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Lecture11 late modernism heavy masonry ; brutalism
- 1. Heavy Masonry & Brutalism“ONE SHOULD NOT BE SURPRISED TO FIND, IN FACT ONE WOULD EXPECT TO FIND ARCHAIC QUALITY IN ARCHITECTURE TODAY. THIS IS BECAUSE REAL ARCHITECTURE IS JUST BEGINNING TO COME TO GRIPS WITH A WHOLE NEW ORDER OF ARTISTIC EXPRESSION, GROWING IN TURN FROM THE NEW SET OF TASKS WHICH SOCIETY HAS SET TO THE ARCHITECT.” LOUIS I. KAHN, 1955
- 2. Brutalist architecture • FLOURISHED FROM THE 1950S TO THE MID- 1970S • TERM ORIGINATES FROM THE FRENCH WORD FOR "RAW" • POPULAR WITH GOVERNMENTAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CLIENTS
- 3. Brutalist architecture • 1, FORMAL LEGIBILITY (CLEAR ENOUGH TO READ) OF PLAN; • 2, CLEAR EXHIBITION OF STRUCTURE, • 3, VALUATION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR INHERENT QUALITIES ‘AS FOUND.
- 4. Brutalist architecture • Formed with repeated modular elements forming masses representing specific functional zones, distinctly articulated and grouped together into a unified whole. • Massive in character (even when not large)
- 5. Brutalist architecture • FORTRESS-LIKE • PREDOMINANCE OF EXPOSED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION, SOMETIMES BRICK WORK AND STONE. • Concrete is used for its raw and humble honesty • Surfaces of cast concrete are made to reveal the basic nature of its construction, revealing the texture of the wooden planks used for the in-situ casting forms.
- 6. Brutalist architecture • STRONG BOLD SHAPES. • LARGENESS OF SCALE • STRONG MUSCULAR CHARACTER. • LARGE AREA OF BLANK WALL. • DIAGONAL, SLOPING OR STRONG CURVED ELEMENTS CONTRASTING WITH HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ELEMENTS. • DESIGNED FROM THE INSIDE OUT – THE PURPOSE OF THE BUILDING AND WHAT HAPPENS INSIDE IS THE IMPORTANT PART – THE OUTSIDE IS MERELY THE ENVELOPE THAT WRAPS IT UP.
- 7. Brutalist architecture “Brutalism is not concerned with the material as such but rather the quality of the material, that is with the question: what can it do? And by analogy: there is a way of handling gold in brutalist manner and it does not mean rough and cheap, it means: what is its raw quality?” [Peter smithson: conversations with students, princeton architectural press, 2004]
- 8. Brutalism Origins Style is generally attributed to the architect Le Corbusier Widely experimented with concrete designs and massive plans for high-rise block housing were very influential. Paul Rudolph Designed some of the most famous brutalist buildings, some of which are often used to define the style. John Portman & Associate Brutalism’s greatest popularizer with several enormous hotels and office clusters known for their spectacular spatial effects.
- 9. Secondary School in Hunstanton, Norfolk, England 1949 - 1954: Virtue of the construction processes of the building was clearly ‘exposed’: Structural and service elements Austere steel and glass frame of the building gave the building a skeletal appearance.
- 10. Truth to Materials approach was anti aesthetic but was more honest and true to Modernism’s basic principles. ‘to make whole the conception of the building plain and comprehensible. No mystery, no romanticism, no obscurities about function and circulation.’
- 11. Unite d’Habitation, Marseilles, France 1946 - 1952: Le Corbusier
- 12. First significant postwar structure. Late modern equivalent of the mass housing schemes of the 1920s. Built to alleviate a severe postwar housing shortage.
- 13. The program of the building is elaborate, Structurally it is simple: a rectilinear ferroconcrete grid, into which are slotted precast individual apartment units. ‘Bottles into a wine rack‘ Through ingenious planning, twenty-three different apartment configurations were provided to accommodate single persons and families as large as ten, nearly all with double-height living rooms and the deep balconies that form the major external feature.“
- 14. Section through inter-locking unit
- 15. Floor plans of inter-locking unit
- 16. Section of inter-locking unit
- 17. Structural pilotis Egg crate brise-soliel (sun-shading device)
- 18. Chandigarh Government Complex Le Corbusier ‘Form follows function'. Horizontal and vertical lines Flexibility of forms Play of voids and masses with glass and concrete
- 19. The Parliament Building Exposed brick and boulder stone masonry in its rough form produced unfinished concrete surfaces, in geometrical structures. This became the architecture form characteristic of Chandigarh, set amidst landscaped gardens and parks.
- 20. Chandigarh Government Complex The Secretariat Building, 1958
- 21. Chandigarh Government Complex The Secretariat Building, 1958
- 22. Chandigarh Government Complex The Secretariat Building, 1958
- 23. Chandigarh Government Complex The High Court Building, 1956
- 24. Chandigarh Government Complex The High Court Building, 1956
- 25. View of entrance Interior view Interior ramp Chandigarh Government Complex The High Court Building, 1956
- 26. Rear facade Ramp to the entrance Gallery
- 28. Brutalism The French Way Chapel of Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, Le Corbusier – 1955 'Here we will build a monument dedicated to nature and we will make it our lives' purpose.‘
- 29. The thick, curved walls - especially the buttress-shaped south wall - and the vast shell of the concrete roof give the building a massive, sculptural form. Small, brightly painted and apparently irregular windows punched in these thick walls give a dim but exciting light within the cool building, enhanced by further indirect light coming down the three light towers.
- 30. The thick, curved walls - especially the buttress-shaped south wall - and the vast shell of the concrete roof give the building a massive, sculptural form. Small, brightly painted and apparently irregular windows punched in these thick walls give a dim but exciting light within the cool building, enhanced by further indirect light coming down the three light towers.
- 32. The walls curve, the roof curves, and even the floor curves down towards the altar, following the shape of the hill.
- 33. The complex shapes at Ronchamp start from a theme of acoustic parabolas, playing a practical role on the east wall to reflect the sound from the outside altar for the pilgrims gathered on the hill.
- 34. La Tourette Monastery Eveux L'Arbresle cedex, Lyon, France
- 35. The French Way La Tourrette, 1953 - 1957 Le Corbusier
- 36. Its program is unusual - a complete, self- contained world for a community of studying, silent monks, living a life so grim they are sometimes known as the 'begging brothers'. To support this community, the Monastery comprises 100 individual 'cells', communal library, classrooms and refectory, a rooftop cloister and church.
- 37. Many of Le Corbusier's long-established practices are here: The pilotis (load-bearing columns) inside the walls… Freeing the facade of the walls for long strip windows, The grassed rooftops and the carefully planned 'architectural promenade' with ramp Le Corbusier was trying here "to give the monks what men today need most: silence and peace... This Monastery does not show off; it is on the inside that it lives."
- 38. The whole Monastery is set on a steeply sloping bank within its grounds, on a spot chosen by Le Corbusier. Each of the hundred cells has an outward-facing balcony, with the communal areas beneath, and the cloister, unconventionally, running around the roof.
- 39. Floor Plans
- 40. The French Way
- 42. The French Way La Tourrette, 1953 - 1957 Le Corbusier Floor Plans
- 43. Louis I. Kahn
- 44. American Brutalism Jonas Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla California Louis I. Kahn, 1965
- 45. American Brutalism The institute was designed as a mandala which in Oriental art represents natural order and hierarchy through the use of a series of concentric geometric shapes.
- 48. Kenzo Tange & Kunio Mayekawa Late 1950’s and early 1960’s, town halls and civic centres were designed to express the ideas of democracy and national confidence. Monumental treatment and heavy expression of shapes were constructed using rough concrete. They were the first among the Japanese to successfully blend the asian and European traditions – like Corbusier’s Chandigarh.
- 49. Kurashiki City Hall, 1960 Kenzo Tange
- 50. KENZO TANGE was the best-known internationally of modern Japanese architects. Coming together of modern architecture and Japanese traditional architecture. Simplicity, standardization, openness, spaciousness and lightness
- 51. trellick tower
- 52. trellick tower
- 53. Buffalo City Court Building
- 54. Buffalo City Court Building
- 55. Buffalo City Court Building
- 56. robarts library
- 57. robarts library
- 58. robarts library
- 59. robarts library
- 78. Brutalism Brutal, As in Ugly
- 79. Trellick Tower, London Erno Goldfinger 1968 - 1972 During the 1980s, building epitomize the problems of Modernism. Its brutalist corridors were terrifying. Women raped in elevators, children attacked by heroin addicts in the basement, and homeless squatters setting fire to flats were among the more lurid. So bad was the Tower's reputation that one urban myth told how the architect, wracked with guilt at creating this monstrosity, threw himself from the roof.
- 80. Since the installation of a concierge and basic security apparatus, Trellick's debilitating social problems have been largely stamped out and the building has become something of a pop culture icon. The service tower is joined to the main block every 3 storeys by walkways.
- 81. The Failure of Modernism The Pruitt-Igoe complex in the U.S. city of St. Louis The most infamous public housing project ever built in the United States. It was thought to be the embodiment of modernist architecture--high-rise, "designed for interaction," and a solution to the problems of urban development and renewal in the middle of the 20th Century A product of the postwar federal public-housing program, this mammoth high-rise development was completed in 1956. The Pruitt-Igoe complex in the U.S. city of St. Louis included over two thousand public housing units from the 1950s until the destruction of the complex in 1972.
- 82. Designed by a famous architect, Minoru Yamasaki Consisting of mostly 14 storied, clean, geometrical, highly functional buildings,. The settlement was built according to modern ideals of the times and won an award of the American Institute of Architects in 1951. The Pruitt-Igoe complex in the U.S. city of St. Louis included over two thousand public housing units from the 1950s until the destruction of the complex in 1972.
- 83. Only a few years later, disrepair, vandalism, and crime plagued Pruitt- Igoe. The project's recreational galleries and skip-stop elevators, once heralded as architectural innovations, had become nuisances and danger zones. On July 15th 1972 at 3.52 p.m. large parts were peacefully dynamited! After a very short time, after only 20 years, it had become rubbish. The crime rate was high, social costs rose and it had become a slum area. Communal spaces in the Pruitt-Igoe housing development accumulated graffiti and fell into disrepair.
- 84. Charles Jencks rhetorically used the Pruitt-Igoe incident to declare ' the death of modern architecture ' and to call out ' Post-Modernism' . A building in the Pruitt-Igoe housing development collapses during its demolition.