Today’s presentation focuses on Jean Watson's Theory of Human Caring. During this presentation we will analyze the theoretical framework, review the critical components of the Theory of Caring, and discuss how the theory is utilized in nursing practice. This presentation will also detail application of Watson’s Theory of Caring into the peri-operative environment by instituting a “sacred space” and explain the process of implementing the sacred space. Enjoy!
Margaret Jean Harman Watson, PhD, RN, AHNBC was born in Southern West Virginia and grew up in the small town of Welch, West Virginia.
1964 – Baccalaureate degree in Nursing (Boulder Campus)
1966 – Master’s Degree in Psychiatric-Mental
Health Nursing (Health Sciences Campus)
1973 – Doctorate in Educational Psychology and Counseling (Graduate School, Boulder Campus)
Newman’s theory of health as expanding consciousnessحسين منصور
The theory of health as expanding consciousness stimulated by concern for those for whom health as the absence of disease or disability is not possible, (Newman, 2010).
The theory has progressed to include the health of all persons regardless of the presence or absence of disease, (Newman, 2010).
The theory asserts that every person in every situation, no matter how disordered and hopeless it may seem, is part of the universal process of expanding consciousness, (Newman, 2010).
This paper explores what a nursing philosophy is and gives insight into my own personal philosophy of nursing. It defines what a nursing philosophy is, the theories behind its framework, as well as providing my own views on nursing and how it allows me to practice and care for my patients to the best of my ability to provide high-quality care.
Today’s presentation focuses on Jean Watson's Theory of Human Caring. During this presentation we will analyze the theoretical framework, review the critical components of the Theory of Caring, and discuss how the theory is utilized in nursing practice. This presentation will also detail application of Watson’s Theory of Caring into the peri-operative environment by instituting a “sacred space” and explain the process of implementing the sacred space. Enjoy!
Margaret Jean Harman Watson, PhD, RN, AHNBC was born in Southern West Virginia and grew up in the small town of Welch, West Virginia.
1964 – Baccalaureate degree in Nursing (Boulder Campus)
1966 – Master’s Degree in Psychiatric-Mental
Health Nursing (Health Sciences Campus)
1973 – Doctorate in Educational Psychology and Counseling (Graduate School, Boulder Campus)
Newman’s theory of health as expanding consciousnessحسين منصور
The theory of health as expanding consciousness stimulated by concern for those for whom health as the absence of disease or disability is not possible, (Newman, 2010).
The theory has progressed to include the health of all persons regardless of the presence or absence of disease, (Newman, 2010).
The theory asserts that every person in every situation, no matter how disordered and hopeless it may seem, is part of the universal process of expanding consciousness, (Newman, 2010).
This paper explores what a nursing philosophy is and gives insight into my own personal philosophy of nursing. It defines what a nursing philosophy is, the theories behind its framework, as well as providing my own views on nursing and how it allows me to practice and care for my patients to the best of my ability to provide high-quality care.
Jean Watson (June 10, 1940 – present) is an American nurse theorist and nursing professor known for her “Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring.” She has also written numerous texts, including Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring. Watson’s study on caring has been integrated into education and patient care to various nursing schools and healthcare facilities worldwide.
CaritasTo Cherish”Love and Caring toward Inner Healing .docxwendolynhalbert
Caritas
“To Cherish”
Love and Caring toward
Inner Healing
for Self and Others
Extending to Nature and the Universe
Human caring in nursing, is not just an emotion, concern, attitude, or benevolent desire. Caring is the moral ideal of nursing whereby the end is protection, enhancement, and preservation of human dignity. (Watson, 1999, p. 29).
1
Theory of Human Caring
Carative Factors and Evolving Caritas Processes
Transpersonal Relationships
Caring Moments/Occasions
2
Jean Watson urges those who use the caring-healing paradigm in their nursing practice must live it out in their own lives. “…living authentically requires a commitment to self-care at that deep level of personal practice and discipline, which in turn is honoring one’s own embodied spirit, taking time for soul care” (Watson, 1997, p. 51)
We have to treat ourselves with gentleness and dignity before we can respect and care for others with gentleness and dignity. (Watson, 1999, p. 33)
3
Watson’s Caring Theory: Concept Paradigm
Human
Mind-body-soul integration
Wholism
Health
Unity and harmony with mind-body-soul
Evolving human consciousness
Nurse
Cherish wholeness of humans
Focus on human relationship and transactions with the environment
Environment
Cosmic, energized, and spiritual universe
Connectedness of all living things: Human-Caring/Eco-Caring
4
Transpersonal Caring Relationship
Transpersonal caring leads to an alignment of intentionality, consciousness and one’s being in action, seeking an authentic presence, an integration of mind-body-spirit, which is healing (Watson, 1997, p. 51)
Through transpersonal caring, both the nurse and the patient enter into the lived experiences of one another and are central to the process of change and growth that occurs from the encounter. Transpersonal caring is actualized through a process of healing and an authentic connection in the moment. It calls for an authenticity of being and an ability of the nurse and patient to be present with one another. (Hagedorn, 2005, p. 3)
5
Dr. Jean Watson’s Human Caring Theory: Ten Caritas Processes
Embrace altruistic values and Practice loving kindness with self and others.
Instill faith and hope and honor others.
Be sensitive to self and others by nurturing individual beliefs and practices.
Develop helping – trusting- caring relationships.
Promote and accept positive and negative feelings as you authentically listen to another’s story.
6
Dr. Jean Watson’s Human Caring Theory
Ten Caritas Processes (Con’t)
Use creative scientific problem-solving methods for
caring decision making.
Share teaching and learning that addresses the
individual needs and comprehension styles.
Create a healing environment for the physical and
spiritual self which respects human dignity.
Assist with basic physical, emotional, and spiritual
human needs.
10. Open to mystery and Allow miracles to enter.
7
Caring Moment
...
Appraise the component of various nursing theories; description, purpose, concepts, definition.
Discuss the application of nursing theories in nursing practice.
Dr. Kristen Swanson Theory of Caring” Prepared by Amira .docxmadlynplamondon
Dr. Kristen Swanson
“Theory of Caring”
Prepared by: Amira Mansoor
Course Instructor Dr: Maria Charito Indonto
Learning Objectives..
Background of Theorist
Theoretical Sources
5 Domains on Knowledge of Caring
Major Assumptions
The Structure of Caring
Acceptance by the Nursing Community
Further Development
Analysis
Conclusion
References
Theory of caring
“ Caring is a nurturing way of relating to a valued whom one feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility ”
(Swanson, 1991)
Dr. Kristen M. Swanson RN PhD FAAN (1953 to present)
Born in Providence, Rhode Island
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (Magna Cum Laude) University of Rhode Island, College of Nursing 1975.
RN, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester.
Master Degree in Adult Health Illness Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1978.
Dr. Kristen M. Swanson RN PhD FAAN (1953 to present),con.
Work as Clinical Instructor of Medical Surgical Nursing Dept. University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing
Ph.D. in Nursing, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado.
Dean and Alumni Distinguished Professor , University of North Carolina (UNC), School of Nursing at Chapel Hill; Associate Chief Nursing Officer for Academic Affairs UNC hospital, 2009
Theoretical Sources
Caring
Knowing
Being With
Doing For
Enabling
Maintaining Belief
Caring- is a nurturing way of relating to a valued other toward whom one feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility.
Knowing – is a striving to understand the meaning of an event in the life of other, avoiding assumptions, focusing on the person cared for, seeking cues, assessing meticulously, and engaging both the one caring and the one cared for in the process of knowing.
Being With – means emotionally present to the other. It includes being there in person, conveying availability, and sharing feelings wihtout burdening the one cared for.
Doing For – means to do for others what one would do for self if at all possible, including anticipating needs comforting, performing skillfully and competently, and protecting the one cared for while preserving his or her dignity.
Enabling – facilitating the other’s passage through life transition and unfamiliar events by focusing on the event, informing, explaining supporting, validating feelings, generating alternatives, thinking things through, and giving feedback.
Maintaining Belief – is sustaining faith in others capacity to get through an event or transition and face a future with meaning, believing in other’s capacity and holding him or her in high esteem, maintaining a hope filled attitude, offering realistic optimism, helping to find meaning, and standing by the once cared for no matter what the situation.
6
5 Domains on Knowledge of Caring
1st – persons capacities to deliver caring.
2nd – individuals concerns and commitments that lead to caring actions.
3rd – conditions (nurse, client, organization) that enhance or diminish the likelihood of ...
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2. Background of jean watson:
• Jean Watson was born in West Virginia
• She earned a bachelor’s degree in nursing, a master of science degree in
psychiatric–mental health nursing.
• A doctorate in educational psychology and counseling, all from the
University of Colorado (Neill, 2002).
• Watson is an internationally published author
• she founded and directed the Center for Human Caring at the Health
Sciences Center in Denver.
3. Metaparadigms:
• Person
Holistic individual with interrelated parts
Humans have needs that are valued, respected, supported & cared for ‡
• Environment
All factors that affects balance
Should be conducive to holistic healing‡
4. Metaparadigms continue:
• Health
Unity of mind body and soul
Holistic approach to health is necessary to function as a whole being‡
• Nursing
Develop a caring and transcultural relationship
Nurse-patient relationship is foundational to nursing
• Nurses’ role
Attending to and balancing the environment
5. Concepts:
• There are three major concepts in watson theory of caring;
1. The carative factors
2. Transpersonal caring relationship
3. Caring occasion/caring moment
6.
7. Other Concepts of the Science of Human Caring
Concept Definition
Actual caring
occasions
Involves actions and choices by the nurse and the individual.
The moment of coming together in a caring occasion gives the opportunity to
decide;
“how to be in the relationship— what to do with the moment”.
Transpersonal An intersubjective human-to-human relationship.
The nurse affects and is affected by the person of the other.
Both are fully present in the moment and feel a union with the other.
8. Concepts continue:
Concept Definition
Phenomenal field The totality of human experience of one’s being in the world.
This refers to the individual’s frame of reference that can only be known
to that person.
Self The organized conceptual gestalt composed of perceptions of “I” or
“ME”.
The perceptions of the relationship of the “I” or “ME” to others and to
various aspects of life.
Time The present is more subjectively real and the past is more objectively
real.
Past, present, and future incidents merge and fuse.
Sources: Watson (1999); online site: http://www.uchsc.edu/ctrsinst/chc/index.html
9. Watson’s 10 carative factors:
1. Humanistic–altruistic system of values
2. Faith–hope
3. Sensitivity to self and others
4. Developing helping–trusting, caring relationship
5. Expressing positive and negative feelings and emotions
10. Carative factors continue:
6. Creative, individualized, problem-solving caring process
7. Transpersonal teaching–learning
8. Supportive, protective, and/or corrective, mental, physical, societal, and
spiritual environment
9. Human needs assistance
10. Existential-phenomenologic and spiritual forces
_____________________________________
Source: Watson (1999, 2005).
11. 1) Formation of humanistic-altruistic system of values:
"Practice of loving-kindness and equanimity within context of caring
consciousness
2) Instillation of faith-hope:
"Being authentically present, and enabling and sustaining the deep belief
system and subjective life world of self and one-being cared- for";
12. 3) Cultivation of sensitivity to self and to others:
“Cultivation of one's own spiritual practices and transpersonal self, going
beyond ego self”
4) Development of a helping-trusting, human caring relationship:
"Developing and sustaining a helping-trusting, authentic caring
relationship"
13. 5) Promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and
negative feelings:
"Being present to, and supportive of the expression of positive and
negative feelings as a connection with deeper spirit of self and the one-
being cared-for";
6) Systematic use of a creative problem-solving caring process:
"creative use of self and all ways of knowing as part of the caring process;
to engage in artistry of caring-healing practices";
14. 7) Promotion of transpersonal teaching-learning:
"Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experience that attends to unity of
being and to stay within other's frame of reference“
8) Provision for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental,
physical, societal, and spiritual environment:
"Creating healing environment at all levels, (physical as well as non-
physical, whereby wholeness, comfort, dignity, and peace are potentiated“
15. 9) Assistance with gratification of human needs:
"assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring consciousness,
human care essentials', which potentiate alignment of mind body spirit.
10) Allowance for existential-phenomenological-spiritual forces:
"opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious, and existential dimensions
of one's own life-death; soul care for self and the one-being-care-for.
16. Assumptions:
• Caring and love are universal and mysterious
• Health professionals make social, moral, and scientific contributions to
humankind
• Need of care and love are often overlooked
• As a beginning we have to impose our own will to care and love upon our
own behavior and not on others (we have to deal ourselves with dignity and
gentleness before others)
17. Assumptions continue:
• Caring is the essence of nursing and the most central and unifying focus for
nursing practice
• Preservation and advancement of human care as both an epistemic and
clinical endeavor is a significant issue for nursing today and in future.
• Since nursing is a caring profession, so its persistence in caring and
ideology will affect the human development in society
18. Assumptions continue:
• Human care at the individual and group level, has received less and less
emphasis in the health care delivery system
• Human care is effectively demonstrated and practiced only interpersonally.
19. Relationships:
• Watson has refined and updated the relationships of the theory,
for the understanding of human caring and spirituality.
The following are some of the relationships of the theory:
1. A transpersonal caring field resides within a unitary field of
consciousness and energy that transcends time, space, and physicality.
2. A transpersonal caring relationship connects spirit-to-spirit both
practitioner and patient within a unitary field of consciousness.
20. Continue.
• A transpersonal caring relationship transcends the ego level of both
practitioner and patient, creating a caring field
• Transpersonal caring is communicated via the practitioner’s energetic
patterns of consciousness, intentionality, and authentic presence in a caring
relationship.
• Caring-healing modalities are often noninvasive, natural-human, energetic
environmental field modalities.
21. • The practitioner’s authentic intentionality and consciousness of caring has a
higher frequency of energy in opening up greater access to one’s inner
healer.
• Transpersonal caring promotes self-knowledge, self-control, and self-
healing patterns and possibilities.
• Advanced transpersonal caring modalities draw upon multiple ways of
knowing
Continue.
22. Usefulness:
• Watson’s works on the Theory of Human Caring are used by nurses in
diverse settings
• The 10 carative factors are explicated throughout the hospital to provide a
framework for nursing activities in hospitals.
• The outcomes include 34 research projects, 9 published articles, and 9
funded research studies.
• Furthermore, the nurses “maintain high levels of work satisfaction, strong
retention rates when there is good interpersonal relationship.
23. Usefulness continue:
• Hills and colleagues (2011) developed a text to promote caring science
curriculum in nursing, which they called an emancipatory pedagogy for
nursing. This was based on Watson’s theory.
• Noel (2010) reviewed Watson’s theory of human caring for occupational
health and nursing and found it relevant in that context.
• Furthermore, schools around the world are using Watson’s science of caring
in nursing education
24. Testability:
• Testing of Watson’s theory and dissemination of findings are progressing.
• The science allows both quantitative and qualitative research methods.
• Watson’s Science of Caring has recently been researched by an extremely
large number of nurses
25. Parsimony:
• Watson’s theory is comparatively parsimonious.
• Although a number of new concepts and terms are defined, there are only 10
carative factors or areas to be addressed by nurses.
• In addition, there are six “working assumptions”
• And three considerations as to how to frame caring science.
26. Value in Extending Nursing Science:
• The Philosophy and Science of Caring (Watson, 2008) explicitly describes
the connection between nursing and caring.
• It is used in education and in practice internationally and in numerous
research studies.
• Collectively, findings present impressive indicators of the value of
Watson’s theory of caring to the discipline of nursing.
27. Application on a case study:
• Case:
A 48 years old woman who has recently been diagnosed with breast cancer. It
is her first evening in the hospital. She is scheduled for a mastectomy in the
morning. She is single and her family lives out of state. A frient came to her to
check in but had to leave.
You are assuming care of the patient, after reading the cart and getting report
what 3 carative factors would you anticipate using?
You walk into the room and find the patient crying, what carative factors
would you apply?
28. Relation of carative factors with this case:
Answers question 1:
1. Development of a helping-trusting, human caring relationship
2. Cultivation of sensitivity to self and to others
3. Instillation of faith-hope
Answer question 2:
• Systematic use of a creative problem-solving caring process
29. Strengths:
• This theory places client in the context of the family, the community and
the culture.
• It places the client as the focus of practice rather than the technology.
30. Limitations:
• The whole care theory debate detracts from our professional skills and
training that makes us the professionals we are.
• Lack of definition for inter subjective ideas
• The ten carative factors primarily delineate the psychosocial needs of the
person.
31. References:
• Suliman WA, Welmann E, Omer T, Thomas L. Applying Watson ’ s
Nursing Theory to Assess Patient Perceptions of Being Cared for in a
Multicultural Environment. 2009;17(4):293–300.
• McEwen M, Evelyn M. Wills: theoretical basis for Nursing. 4th ed, 2014
• Nursingtheories.weebly.com/jean-watson.html