jean Watson developed the Theory of Human Caring, which views caring as the essence of nursing. The theory outlines 10 carative factors and caritas processes that are intended to help nurses develop caring relationships with patients. Watson's theory emphasizes caring for the whole person, including their mind, body, and spirit. It also stresses the importance of environmental factors and the nurse-patient relationship on the patient's health and well-being. While widely adopted in nursing education and practice, some criticisms of Watson's theory include that it is complex and difficult to empirically study concepts like transpersonal caring.

1. Jean Watson’s
Theory Of Human
Caring
Presented by :
Ala’a AL- khrabshah
Omar AL- zyoud
Instructor’s
DR. Rami Massadah

2. “We are the light in
institutional
darkness, and in
this model we get
to return to the
light of our
humanity”
(jean Watson, 7/9/2012.)

3. Outlines
• Introduction
• Theorist Biography (Personal information, Education,
Work background, Accomplishments, Publications ).
• The theory of human caring
• major conceptual elements (10 Caritave factors and
Caritas Process ).
• Major assumptions .

4. Outlines
• Transpersonal caring relationship.
• Caring occasion/Moment .
• Theoretical assertions and metaparadigm.
• Acceptance by the nursing community
• Application of the theory.
• Critique of the theory .
• Conclusion .
• References.

5. Objectives :
• By the end of this presentation , you
will be able to :-
1) Obtain an Overview about Watson
background.
2) Identify the multidiscipline resources of the
theory.
3) Identify the major concepts and definitions.

6. Objectives
4) Recognize the Theory acceptance in Nursing
Community.
5) Examples of practice situations using Watson
theory .
6) Identify the strength and weakness in the
theory.

7. Introduction
the theory of human caring was a first work to bring
new meaning and dignity to the world of nursing and
patient care, and to the inner subjective life
experiences of self and other. It also served to
provide an ethical foundation for the deeply human
dimensions of nursing.
The theoretical concepts were derived and emerged
from, personal/professional experiences; they were
clinically inducted, empirically grounded and
combined with philosophical, intellectual, and
experiential background.

8. Theorist’s Background
Full Name: Margaret Jean Harman Watson
Place of Birth: Southern West Virginia
Hometown: Welch, West Virginia
Civil Status: Married to Mr. Douglas.
Children: Jennifer (1963), Julie ( 1967)

9. Education
1958-61 R.N. Diploma in Nursing
Lewis-Gale School of Nursing
1962-64 B.S. in Nursing
University of Colorado
1964-66 M.S. in Psychiatric Mental-Health
Minor Psychology
University of Colorado
1969-73 Ph.D. in Educational Psychology and
Counseling
University of Colorado

10. Work Background
*Faculty and administrative position –
University of Colorado
• *Chair and assistant dean of the
undergraduate program .
• *Involved in early planning
and implementation of the nursing
doctorate program in Colorado in 1978
• *Dean of the university of colorado
school of Nursing and associate director .

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• Nursing Practice at University Hospital from 1983 to
1990.
• A professor of nursing and holds the Endowed Chair
in Caring Science at the University Of Colorado
School Of Nursing.
• Establishing the center for human caring 1980 .
• Founder and member of board of boulder county
hospice.

12. Theory Of Human Caring

13. Overview of the theory
Initial attempt to bring meaning
and focus to nursing as an
emerging discipline
and distinct
health profession
Values
Knowledge
Practice

14. Values
Knowledge
Practice
Process of
Inner healing
Life world of
Experiencing
person

15. Continue
• This emerging philosophy and theory of
human caring sought to balance the cure
orientation of medicine , giving nursing
it’s unique disciplinary , scientific , and
professional standing
with itself and it’s public .

16. Major conceptual elements
• Ten carative factors
• Transpersonal caring
relationship

17. Ten Carative Factors
1) Formation of a humanistic altruistic
system of values.
2) Installation of Faith –Hope.
3)Cultivation of sensitivity to self and
others.

18. Continue …
4)Development of helping- trust
relationship.
5) Promotion and acceptance of
the expression of positive and
negative feelings
6)Systematic use of a creative
problem-solving caring process .
7) Promotion of transpersonal
teaching-learning.

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8)Provision for supportive
environment.
9)Assistance with gratification of human
needs.
10)Existential _phenomenological
forces.

20. Caritas Process
Caritas process intended to offer a more fluid
language for understanding a deeper level of
caritas factors which capture the deeper
dimensions of living processes of human
experiences.

21. Continue …
• What differs in the clinical
caritas frame-work is that a
decidedly spiritual
dimension and an overt
evacuation of love and
caring are merged for anew
paradigm.

22. Caritas Processes
Caritas Processes
Carative Factors
1. Practicing Loving-kindness &
Equanimity for self and other.
1. Humanistic –Altruistic Values.
2. Being authentically present
to/enabling/sustaining/honoring
deep belief system and subjective world
of self/other.
2. Instilling/enabling Faith & Hope.
3. Cultivating of one’s own spiritual
practices; deepening selfawareness,
going beyond “ego self”.
3. Cultivation of Sensitivity to one’s self
and other.
4. Developing and sustaining a helping-
trusting, authentic
caring relationship.
4. Development of helping-trusting, human
caring relationship.
5. Being present to, and supportive of, the
expression of
positive and negative feelings as a
connection with deeper
spirit of self and the one-being-cared-for.
5. Promotion and acceptance of expression
of
positive and negative feelings.

23. 6. Creatively using presence of self and
all ways of knowing/
multiple ways of Being/doing as part of
the caring process;
engaging in artistry of caring-healing
practices.
6. Systematic use of scientific
(creative) problem solving
caring process.
7. Engaging in genuine teaching-
learning experiences that
attend to whole person, their meaning;
attempting to stay
within other’s frame of reference.
7. Promotion of transpersonal teaching-
learning.
8. Creating healing environment at all
levels (physical, nonphysical,
subtle environment of energy and
consciousness
whereby wholeness, beauty, comfort,
dignity and peace are
potentiated.
8. Provision for a supportive,
protective, and/or
corrective mental, social, spiritual
environment.

24. 9. Assisting with basic needs,
with an intentional, caring
consciousness of touching and
working with embodied spirit
of individual, honoring unity
of Being; allowing for spiritual
emergence.
9. Assistance with
gratification of human
needs.
10. Opening and attending to
spiritual-mysterious, unknown
existential dimensions of life-
death; attending to soul care
for
self and one- being- cared- for.
10. Allowance for existential-
phenomenological
spiritual dimensions.

25. Transpersonal caring relationship

26. Major Assumption
• 1) Caring can be effectively
demonstrated and practiced only
interpersonally.
• 2) Caring consist of 10 carative
factors that result in the satisfaction
of certain human needs.
• 3) Effective caring promotes health
and individual / family growth.
• 4) caring process accept a person not
only as he or she now but as what he
or she will become.

27. Continue …
5) Caring environment offers the development of
potential while allowing
person to choose the best action
6) Caring is more healthogenic than curing.
7) The practice of caring is central to nursing

28. Nursing Metaparadigm In
Watson’s Theory

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• Human ( person )
• Is subjective and unique, not objective, predictable
and calculating.
• Has distinct human needs, which are biophysical,
psychophysical, psychosocial and interpersonal ) are
to be valued, cared for, respected, understood and
assisted.

30. Continue …
• Is a functioning whole, there is no division among the
mind, body and spirit (George/2002).
• Is directly influenced by their external environment.

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Health is more than the absence of
illness ,it is an elusive concept
because it has a subjective nature.
(watson1979).
health refers to “ unity and harmony within the mind,
body, soul” and is associated with the “degree of
congruence between the self as perceived and the self
as experienced .
(Watson,1988, p.48)

33. Continue …
Nursing : is concerned with health promotion ,
restoration and illness prevention .
Caring is a nursing term represent the factors nurses
use to deliver health .

34. Continue …
• Environment Is crucial to the holistic
healing (mental, physical, social, emotional,
spiritual, developmental, protective, supportive
environments), which is conducive to a
patient’s health and wellbeing.

35. Continue
• Contains “noise, privacy,
light, access to nature,
color, space and smells that
can have an impact on the
caring-healing process”
(Watson/1999).

36. Acceptance By Nursing Community
1) Practice :
• Institution that are seeking a holistic
approach to nursing care are
integrating many aspects of Watson's
theoretical commitment to care.
• The Theory is being clinically
validated in variety of settings and
with various populations such as :
- Critical care units ,( NICU) ,pediatric
care unit and gerontological care unit

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2) Education:
Watson Theory has been active in
curriculum planning at numerous
nursing colleges in USA and
internationally in Australia, Sweden
& UK.
She hope that her theory will help
nurses to develop a meaningful moral
and philosophical base for practice.

38. Continue ….
3) Research:
• Watson and colleagues are attempting to
research the caring framework and to
arrive at empirical data amenable to
research techniques.
• However , this abstract framework is
difficult to study concretely .

39. Theory Critique
1)Clarity:
• Watson theory is easily read, uses non technical but
sophisticated language.
• Lengthy phrases , and sentences need to be read more
than once to gain meaning .
• The reader of the theory enhanced to understand
philosophy.

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2) Simplicity:
 The reader must understanding of a variety of
subjects to understand the theory , it is complex when
considering the existential- phenomenological forces
of her theory and Multidiscipline derivation of her
concept.

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3) Generality:
• The scope of the framework encompasses all aspect
of health-illness continuum .
• In addition , the theory addresses aspects of
preventing illness and experiencing a peaceful death,
thereby increasing its generality .
• It is about more about being more than doing .

42. Continue …
4) Empirical Precision:
• She described her theory as descriptive theory
so it is difficult to be studied empirically.
• Her Theory to study the Transpersonal caring
can be classified as Qualitative, Naturalistic or
Phenomenological.

43. Continue …
5) derivable Consequences :
• Watson theoretical concepts such as:
1- use of self patient- identify needs.
2- the caring process .
3- spiritual sense of being human .
may help nurses and their patients find meaning and
harmony in a period of increasing complexity .
• Watsons rich and varied knowledge of philosophy ,
arts , human science , and traditional science , has
enabled professionals in many disciplines to share
and recognize her work .

44. *Strengths:
• This theory places client in the context of the family,
the community and the culture.
• It places the client as the focus of practice rather than
the technology.
*Limitations:
• Biophysical needs of the individual
are given less important.
• The ten creative factors primarily delineate the
psychosocial needs of the person.
• Needs further research to apply in practice.

45. Conclusion
• Caring is the essence of nursing,which
compliments the traditional curative
factors of medicine , giving ( nursing )
its unique disciplinary , scientific, and
professional standing.
• Using Watson’s carative factors will allow the nurse to go
beyond an objective assessment of the patient to develop a
deep personal caring relationship.
• This relationship occurs when the nurse and patient
come together in a transpersonal moment.
• When the spirit of both nurse and patient are present,
outcomes of the transpersonal moment are
transcendence, harmony, and healing.

46. References …
• Tomey, A. M. and Alligood, M.R. , Nursing theorists and their
work. (6th Ed).
• Parker, M. (2001) Nursing theories and nursing practice (3d
Ed).
• George, B. Julia, M. (2008). Nursing Theories- The Base for
Professional Nursing Practice (4th Ed). Norwalk: Appleton &
Lange Press
• Watson, J. (1985). Nursing: Human science and human care: A
theory of nursing. Norwalk, CT
• Watson, J. (2006). Nursing: Human Science and Human care.
A Theory of Nursing. New
• Chinn, P.L. and Kramer, M.K. (2008) Theory and nursing:
integrated knowledge development. (8th Ed), St. Louis: Mosby.