Philosophical views in nursing

Philosophical
Views in Nursing

OBJECTIVES
• To understand the meaning of philosophy
and relay it to nursing profession
• To understand the philosophy behind nursing
practice and nursing education
• To explain the significance of philosophy of
nursing
• To determine the purposes of philosophy
• To elaborate the 2 approaches to philosophy
development

PHILOSOPHY
• Is defined as “love and pursuit of wisdom by
intellectual means and moral-discipline”.
• Is a science that comprises logic, ethics,
aesthetics, metaphysics, and the theory of
knowledge.
• Set of beliefs and values that guide the way
in which we operate in the world.
• Is a statement of beliefs that guide one’s
behavior and, in case, influence the practice
of nursing.

SIGNIFICANCE OF PHILOSOPHY
FOR NURSING
• To achieve intellectual enlightenment
• The individual is afforded an
opportunity to exercise both
understanding and value judgments
• Sciences benefit from philosophy
essentially because philosophy governs
their methods through logic and ethics

APPROACHES TO PHILOSOPHY
DEVELOPMENT
• Top-Down Approach = imposed by the
managerial system and is a reflection of
organizational beliefs, which are not
necessarily applicable to the nursing
care.
• Bottom-Up Approach = people will have
to use the philosophy who are involved
in writing it

PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING
EDUCATION
• Period of Intuitive Nursing / Medieval
Period (Primitive Era)
• Apprentice Nursing / Middle Ages
(1848)
• Period of Educated Nursing /
Nightingale Era (1900)
• Period of Contemporary Nursing / 20th
Century

Period of Intuitive Nursing/Medieval
Period (Primitive Era)

Apprentice Nursing / Middle Ages

Famous Nursing Philosophers
Florence Nightingale
(1820 –1910)
“keeping the client warm,
maintaining a noise-free
environment, and
attending to the client’s
diet in terms of assessing
intake, timeliness of the
food and its effect on the
person”.

• Mary Seacole
(1805 – 1881)
Jamaican healer or
'doctress' with expertise
in tending victims of
cholera and yellow fever
epidemics during
Crimean War

• Hildegard Peplau
(1909–1999)
“There must be a nurse-
patient relationship and to
help clients fulfill their
needs, nurses must
assumes many roles;
stranger, teacher, resource
person, surrogate, leader
and counselor”.

Virginia Henderson
(1897-1996)
“Nursing in relation
to client and
environment
concerned with
both healthy and
ill individuals”.

Dorothy Johnson
(1905–1984)
• the science and
art of nursing
should focus on
the clients, not
on the disease
process itself

Imogene King
(1923–2007)
“the nursing domain
involves human beings,
families, and
communities as a
framework within which
nurses make
transactions in multiple
environments with
health as a goal”.

Martha Elizabeth
Rogers
(1914-1994)
• “Humans are dynamic
energy fields in
continuous exchange
with environmental
fields, both of which
are infinite”.

Lydia Eloise Hall
(1906-1969)
“The patient is
composed of
overlapping parts;
person (core),
pathologic state and
treatment (cure) and
body (care)”.

Dorothea Orem
(1914–2007),
“ not only when nursing is
needed but also how people
can be assisted through five
methods of helping: acting or
doing for, guiding, teaching,
supporting, and providing an
environment that promotes
the individual’s abilities to
meet current and future
demands”.

Sister Callista Roy
(1914)
“the process and the
outcome whereby the
thinking and feeling
person uses conscious
awareness and choice
to create human and
environmental
integration”

Betty Neuman
(1921-2006)
“Client as an open system
consisting of a basic
structure or central core of
energy resources
(physiologic, psychological,
sociocultural,
developmental, and
spiritual) surrounded by
two concentric boundaries
or rings referred to as lines
of resistance

Madeline Leininger
“Care is the essence
of nursing and the
dominant, distinctive
and unifying feature of
nursing”.

Rose Marie Risso
Parse
“Client, not the nurse is
the authority figure and
decision maker, the
nurse’s role involves
helping individuals and
families in choosing the
responsibilities for
changing the health
process”

Margaret Newman
“Humans are unitary beings in
whom disease is a manifestation of
the pattern of health. every person
in every situation, no matter how
disordered and hopeless it may
seem, is part of the universal
process of expanding
consciousness – a process of
becoming more of oneself, of
finding greater meaning in life, and
of reaching new dimensions of
connectedness with other people
and the world

Ida Jean Orlando
(1926)
She believed that
the nurse helps
patients meet a
perceived need that
the patients cannot
meet for
themselves.

Jean Watson
“Philosophy
and Science of
Caring (1988)”

PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE OF
CARING
• The practice of caring is central to
nursing; it is the unifying focus for
practice
• Watson's idea of person contains the
beliefs that human have potential for
what they may become and are free to
make responsible choices.

10 PRIMARY CARATIVE FACTORS
1. The formation of a humanistic- altruistic
system of values.
2. The installation of faith-hope.
3. The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self
and to others.
4. The development of a helping-trust
relationship
5. The promotion and acceptance of the
expression of positive and negative
feelings.

10 PRIMARY CARATIVE FACTORS
6. The systematic use of the scientific problem-
solving method for decision making
7. The promotion of interpersonal teaching-
learning.
8. The provision for a supportive, protective and
/or corrective mental, physical, socio-cultural
and spiritual environment.
9. Assistance with the gratification of human
needs.
10.The allowance for existential-
phenomenological forces.

Philosophical views in nursing

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