Lipid metabolism involves the breakdown and use of fatty acids and triglycerides. Fatty acids are activated by combining with Coenzyme A before being transported into mitochondria for beta-oxidation. Hormones like epinephrine and insulin regulate lipid breakdown and storage. Fatty acids serve as energy sources and can be synthesized into other compounds or stored as triglycerides. Triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol for energy production through various metabolic pathways.
Fatty acids (F.A.s) are taken up by cells.
They may serve as:
precursors in synthesis of other compounds
fuels for energy production
substrates for ketone body synthesis.
Ketone bodies may be exported to other tissues: used for energy production.
Some cells synthesize fatty acids for storage or export.
Fats are an important source of calories.
Typically 30-40% of calories in American diet are from fat.
Fat is the major form of energy storage.
Typical body fuel reserves are:
fat: 100,000 kcal.
protein: 25,000 kcal.
carbohydrate: 650 kcal
Fatty acids (F.A.s) are taken up by cells.
They may serve as:
precursors in synthesis of other compounds
fuels for energy production
substrates for ketone body synthesis.
Ketone bodies may be exported to other tissues: used for energy production.
Some cells synthesize fatty acids for storage or export.
Fats are an important source of calories.
Typically 30-40% of calories in American diet are from fat.
Fat is the major form of energy storage.
Typical body fuel reserves are:
fat: 100,000 kcal.
protein: 25,000 kcal.
carbohydrate: 650 kcal
Lipid metabolism entails the oxidation of fatty acids to either generate energy or synthesize new lipids from smaller constituent molecules. Lipid metabolism is associated with carbohydrate metabolism,
This presentation shows the process of digestion and absorption of lipids. It also shows lipolysis and its definition, and regulation. Also it shows the different types of oxidation of fatty acids.
Lipid metabolism entails the oxidation of fatty acids to either generate energy or synthesize new lipids from smaller constituent molecules. Lipid metabolism is associated with carbohydrate metabolism, as products of glucose (such as acetyl CoA) can be converted into lipids.
Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells.
It involves the breakdown or storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes.
In animals, these fats are obtained from food or synthesized by the liver.
Lipid metabolism entails the oxidation of fatty acids to either generate energy or synthesize new lipids from smaller constituent molecules. Lipid metabolism is associated with carbohydrate metabolism,
This presentation shows the process of digestion and absorption of lipids. It also shows lipolysis and its definition, and regulation. Also it shows the different types of oxidation of fatty acids.
Lipid metabolism entails the oxidation of fatty acids to either generate energy or synthesize new lipids from smaller constituent molecules. Lipid metabolism is associated with carbohydrate metabolism, as products of glucose (such as acetyl CoA) can be converted into lipids.
Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells.
It involves the breakdown or storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes.
In animals, these fats are obtained from food or synthesized by the liver.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
3. Learning objectives
By the end of this lesson learners must
know
• How fatty acids are activated and
transported into mitochondria for
oxidation
• Hormones that are involved in fatty acid
metabolism
• The functions of fatty acids
• The fate of triacylglycerol
4. Introduction
• Reserves of stored triglycerides are
mobilized as needed for energy
production.
• Fat mobilization is stimulated by
epinephrine. The triglycerides are
hydrolyzed to fatty acids and glycerol
and enter the blood stream.
• Glycerol is converted to glycerol- 3
phosphate and then to
dihydroxyacetone phospahte, which
enters glycolysis for energy production.
5. Introduction..
• Free fatty acids are converted to fatty
acyl CoA molecules, which are broken
down to acetyl CoA by beta oxidation.
The acetyl CoA may be used for energy
production by way of the citric acid cycle
and the electron transport chain
6. Fatty acid oxidation
• Fatty acids are degraded to acetyl CoA
• Fatty acids enter tissue cells in need of
energy. Fatty acids must pass through
the mitochondrial membrane to be
oxidized and to produce energy. The
passage cannot occur until the fatty acid
is converted to its thioester with CoA.
The product of this reaction is fatty acyl
CoA. The reaction is:
7. Fatty acid oxidation..
• Fatty acid + HS – CoA+ ATP Fatty
acyl CoA + AMP + Pi
• This is known as activation of fatty
acid. Fatty acids must be activated
before they are degraded to produce
energy. Fatty acids are activated in the
cytosol, but oxidation occurs in the
mitochondria
8. Overview
Fatty acids (F.A.s) are taken up by cells.
They may serve as:
•precursors in synthesis of other
compounds
•fuels for energy production
•substrates for ketone body synthesis
Ketone bodies may be exported to other
tissues: used for energy production.
Some cells synthesize fatty acids for
storage or export.
9. Energy
Fats are an important source of calories.
Fat is the major form of energy storage.
Typical body fuel reserves are:
fat: 100,000 kcal.
protein: 25,000 kcal.
carbohydrate: 650 kcal.
Provides 60% of energy needs for body at
rest.TAG reserves would enable someone to
survive starvation for ~30 days
10. Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
• 98% of ingested lipids are
triacylglycerols (TAGs)
• Digestion in the Mouth:
enzymes are aqueous
-little effect on lipids
• Digestion in the Stomach:
causes a large physical
change:
-Churned into droplets: “Chyme”
11. Gastric Lipase:
Begins actual
lipid digestion.
~10% of TAGs are
hydrolyzed
in the stomach.
Chyme stimulates
cholecystokinin
(CCK) to release bile
from gallbladder.
Bile is an emulsifier
12. Pancreatic lipase (PL) hydrolyzes insoluble
triglyceride by binding to the bile-salt micelles
TAGs are partially hydrolyzed: 2 of the 3 F.A.s
have ester linkages hydrolyzed and are
released.
Monoacylglycerol remains = glycerol and 1
fatty acid
13. Oil droplets will form
spherical micelle
shapes.
Bile salts aid this
process clumping fatty
acids and
monacylglycerols.
14. Fatty acid micelle:
hydrophobic fatty
acids and
monoacylglycerols
are in the interior.
Bile salts on exterior.
Micelles are small
enough to penetrate
membrane of
intestinal cells.
Free fatty acids and monoacylglycerols are
reformed into triacylglycerols.
15. TAGs are combined with
membrane and water
soluble proteins to form a
chylomicron, a lipoprotein.
Chylomicrons carry TAGs
from intestinal cells into
bloodstream
via the lymph system.
16. Triacylglycerols reach bloodstream
and are hydrolyzed down to glycerol and
fatty acids.These are absorbed by cells
and processed further for energy by forming
acetyl CoA.or Stored as lipids in fat cells
(adipose tissue)
17. Summary of events that must occur before
triacyglycerols (TAGs) can reach the
bloodstream through the digestive process.
18. Triglyceride Storage and Mobilization
Storage of triacylglycerol is in adipocytes
Fatty acids stored primarily as triacylglycerol.
Triacylglycerol
is hydrolyzed
to release
fatty acids
when needed.
19. Adipocytes are found mostly in the abdominal
cavity and subcutaneous tissue.
Store energy, insulation against heat loss,
shock absorber for organs.
Adipocytes are metabolically very active:
triacylglycerol constantly hydrolyzed and
re-synthesized.
20. Hormonal control of lipolysis
The breakdown of triglycerides by lipases
is under hormonal control.
Hormones involved are:
Epinephrine, glucagon, and insulin.
Epinephrine and glucagon:
promote breakdown of fat (lipolysis)
Insulin:
inhibits lipolysis.
22. Hydrolysis of stored triacylglycerols in adipose
tissue is triggered by hormones that stimulate
cAMP production within adipose cells.
23. Third time is a charm!
TAGs hydrolyzed
a 3rd time
to form fatty acids.
Triacylglycerol lipase
Diacyclglycerol lipase
Monoacylglycerol lipase
Only triacylglycerol lipase is
activated by epinephrine.
24. Glycerol Metabolism
One glycerol formed for each TAG
hydrolyzed.
Enter bloodstream and go to liver or
kidneys for processing.
Converted in 2 steps to
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Where will the phosphate
be attached?
25. Uses up one ATP
Reduces one NAD+ to NADH
Oxidized to
form a
Ketone
Primary hydroxyl
group is
phosphorylated
26. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
is an intermediate for both
Glycolysis:
converted to Pyruvate, then to Acetyl CoA, and
eventually to CO2, releasing its energy.
Gluconeogenesis:
creates Glucose from non-carbohydrate source
Lipid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism
are connected.
27. Fatty acids can also be
broken down for energy.
What kind of reaction is needed?
Oxidation!
Quick review first on fatty acid
numbers and letters:
28. Questions
• How are fatty acids activated and
transported into mitochondria for
oxidation?
• Which hormones are involved in fatty
acid metabolism?
• What are the functions of fatty acids?
• Explain the fate of triacylglycerol