Jean Watson developed the Theory of Human Caring, which emphasizes the importance of caring relationships in nursing. The theory outlines 10 carative factors that represent caring behaviors nurses should exhibit. It also describes concepts like transpersonal caring relationships and caring moments. Watson's theory is widely used in nursing education and research internationally. It provides a framework for holistic, patient-centered care. While highly influential, it has also received some criticism related to definitions and focus on psychosocial needs over technical skills.

1. Jean watson
Presenter: ADNAN RN, MS. Nursing
Facilitator: Dr. Muhammad Dildar

2. Background of jean watson:
• Jean Watson was born in West Virginia
• She earned a bachelor’s degree in nursing, a master of science degree in
psychiatric–mental health nursing.
• A doctorate in educational psychology and counseling, all from the
University of Colorado (Neill, 2002).
• Watson is an internationally published author
• she founded and directed the Center for Human Caring at the Health
Sciences Center in Denver.

3. Metaparadigms:
• Person
Holistic individual with interrelated parts
Humans have needs that are valued, respected, supported & cared for ‡
• Environment
All factors that affects balance
Should be conducive to holistic healing‡

4. Metaparadigms continue:
• Health
Unity of mind body and soul
Holistic approach to health is necessary to function as a whole being‡
• Nursing
Develop a caring and transcultural relationship
Nurse-patient relationship is foundational to nursing
• Nurses’ role
Attending to and balancing the environment

5. Concepts:
• There are three major concepts in watson theory of caring;
1. The carative factors
2. Transpersonal caring relationship
3. Caring occasion/caring moment

7. Other Concepts of the Science of Human Caring
Concept Definition
Actual caring
occasions
Involves actions and choices by the nurse and the individual.
The moment of coming together in a caring occasion gives the opportunity to
decide;
“how to be in the relationship— what to do with the moment”.
Transpersonal An intersubjective human-to-human relationship.
The nurse affects and is affected by the person of the other.
Both are fully present in the moment and feel a union with the other.

8. Concepts continue:
Concept Definition
Phenomenal field The totality of human experience of one’s being in the world.
This refers to the individual’s frame of reference that can only be known
to that person.
Self The organized conceptual gestalt composed of perceptions of “I” or
“ME”.
The perceptions of the relationship of the “I” or “ME” to others and to
various aspects of life.
Time The present is more subjectively real and the past is more objectively
real.
Past, present, and future incidents merge and fuse.
Sources: Watson (1999); online site: http://www.uchsc.edu/ctrsinst/chc/index.html

9. Watson’s 10 carative factors:
1. Humanistic–altruistic system of values
2. Faith–hope
3. Sensitivity to self and others
4. Developing helping–trusting, caring relationship
5. Expressing positive and negative feelings and emotions

10. Carative factors continue:
6. Creative, individualized, problem-solving caring process
7. Transpersonal teaching–learning
8. Supportive, protective, and/or corrective, mental, physical, societal, and
spiritual environment
9. Human needs assistance
10. Existential-phenomenologic and spiritual forces
_____________________________________
Source: Watson (1999, 2005).

11. 1) Formation of humanistic-altruistic system of values:
"Practice of loving-kindness and equanimity within context of caring
consciousness
2) Instillation of faith-hope:
"Being authentically present, and enabling and sustaining the deep belief
system and subjective life world of self and one-being cared- for";

12. 3) Cultivation of sensitivity to self and to others:
“Cultivation of one's own spiritual practices and transpersonal self, going
beyond ego self”
4) Development of a helping-trusting, human caring relationship:
"Developing and sustaining a helping-trusting, authentic caring
relationship"

13. 5) Promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and
negative feelings:
"Being present to, and supportive of the expression of positive and
negative feelings as a connection with deeper spirit of self and the one-
being cared-for";
6) Systematic use of a creative problem-solving caring process:
"creative use of self and all ways of knowing as part of the caring process;
to engage in artistry of caring-healing practices";

14. 7) Promotion of transpersonal teaching-learning:
"Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experience that attends to unity of
being and to stay within other's frame of reference“
8) Provision for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental,
physical, societal, and spiritual environment:
"Creating healing environment at all levels, (physical as well as non-
physical, whereby wholeness, comfort, dignity, and peace are potentiated“

15. 9) Assistance with gratification of human needs:
"assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring consciousness,
human care essentials', which potentiate alignment of mind body spirit.
10) Allowance for existential-phenomenological-spiritual forces:
"opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious, and existential dimensions
of one's own life-death; soul care for self and the one-being-care-for.

16. Assumptions:
• Caring and love are universal and mysterious
• Health professionals make social, moral, and scientific contributions to
humankind
• Need of care and love are often overlooked
• As a beginning we have to impose our own will to care and love upon our
own behavior and not on others (we have to deal ourselves with dignity and
gentleness before others)

17. Assumptions continue:
• Caring is the essence of nursing and the most central and unifying focus for
nursing practice
• Preservation and advancement of human care as both an epistemic and
clinical endeavor is a significant issue for nursing today and in future.
• Since nursing is a caring profession, so its persistence in caring and
ideology will affect the human development in society

18. Assumptions continue:
• Human care at the individual and group level, has received less and less
emphasis in the health care delivery system
• Human care is effectively demonstrated and practiced only interpersonally.

19. Relationships:
• Watson has refined and updated the relationships of the theory,
for the understanding of human caring and spirituality.
The following are some of the relationships of the theory:
1. A transpersonal caring field resides within a unitary field of
consciousness and energy that transcends time, space, and physicality.
2. A transpersonal caring relationship connects spirit-to-spirit both
practitioner and patient within a unitary field of consciousness.

20. Continue.
• A transpersonal caring relationship transcends the ego level of both
practitioner and patient, creating a caring field
• Transpersonal caring is communicated via the practitioner’s energetic
patterns of consciousness, intentionality, and authentic presence in a caring
relationship.
• Caring-healing modalities are often noninvasive, natural-human, energetic
environmental field modalities.

21. • The practitioner’s authentic intentionality and consciousness of caring has a
higher frequency of energy in opening up greater access to one’s inner
healer.
• Transpersonal caring promotes self-knowledge, self-control, and self-
healing patterns and possibilities.
• Advanced transpersonal caring modalities draw upon multiple ways of
knowing
Continue.

22. Usefulness:
• Watson’s works on the Theory of Human Caring are used by nurses in
diverse settings
• The 10 carative factors are explicated throughout the hospital to provide a
framework for nursing activities in hospitals.
• The outcomes include 34 research projects, 9 published articles, and 9
funded research studies.
• Furthermore, the nurses “maintain high levels of work satisfaction, strong
retention rates when there is good interpersonal relationship.

23. Usefulness continue:
• Hills and colleagues (2011) developed a text to promote caring science
curriculum in nursing, which they called an emancipatory pedagogy for
nursing. This was based on Watson’s theory.
• Noel (2010) reviewed Watson’s theory of human caring for occupational
health and nursing and found it relevant in that context.
• Furthermore, schools around the world are using Watson’s science of caring
in nursing education

24. Testability:
• Testing of Watson’s theory and dissemination of findings are progressing.
• The science allows both quantitative and qualitative research methods.
• Watson’s Science of Caring has recently been researched by an extremely
large number of nurses

25. Parsimony:
• Watson’s theory is comparatively parsimonious.
• Although a number of new concepts and terms are defined, there are only 10
carative factors or areas to be addressed by nurses.
• In addition, there are six “working assumptions”
• And three considerations as to how to frame caring science.

26. Value in Extending Nursing Science:
• The Philosophy and Science of Caring (Watson, 2008) explicitly describes
the connection between nursing and caring.
• It is used in education and in practice internationally and in numerous
research studies.
• Collectively, findings present impressive indicators of the value of
Watson’s theory of caring to the discipline of nursing.

27. Application on a case study:
• Case:
A 48 years old woman who has recently been diagnosed with breast cancer. It
is her first evening in the hospital. She is scheduled for a mastectomy in the
morning. She is single and her family lives out of state. A frient came to her to
check in but had to leave.
You are assuming care of the patient, after reading the cart and getting report
what 3 carative factors would you anticipate using?
You walk into the room and find the patient crying, what carative factors
would you apply?

28. Relation of carative factors with this case:
Answers question 1:
1. Development of a helping-trusting, human caring relationship
2. Cultivation of sensitivity to self and to others
3. Instillation of faith-hope
Answer question 2:
• Systematic use of a creative problem-solving caring process

29. Strengths:
• This theory places client in the context of the family, the community and
the culture.
• It places the client as the focus of practice rather than the technology.

30. Limitations:
• The whole care theory debate detracts from our professional skills and
training that makes us the professionals we are.
• Lack of definition for inter subjective ideas
• The ten carative factors primarily delineate the psychosocial needs of the
person.

31. References:
• Suliman WA, Welmann E, Omer T, Thomas L. Applying Watson ’ s
Nursing Theory to Assess Patient Perceptions of Being Cared for in a
Multicultural Environment. 2009;17(4):293–300.
• McEwen M, Evelyn M. Wills: theoretical basis for Nursing. 4th ed, 2014
• Nursingtheories.weebly.com/jean-watson.html